TEAS 6-General Anatomy and Physiology

TEAS Test Study Guide: Science Cell Cycle · Mitosis = “daughter cell” exact replica · Interphase (G1, S, G2) · Prophase · Metaphase · Anaphase · Telophase · Cytokinesis · Meiosis = “daughter cells” different gen ...

TEAS Test Study Guide: Science Cell Cycle · Mitosis = “daughter cell” exact replica · Interphase (G1, S, G2) · Prophase · Metaphase · Anaphase · Telophase · Cytokinesis · Meiosis = “daughter cells” different genetic coding · Only happens in gametes* · 1 st phase · chromosomes cross over · genetic material exchanged · tetrads of 4 chromatids formed à Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and go to different poles à2 cells go through 2nd cell division à 4 daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes · Haploid : contains half genetic material of parent cell · Zygote- controls cell differentiation Tissues à groups of cells à Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective 2. Epithelial: (joined together tightly) ex. Skin 3. Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, lymph àProtects & binds body parts a. Cartilage: cushions & provides structural support i. Fibrous b. Blood: transports oxygen to cells & removes waste / ALSO carries hormones & defends against disease c. Bone: (hard) produces red blood cells 2. Muscle: Support & move body a. Smooth b. Cardiac c. Skeletal 3. Nervous: ex. Brain, spinal cord, & nerves a. Neurons- control responses to changes in environment Organs à groups of tissues ex. Heart = muscle tissue in myocardium; connective tissue in blood; nervous tissue for heart rate; epithelial tissue in membranes Organ Systems à groups of organs 1. Integumentary (Exocrine system) a. Skin i. Sebaceous glands sweat glands ii. Hair iii. Nails b. Protection i. Protects body from pathogens c. Secretion i. Secrete oil d. Communication i. Sensory receptors send info. about pain, touch, pressure, and temperature LAYERS OF THE SKIN 1. Epidermis a. Most superficial layer of skin b. Epithelial cells **Does not contain any blood vessels c. Stratum basale i. deepest portion ii. single layer of cells iii. keratinized 1. waxy protein waterproofs skin 2. Dermis a. Mostly connective tissue b. Blood vessels, sensory receptors, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands c. Elastin and collagen fibers 3. Subcutaneous layer/ Hypodermis a. Connective tissue i. Binds skin to muscle b. Fat deposits cushion and insulate TEMPERATURE HOMEOSTASIS à skin is involved in temperature homeostasis through sweat glands a. Controlled by negative feedback system a. Receptor i. Sensory cells in dermis of skin b. Control center i. Hypothalamus c. Effector i. Sweat glands, blood vessels, and muscles (shivering) ii. Evaporation of sweat cools body iii. Vasodilation of blood vessels release heat into environment to lower body temperature SEBACEOUS VS SWEAT GLANDS a. Both exocrine glands a. Secrete substances into ducts i. Through ducts to the surface of the skin 1. Sebaceous glands a. Holocrine glands i. Secrete sebum 1. Oily mixture of lipids and proteins b. Connected to hair follicles and secrete sebum through hair pore 2. Sweat glands a. Eccrine or apocrine glands i. Eccrine glands: not connected to hair follicles 1. Secrete salty solution 2. Forehead, neck, back 3. Activated by elevated body temperature ii. Apocrine glands 1. Secrete oily solution 2. Armpits, groin, palms, soles of feet 3. Activated by stress or anxiety 2. Respiratory a. Structure i. UPPER: Nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box) ii. LOWER: trachea (windpipe), lungs, bronchial tree iii. Airway: lined with cilia that sweep debris back towards mouth iv. Lungs: (bronchi & bronchial network ---alveoli) v. RIGHT LUNG: 3 lobes vi. LEFT LUNG: 2 lobes vii. MUSCLES 1. Diaphragm a. Dome-shaped b. Separates thoracic & abdominal cavities 2. Intercostal muscles a. Between ribs b. Function i. Supply body w/ oxygen by alveoli ii. Filters air (warmed, moistened, & filtered before reaching lungs) iii. Speech (air moves through larynx à produces sound à trachea iv. Smell 1. Chemoreceptors (in nasal cavity) respond to chemicals v. BREATHING PROCESS (controlled by medulla oblongata) 1. Diaphragm & intercostal muscles expand àincrease size of chest cavity 2. Volume chest cavity increases = pressure inside decreases 3. Outside air (high pressure); Air in lungs (low pressure) à air goes in lungs 4. Muscles relax à air leaves lungs 3. Cardiovascular · BLOOD · Red blood cells · Transport oxygen to cells · Form in bone marrow · White blood cells · Defend against infection · Lymphocytes · Neutrophils · Monocytes · Eosinophils · Basophils · Platelets · Blood clotting · Plasma · half blood volume · m