Module 1: Types of Microorganisms
1) Describe the basic characteristics of bacteria.
a. Bacteria are small and come in many different shapes such as coccus, coccobacillus,
vibrio, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete. The
...
Module 1: Types of Microorganisms
1) Describe the basic characteristics of bacteria.
a. Bacteria are small and come in many different shapes such as coccus, coccobacillus,
vibrio, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete. The cell walls of gram-positive and gram-negative
and acid-fast consist of peptidoglycan and acid-fast bacteria where almost 60% of the
wall is lipids. Gram-positive have teichoic acid in the wall as well for movement into and
out of the wall for ions. Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, flagellum, pilus,
capsule or slime layer, chromosomes.
2) Describe the components of the following cell walls, including the size of the peptidoglycan layer
and fully describe any unique components of the cell wall:
a. Gram positive- 60% peptidoglycan, teichoic acid
b. Gram negative- 10%-20% of peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide
c. Acid-fast- small amount of peptidoglycan, 60% lipids mycolic acid, waxes and glycolipids
3) What is an endotoxin? What are the effects of endotoxin?
a. Endotoxins are a component of the exterior cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. They are
Lipopolysaccharide and when the cell disintegrates these are released and can cause
fevers and severe feelings of sickness.
4) Name examples of wall-deficient bacteria. How do they survive without a cell wall?
a. Mycoplasma species and these bacteria can form when an antibiotic used is affect cell
wall synthesis, most bacteria will die but some are left with no cell wall which can cause
chronic or reoccurring diseases like crohn’s disease. They have strong cell membranes
and usually live inside of other cells to have a balanced environment. They will die if
exposed to high or low salt concentrations.
5) Describe the following bacterial shapes:
a. Coccus- spherical
b. Coccobacillus-short rod
c. Vibrio- comma shaped
d. Bacillus-rod
e. Spirillum- rigid spiral structure
f. Spirochete-corkscrew shaped
6) Describe the function of the following bacterial structures:
a. Cell membrane-protects the cell from outside disturbances, also helps to facilitate
movement into and out of the cell by transport mechanisms. (It is really good to know
that Gram negative bacteria have an outer cell membrane while Gram positive bacteria
do not. So, Gram negative bacteria have a cell membrane, a cell wall, and then an outer
cell membrane. Gram positive bacteria have only a cell membrane and a cell wall, but
that cell wall is very strong with a higher percentage of peptidoglycan and with teichoic
acid.)
b. Cell wall- maintains the characteristic shape of the cell, prevents the cell from bursting
when fluids flow into the cell by osmosis
c. Capsule- protect the cell from being eaten by phagocytes
d. Pili- help the cell attach to other cells
e. Flagella- helps to move the cell around
f. Endospore- endospores are formed within the cell and can stay around through all kinds
of environments and temperatures which can help to bring the bacteria back.
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