GCE History A Y320/01: From colonialism to independence: The British Empire 1857-1965 Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021. 100% Graded A+

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Question Answer Mark Guidance 1 Evaluate the interpretations in both of the two passages and explain which you think is more convincing as an explanation of why Britain left Palestine in 1948. In... locating the Interpretations within the wider historical debate, answers might argue that Interpretation A emphasises that there were a number of reasons that were important in the decision to leave. • In evaluating Interpretation A, answers might argue it is valid because the British were aware that Jewish immigration angered the Arabs and therefore refused to agree to an increase. • Answers might argue that Interpretation A is valid as the Jewish leaders joined by American Zionists launched a propaganda offensive in America. • Answers might argue that Interpretation A is valid because Truman not only supported the immediate entry of 100,000 Jewish immigrants but six months later supported the partition of Palestine. • Answers might argue that Interpretation A is valid because attacks on British troops started in 1946 and increased. • Answers might argue that Interpretation A is valid because Irgun attacked the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. • Answers might argue that Interpretation A is not valid because the British were looking to withdraw because of the cost and other demands on British finances after the War. 30 • No set answer is expected • At Level 5 and above answers will evaluate both interpretations, locating them within the wider historical debate about the issue and using their own knowledge, and reach a balanced judgement as to which they consider the most convincing about the issue in the question. • To be valid, judgements must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should only be credited where it is used to analyse and evaluate the interpretations, in line with descriptions in the levels mark schemeY320/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 4 In locating the Interpretations within the wider historical debate, answers might argue that Interpretation B suggests that terrorist attacks were the main reason for Britain’s decision to leave. • In evaluating Interpretation B, answers might argue that it is valid because attacks on the British were becoming more common in retaliation for death sentences passed on Jewish fighters. • Answers might argue that it is valid because attacks had started in 1946 with murder of six British soldiers in April and the attack on the King David Hotel in July. • Answers might argue that B Interpretation is valid as Irgun were responsible for earlier attacks and continued with them in 1947. • Answers might argue that the Interpretation is not valid because it ignores the support given to terrorists by American Zionists. • Answers might argue that the Interpretation is valid because of the impact of the war on Britain’s ability to finance their involvement.Y320/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 5 Question Answer Mark Guidance 2* To what extent did the nature of the British Empire change in the period from 1857 to 1965? In supporting the hypothesis in the question, it might be argued that the Empire changed from an informal to a formal empire. • Answers might consider the growth of New Imperialism and its impact in the later nineteenth century. • Answers might consider the imperialism of free trade and its impact on the nature of the Empire. • Answers might consider the impact on the Empire of the Berlin Conference. • Answers might consider the impact of men on the spot, particularly with Rhodes or Frere. • Answers might consider the importance of economic issues, particularly at the start of the period. • Answers might consider the mid-Victorian period which could be seen as an age of indifference towards the Empire. • Answers might consider the extent to which the maintenance of the Empire depended on force. In challenging the hypothesis in the question, answers might argue that the nature remained the same. • Answers might consider the use of the indigenous elites of the population. • Answers might consider the use of negotiation with the indigenous population. • Answers might consider the impact of the metropolitan influence. 25 • No set answer is expected • At higher levels answers might establish criteria against which to judge • To be valid, judgements must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation; it should only be credited where it is used as the basis for analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the levels mark scheme.Y320/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 6 • Answers might consider the importance of security and coercion. • Answers might consider how administration was based on the use of civil servants from Britain to run the Empire. • Answers might consider the impact of mandates on the nature of the Empire. • Answers might consider the preparation of countries for Independence. • Answers might consider the geographical [Show More]

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