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Microbiology Study Questions[GRADED]

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Module 1: Types of Microorganisms 1) Describe the basic characteristics of bacteria. a. Bacteria are small and come in many different shapes such as coccus, coccobacillus, vibrio, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete. The cell walls of gram-positive and gram-negative and acid-fast consist of peptidoglycan and acid-fast bacteria where almost 60% of the wall is lipids. Gram-positive have teichoic acid in the wall as well for movement into and out of the wall for ions. Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, flagellum, pilus, capsule or slime layer, chromosomes. 2) Describe the components of the following cell walls, including the size of the peptidoglycan layer and fully describe any unique components of the cell wall: a. Gram positive- 60% peptidoglycan, teichoic acid b. Gram negative- 10%-20% of peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide c. Acid-fast- small amount of peptidoglycan, 60% lipids mycolic acid, waxes and glycolipids 3) What is an endotoxin? What are the effects of endotoxin? a. Endotoxins are a component of the exterior cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. They are Lipopolysaccharide and when the cell disintegrates these are released and can cause fevers and severe feelings of sickness. 4) Name examples of wall-deficient bacteria. How do they survive without a cell wall? a. Mycoplasma species and these bacteria can form when an antibiotic used is affect cell wall synthesis, most bacteria will die but some are left with no cell wall which can cause chronic or reoccurring diseases like crohn’s disease. They have strong cell membranes and usually live inside of other cells to have a balanced environment. They will die if exposed to high or low salt concentrations. 5) Describe the following bacterial shapes: a. Coccus- spherical b. Coccobacillus-short rod c. Vibrio- comma shaped d. Bacillus-rod e. Spirillum- rigid spiral structure f. Spirochete-corkscrew shaped 6) Describe the function of the following bacterial structures: a. Cell membrane-protects the cell from outside disturbances, also helps to facilitate movement into and out of the cell by transport mechanisms. (It is really good to know that Gram negative bacteria have an outer cell membrane while Gram positive bacteria do not. So, Gram negative bacteria have a cell membrane, a cell wall, and then an outer cell membrane. Gram positive bacteria have only a cell membrane and a cell wall, but that cell wall is very strong with a higher percentage of peptidoglycan and with teichoic acid.) b. Cell wall- maintains the characteristic shape of the cell, prevents the cell from bursting when fluids flow into the cell by osmosis c. Capsule- protect the cell from being eaten by phagocytes d. Pili- help the cell attach to other cells e. Flagella- helps to move the cell around f. Endospore- endospores are formed within the cell and can stay around through all kinds of environments and temperatures which can help to bring the bacteria back.

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