Exam 2 Study Guide
Hormones
Prohormones- inactive hormones that must be cut and sliced together to be active
Synergistic- 2 or more hormones work together to produce an effect (additive/complementary)
Producing mil
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Exam 2 Study Guide
Hormones
Prohormones- inactive hormones that must be cut and sliced together to be active
Synergistic- 2 or more hormones work together to produce an effect (additive/complementary)
Producing milk requires estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin
Permissive- 1 hormone makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone
Exposure to estrogen makes the uterus more responsive to progesterone (increase sensitivity)
Antagonistic- hormones work in opposite directions
Insulin and glucagon in adipose tissue: insulin= fat storage, glucagon= fat breakdown
Understand the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, including negative feedback inhibition.
Hypothalamus: Releasing hormones (CRH, TRH, GnRH)
o CRH- stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
o TRH- [thyroid] stimulates secretion of (TSH)
o GnRH- stimulates secretion of follicle- stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH)
Pituitary: Trophic hormones
o Tropic hormone- hormones stimulate hormone secretion in other glands
o Anterior: true endocrine gland – signaled via vasculature
6 hormones
FSH- promotes gamete production and stimulates estrogen production in females
o Stimulated by GnRH; inhibited by sex steroids and inhibin
LH- stimulates sex hormone secretion; ovulation and corpus luteum formation in
females; stimulates testosterone secretion in males
o Stimulated by GnRH; inhibited by sex steroids
GH- promotes protein synthesis and growth; lipolysis and increased blood glucose
o Inhibited by somatostatin; stimulated by growth-hormone releasing
hormone
ACTH- stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
o Stimulated by CRH; inhibited by glucocorticoids
TSH- stimulates secretions of thyroid hormones
o Stimulated by TRH; inhibited by thyroid hormones
Prolactin (PRL)- promotes milk production in lactating females; additional actions
in organs
o Inhibited by PIH
Anterior pituitary regulated by secreting hormones
2 parts: Pars distalis and pars tuberalis
o Posterior: neuronal tissue
2 hormones
ADH- promotes the retention of water in the kidneys (vasopressin)
Oxytocin- stimulates contractions in childbirth and milk in lactation
o Also called the pars nervosa
Know the hormones released from each gland, and the effects mediated by each hormone:
Thyroid- below the larynx, 2 lobes connected by isthmus
o T3 (active) &T4 (converted to T3 by iodinases)
Must have iodine to made thyroid hormone
o Thyroglobulin (inner) & Calcitonin (outer)
Parathyroid – 4 glands embedded in back of thyroid
o PTH- promotes a rise in blood calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestine
Adrenal – found atop the kidneys
o Medulla (inner)
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine- response to sympathetic neural stimulation
o Cortex (outer): Steroid hormones- secrete in response to ACTH
Secretes hormones from cholesterol; corticosteroids or corticoids
Mineralocorticoids- regulate Na and K balance (glomerulosa)
Glucocorticoids- regulate glucose metabolism (fasciculata)
Adrenal Androgens- weak sex hormones that supplement whose made in the gonads (reticularis)
Cortisol- Stimulates protein degradation, glucogenesis (raises blood glucose, and lipolysis
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