Physiology > STUDY GUIDE > MPP 3202 PHYSIOLOGY Exam 2 Study Guide (All)

MPP 3202 PHYSIOLOGY Exam 2 Study Guide

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Exam 2 Study Guide Hormones Prohormones- inactive hormones that must be cut and sliced together to be active Synergistic- 2 or more hormones work together to produce an effect (additive/complementary)  Producing milk requires estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin Permissive- 1 hormone makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone  Exposure to estrogen makes the uterus more responsive to progesterone (increase sensitivity) Antagonistic- hormones work in opposite directions  Insulin and glucagon in adipose tissue: insulin= fat storage, glucagon= fat breakdown Understand the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, including negative feedback inhibition.  Hypothalamus: Releasing hormones (CRH, TRH, GnRH) o CRH- stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) o TRH- [thyroid] stimulates secretion of (TSH) o GnRH- stimulates secretion of follicle- stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH)  Pituitary: Trophic hormones o Tropic hormone- hormones stimulate hormone secretion in other glands o Anterior: true endocrine gland – signaled via vasculature  6 hormones  FSH- promotes gamete production and stimulates estrogen production in females o Stimulated by GnRH; inhibited by sex steroids and inhibin  LH- stimulates sex hormone secretion; ovulation and corpus luteum formation in females; stimulates testosterone secretion in males o Stimulated by GnRH; inhibited by sex steroids  GH- promotes protein synthesis and growth; lipolysis and increased blood glucose o Inhibited by somatostatin; stimulated by growth-hormone releasing hormone  ACTH- stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids o Stimulated by CRH; inhibited by glucocorticoids  TSH- stimulates secretions of thyroid hormones o Stimulated by TRH; inhibited by thyroid hormones  Prolactin (PRL)- promotes milk production in lactating females; additional actions in organs o Inhibited by PIH  Anterior pituitary regulated by secreting hormones  2 parts: Pars distalis and pars tuberalis o Posterior: neuronal tissue  2 hormones  ADH- promotes the retention of water in the kidneys (vasopressin)  Oxytocin- stimulates contractions in childbirth and milk in lactation o Also called the pars nervosa Know the hormones released from each gland, and the effects mediated by each hormone:  Thyroid- below the larynx, 2 lobes connected by isthmus o T3 (active) &T4 (converted to T3 by iodinases)  Must have iodine to made thyroid hormone o Thyroglobulin (inner) & Calcitonin (outer)  Parathyroid – 4 glands embedded in back of thyroid o PTH- promotes a rise in blood calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestine  Adrenal – found atop the kidneys o Medulla (inner)  Epinephrine & Norepinephrine- response to sympathetic neural stimulation o Cortex (outer): Steroid hormones- secrete in response to ACTH  Secretes hormones from cholesterol; corticosteroids or corticoids  Mineralocorticoids- regulate Na and K balance (glomerulosa)  Glucocorticoids- regulate glucose metabolism (fasciculata)  Adrenal Androgens- weak sex hormones that supplement whose made in the gonads (reticularis)  Cortisol- Stimulates protein degradation, glucogenesis (raises blood glucose, and lipolysis

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