ABO Blood Group System

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ABO Blood Group System ABO system discovered in _____ by _____ - ✔✔1900, Karl Landsteiner Human red blood cells can be classified as - ✔✔A, B, O or AB Almost all healthy people older than 4... -6 months of age have naturally occurring ______ to the ABO ______ they lack - ✔✔antibodies, antigens If the ABO antigen is present on the cells the corresponding ______ will be absent in the serum - ✔✔antibody If the ABO antibody is present in the serum the corresponding ______ will be absent on the cells - ✔✔antigen ABO Blood Group System - ✔✔most significant for transfusion and transplantation practice due to mutual antibodies being predictably present in the sera whose RBCs lack the antigen Monoclonal Antibodies - ✔✔derived from culture cell lines, which have several advantages over conventional human and plant ABO reagents Major Advantage of Monoclonal Antibodies - ✔✔Reproducibility anti-A reagent is - ✔✔BLUE anti-B reagent is - ✔✔YELLOW anti-A1 and anti-H are - ✔✔colorless & used to resolve ABO discrepancies Inverse Reciprocal Relationship - ✔✔between forward and reverse type, one serving as a check on the other Forward Grouping - ✔✔testing for an individual's ABO antigens (unknown antigens) using antisera (known ABO antibodies) Reverse Grouping - ✔✔testing for the presence or absence of individual ABO antibodies (unknown antibodies) using reagent RBCs (known antigens) Percentage of Caucasians/AAs with group O - ✔✔45%, 49% Percentage of Caucasians/AAs with group A - ✔✔40%, 27% Percentage of Caucasians/AAs with group B - ✔✔11%, 19% Percentage of Caucasians/AAs with group AB - ✔✔4% (both) Most common blood group types - ✔✔O & A Rarest blood group type - ✔✔AB Major antigens for the of the ABO system - ✔✔A, B, H (O) Major antibodies of the ABO system - ✔✔Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-A, B & Anti-H Titers are generally to low for detection of ABO antibodies until an individual is - ✔✔3 to 6 months of age The ABO antibodies are predominantly - ✔✔IgM O individuals contain - ✔✔Anti-A, Anti-B & Anti-A,B Anti-A,B - ✔✔IgG in nature ABO blood group is _____ in expression - ✔✔codominant ABO gene is located - ✔✔on chromosome 9 Gene O is considered an _____ gene - ✔✔amorph AB X AB - ✔✔AB, A, B Formation of ABH antigens results from - ✔✔interactions of the genes at three separate loci (ABO, Hh, Se) The genes that form ABH antigens do not actually code for the production of antigens but rather for production of - ✔✔specific glycosyltransferases Glycosyltransferases - ✔✔enzymes that facilitate the transfer of carbohydrate (sugar) molecules onto carbohydrate precursor molecules Type 1 precursor chains are found in - ✔✔body fluids and secretions (plasma, milk, urine & tears) Type 2 precursor - ✔✔precursor substance on the RBCs; chains attached through the Red Cell membranes onto Ceramide Proteins and are not easily removed H gene - ✔✔located on chromosome 19; two major alleles (H & h) A genes - ✔✔cause the production of N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; transfers a N-acetyl-DGalactosamine sugar to the type 2 chain B genes - ✔✔cause the production of D-galactosyltransferase; transfers D-galactose to the type 2 H chain Type AB individuals - ✔✔inherit both the A gene and B gene; make both N and D transferases which transfer GalNAc to make A antigen and D-galactose to make B antigen O genes - ✔✔amorph; no enzyme expressed; H antigen remains unchanged Bombay Phenotype (Oh) - ✔✔do not inherit the H gene from either parent; homozygous recessive (h/h) inheritance; individuals make anti-H [Show More]

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