Chapter 5: Inflammation and Healing
1. List and describe each of the 3 body defense mechanisms:
a. 1
st line – mechanical barriers: Physical [skin, mucus membranes] &
Chemical [lysosome-saliva/tears, skin’s acidic pH
...
Chapter 5: Inflammation and Healing
1. List and describe each of the 3 body defense mechanisms:
a. 1
st line – mechanical barriers: Physical [skin, mucus membranes] &
Chemical [lysosome-saliva/tears, skin’s acidic pH & fatty acid content, lactic acid
& high salt concentrations in sweat]
b. 2
nd line – nonspecific mechanisms: Phagocytosis, Inflammation, Fever, Antimicrobial
Proteins [Interferon & Complement]
c. 3
rd line – specific defense: Immune Response, Cell-mediated and/or Humoral
Response; B and T cell; lymphocytes undergo selective process that specializes
them for reacting to only 1 specific antigen or immunogen
2. What is the definition of inflammation? Body’s nonspecific response to tissue injury,
resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, pain, & sometimes loss of function; intended to
localize and remove an injurious agent.
3. What are possible causes of inflammation? Direct physical damage [cuts, sprains, caustic
chemicals-acids/alkali, ischemia/infarction, allergic reactions, extremes of hot/cold,
foreign body-splinters/glass, and infection.
4. Why is inflammation helpful to the body? It begins the process of healing, diluting toxic
materials with ↑ of fluid to area, allows for clotting, antibodies arrive to fight any
invading microbes, fibrin mesh started-begins wound closure ↓ microbe entry access, ↑
permeability brings more nutrients to heal faster.
5. Which cells phagocytize bacteria and microbes? 2 listed Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria;
Macrophages leave bloodstream & phagocytize microbes.
6. Overall, what is the role of chemical mediators in inflammation? Damaged Mast cells and
platelets release chemical mediators [histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, &
leukotrienes] into interstitial fluid & blood. They aid in triggering the inflammation,
prolonging, and can intensify the effects of other chemicals w/in response; some effects
can be reduced by antihistamines and anti-inflammatory drugs.
a. What are cytokines specific role? Cytokines are communicators in tissue fluids, they
send messages to lymphocytes and macrophages, immune system, or
hypothalamus to induce fever
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