[eBook] [PDF] Introduction to Law for Paralegals A Critical Thinking Approach 7th Edition By Currier, Eimermann

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Cover Page Front Matter Title Page Copyright Page About Aspen Publishing Dedication About the Authors Summary of Contents Contents List of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments Part 1: Par... alegals and the American Legal System Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Law Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather Case 2: The Harassed Student A. Legal Analysis 1. Gathering and Analyzing the Facts 2. Conducting Legal Research to Identify the Appropriate Legal Rules Practice Tip 3. Applying the Legal Rules to the Facts NetNote Discussion Questions 1-2 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 4. Reporting the Results B. Taking Actions on Behalf of the Client Ethics Alert Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 2: Paralegals in the Legal System Chapter Objectives Introduction A. Paralegals and Lawyers Discussion Question 1 B. Paralegals and Other Law-Related Paraprofessionals 1. Traditional Paralegals Paralegal Profile: Karen Decrescenzo 2. Freelance/Independent Paralegals Paralegal Profile: Jennifer Lerner 3. Document Preparers, Limited Licensed Legal Technicians, and Lay Advocates 4. Other Law-Related Employment Practice Tip Discussion Question 2 Paralegal Profile: Curtis A. Linder C. Paralegal Education 1. Basic Qualifications 2. Formal Paralegal Education 3. The ABA Approval Process Paralegal Profile: Susan Wozniak 4. American Association for Paralegal Education D. Paralegal Professional Associations Practice Tip Paralegal Profile: Laurie Roselle E. Registration, Certification, and Licensure 1. Registration 2. Certification Ethics Alert 3. Licensing: Paralegals Who Work under the Supervision of a Lawyer Discussion Questions 3 F. What Paralegals Do 1. Communications with Clients 2. Research Ethics Alert Practice Tip 3. Drafting 4. Case Management Paralegal Profile: Amy J. Inlander Summary NetNote Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 3: Sources of Law Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 3: The Pregnant Waitress A. Constitutional Law 1. Organizational Structure of Government Discussion Question 1 2. Protection of Individual Rights 3. State Constitutions Practice Tip NetNote B. Statutory Law C. Administrative Law 1. Administrative Agencies Practice Tip Discussion Question 2 2. Executive Orders Discussion Question D. Judicial Interpretation and the Common Law 1. Common Law 2. Equity Discussion Question E. The Hierarchy of Laws Legal Reasoning Exercises 1–2 Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 4: Classification of the Law Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 4: The Boston Marathon Bombings A. Federal versus State Law 1. Federal Law 2. State Law 3. The Supremacy Clause and Preemption 4. Application of Federal versus State Law 5. Summary Discussion Questions 1–2 Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 B. Criminal versus Civil Law 1. A Comparison of Criminal and Civil Law a. Type of Harm b. Names of the Parties and the “Prosecutor” of the Claim c. Standard of Proof Discussion Questions 3–5 d. Judgment e. Sanctions/Remedies Practice Tip f. Sources of Law g. Summary 2. Criminal Law a. Types of Crimes b. Establishing a Prima Facie Case Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 c. Defenses 3. Civil Law a. Establishing a Prima Facie Case b. Defenses c. Damages d. Areas of Civil Law (1) Contract Law (2) Property Law (3) Tort Law Ethics Alert Case 5: Mr. Whipple Legal Reasoning Exercise 3 C. Substantive versus Procedural Law Legal Reasoning Exercise 4 Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 5: Courts Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 6: Alibi to a Murder A. Trial versus Appellate Courts 1. Trial Courts Legal Reasoning Exercises 1–2 2. Appellate Courts a. Questions of Law b. Reversible Errors c. The Structure of Appellate Decisions 3. Conclusion Discussion Questions 1–2 B. Federal and State Court Systems 1. The Federal System a. U.S. District Courts b. U.S. Courts of Appeals (Circuit Courts) c. U.S. Supreme Court NetNote Discussion Questions 3–4 d. Other Federal Courts Practice Tip 2. State Court Systems NetNote Discussion Questions 5–6 3. Choice of State or Federal Court Discussion Question 7 Legal Reasoning Exercise 3 C. Court Personnel Practice Tip Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 6: Civil Litigation and Its Alternatives Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather Case 3: The Pregnant Waitress A. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) 1. Mediation NetNote 2. Arbitration 3. Role of Paralegals in ADR 4. Evaluation of ADR Techniques Discussion Questions 1–2 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather B. Litigation Practice Tip 1. The Pretrial Stage a. Preliminary Matters Practice Tip (1) Legal Grounds for the Suit NetNote Practice Tips (2) Parties to the Suit (a) Standing (b) Legal Competence (c) Class Action Lawsuits Discussion Question 3 (d) Selecting the Appropriate Defendants (3) Selection of the Court (a) Subject Matter Jurisdiction (b) Personal Jurisdiction Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather (4) Statutes of Limitations (5) Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies Practice Tip Case 3: The Pregnant Waitress Discussion Questions 4–5 Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather b. Pleadings (1) The Complaint Practice Tip Discussion Question 6 NetNote Ethics Alert (2) The Summons Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather Practice Tip (3) The Answer (a) Deny the Facts That the Plaintiff Says Took Place (b) Admit the Facts But Assert That Those Facts Do Not Provide the Plaintiff with a Legal Remedy (c) Claim that Additional Facts Give Rise to an Affirmative Defense (d) Assert That There Are Procedural Defects in the Complaint (e) Bring a Claim of One’s Own Against Either the Plaintiff or Another Defendant (f) Take No Action c. Pretrial Motions to End Part or All of the Litigation (1) Rule 12 Motions to Dismiss (2) Rule 56 Motions for Summary Judgment (3) Appealing a Summary Judgment or Motion to Dismiss Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather Legal Reasoning Exercise d. Discovery Paralegal Profile: Alice Staley (1) Interrogatories Discussion Question (2) Depositions Practice Tip Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather (3) Requests for Admissions (4) Requests for Documents and Physical Examinations (5) Electronic Discovery Ethics Alert (6) Preservation of Potential Evidence (7) Enforcing Discovery Rights Practice Tip Discussion Question 8 e. Settlement or Pretrial Conference 2. The Trial a. The Right to a Jury Trial Practice Tip b. Jury Selection Discussion Questions 9–10 Practice Tip c. Opening Statements Practice Tip d. Presentation of Evidence Case 1: The Distressed Grandfather Discussion Questions 11–12 e. Closing Arguments f. Jury Instructions g. Jury Deliberations, Verdict, and Judgment h. Post-Trial Motions 3. The Appeal a. The Timing and Filing of the Appeal b. The Scope of the Review c. Oral Arguments NetNote d. The Decision and Its Publication e. Further Appeals Paralegal Profile: Carolyn Pitts Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Part 2: Finding and Analyzing the Law Chapter 7: Finding and Interpreting Enacted Law Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 7: The Clearance Sale A. Locating Relevant Statutes NetNote B. Statutory Interpretation Practice Tip NetNote 1. Determine the Statute’s Applicability to Your Client’s Facts 2. Divide the Statute into Its Elements 3. Identify the Issues Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 a. Look for Definitions b. Look to Prior Court Decisions (1) Plain Meaning (2) Legislative History Practice Tip Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 (3) Canons of Construction Legal Reasoning Exercises 3–4 (4) A Note on Judicial Philosophy 4. Conclude Discussion Question 1 Legal Reasoning Exercise 5 C. Locating and Interpreting Administrative Regulations D. Locating and Interpreting Constitutions 1. Locating Constitutions 2. Constitutional Interpretation Discussion Question E. Written Analysis: Using IRAC Case 8: The Book Battery 1. Issue 2. Rule 3. Analysis 4. Conclusion Legal Reasoning Exercise Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 8: Finding and Interpreting Court Opinions Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 9: The Teen Bullies A. Locating Court Opinions NetNote B. Persuasive Versus Mandatory Authority Legal Reasoning Exercise C. Case Briefing 1. The Elements of a Court Opinion a. Preliminary Material and West Editorial Features b. Facts of the Case c. The Body of the Opinion 2. An Overview of Case Briefing 3. Format for a Case Brief Jim Jones v. Sam Smith a. Case Citation b. Facts c. Rule d. Issue e. Holding f. Reasoning g. Criticism 3. Seven Hints for Better Brief Writing a. Read the Case First, Then Brief b. Develop a Workable Style c. Write Based on the Needs of Your Reader d. Cross-reference Practice Tip e. Paraphrase f. Use a Dictionary g. Use but Do Not Be Misled by the Court’s Choice of Terminology Legal Reasoning Exercise People of the State of Illinois v. Gary Blair and Jimmy Duncil D. Briefing the Various Types of Court Opinions 1. Briefing Cases Involving Statutes a. Interpreting a Statute McBoyle v. United States Case Discussion Questions b. Ruling on a Statute’s Constitutionality Texas v. Johnson Case Discussion Questions Discussion Question 1 2. Briefing Cases Involving the Common Law a. Applying Established Law Keller v. DeLong Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercises 2-3 b. Creating New Law Callow v. Thomas Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercise 4 Lewis v. Lewis Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercise E. The Power of Judges to Make New Law Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 9: Applying the Law Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 10: The Warrantless Search A. Predicting the Outcome in Your Client’s Case Chambers v. Maroney Case Discussion Questions 1. Looking for Analogies and Distinctions a. Determine Whether the Governing Rules of Law and Issues Are the Same in Both Cases Ethics Alert b. Decide Which Facts Are the Key Facts in the Prior Case c. Decide How Those Facts Are Similar to or Different from the Facts of Your Client’s Case d. Explain Why Those Similarities or Differences Matter 2. Selecting among Precedents B. The Format for a Written Analysis 1. Using IRAC Ethics Alert Practice Tip 2. Synthesizing Cases Legal Reasoning Exercises 1–3 C. Internal Office Memoranda 1. Format and Content a. Heading b. Question Presented (Issue) c. Brief Answer d. Facts e. Applicable Statutes f. Discussion Practice Tip g. Conclusion 2. Sample Law Office Memorandum D. Limitations on the Role of Paralegals in Legal Research and Analysis Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Part 3: Legal Ethics and Substantive Law Chapter 10: Legal Ethics Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 11: The Ethically Challenged Paralegal A. The American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct NetNote Discussion Questions 1–2 B. Ethical Codes Governing Paralegal Conduct NetNote C. The Big Three: Confidentiality, Conflict of Interest, and the Unauthorized Practice of Law 1. Client Confidentiality and Attorney-Client Privilege a. Ethical Rules on Confidentiality Ethics Alert Discussion Questions 3–6 b. Attorney-Client Privilege People v. Mitchell Case Discussion Questions Discussion Questions 7–9 2. Conflict of Interest a. Concurrent Representation/Actual Conflict b. Concurrent Representation/Potential Conflict c. Successive Representation d. Vicarious Representation In re Columbia Valley Healthcare System, L.P. Case Discussion Questions Practice Tip Discussion Question 10 3. The Unauthorized Practice of Law Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 a. Justifications for Restrictions b. Defining the Practice of Law c. Prohibited Tasks (1) Courtroom and Administrative Agency Representation (2) Preparation of Legal Documents Medlock v. LegalZoom.com Inc. Case Discussion Questions (3) Giving Legal Advice Discussion Question 11 d. Appropriate Paralegal Tasks (1) Contact with Clients and People Outside the Office (2) Participation in Legal Proceedings (3) Drafting Legal Documents Louisiana State Bar Association v. Edwins Case Discussion Questions e. Nature of the Supervision NetNote Legal Reasoning Exercises 2–3 D. Money Matters 1. The Contingency Fee System Gagnon v. Shoblom Case Discussion Questions 2. Client Funds Practice Tip 3. Charging Clients for Paralegal Time 4. Fee-Splitting 5. Avoiding Solicitation E. Overzealous Representation 1. Talking to the Opposing Party or Jurors 2. Avoiding Deception F. Enforcement G. Tort Law of Negligence Discussion Questions 12–13 Legal Reasoning Exercise 4 H. Notary Public Law Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 11: Torts Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 12: The Mishit Softball Game A. Intentional Torts Case 13: The Abused Spouse 1. Harm to a Person’s Body, Reputation, or Emotional Well-Being a. Assault and Battery (1) The Elements of Assault and Battery Knight v. Jewett Case Discussion Questions Ethics Alert (2) The Defenses to Assault and Battery Katko v. Briney Case Discussion Questions b. False Imprisonment (1) The Elements of False Imprisonment (2) Defenses to False Imprisonment Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 Discussion Question 1 c. Defamation (1) The Elements of Defamation (2) Constitutional Issues in Defamation:The Special Case of Public Officials and Public Figures (3) Defenses to Defamation Discussion Questions 2–4 d. Invasion of Privacy Practice Tip e. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Cabaness v. Thomas Case Discussion Questions Discussion Questions 5–7 2. Harm to a Person’s Property a. Trespass to Land Practice Tip b. Trespass to Personal Property and Conversion c. Defenses to Torts against Property 3. Other Intentional Torts Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 B. Negligence 1. The Elements of Negligence Ewans v. Wells Fargo Bank Case Discussion Questions Practice Tip a. Duty Discussion Question 8 Woods v. Lancet Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercises 3–6 b. Breach Discussion Questions 9–10 NetNote Practice Tip Sauer v. Hebrew Institute of Long Island, Inc. Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercise 7 c. Cause (1) Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Company Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Company Case Discussion Questions (2) Intervening Cause Anglin v. State [of Florida] Department of Transportation Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercises 8–9 (3) Duty of Care to Third Parties Legal Reasoning Exercises 10–12 NetNote d. Harm Discussion Question 11 2. Defenses to Negligence a. Contributory Negligence b. Comparative Negligence c. Assumption of the Risk Legal Reasoning Exercises 13–15 d. Immunities Irwin v. Town of Ware Case Discussion Questions 3. Reckless Behavior Knight v. Jewett Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercises 16–18 C. Strict Liability 1. Ultrahazardous Activities NetNote 2. Products Liability Patch v. Hillerich & Bradsby Co. Case Discussion Questions Doe v. Miles Labs., Inc. Case Discussion Questions 3. Defenses to Strict Liability Torts Legal Reasoning Exercises 19–20 Paralegal Profile: William R. Matlock D. Contemporary Torts 1. Torts Related to the #MeToo Movement 2. Cyberbullying 3. Cybertorts Practice Tip Discussion Questions 12–14 4. Drug Dealer Liability Act Discussion Questions 15–16 E. Remedies Practice Tip Aleo v. SLB Toys USA, Inc. Case Discussion Questions Estate of McCall v. United States Case Discussion Questions Discussion Questions 17–18 Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 12: Contract Law Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 14: Who Owns the Watch? A. The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) NetNote B. Types of Contracts Ethics Alert Discussion Question 1 C. The Elements of a Binding Contract 1. Offer and Acceptance a. Offer (1) Statements of Intent and Preliminary Negotiations (2) Terms Definite Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc. Case Discussion Questions Practice Tip Legal Reasoning Exercises 1-2 (3) Termination of an Offer b. Acceptance Practice Tip Ehlen v. Melvin Case Discussion Questions c. Quasi-contract Ameripro Search, Inc. v. Fleming Steel Co. Case Discussion Questions Discussion Question 2–3 2. Consideration a. Detriment to Promisee or Benefit to Promisor Hamer v. Sidway Case Discussion Questions b. Problems with Consideration c. Promissory Estoppel Legal Reasoning Exercise 3 D. Contract Interpretation Legal Reasoning Exercises 4-6 E. Defenses to a Valid Contract 1. Lack of Contractual Capacity a. Minors Quality Motors, Inc. v. Hays Case Discussion Questions b. Intoxication Lucy v. Zehmer Case Discussion Questions c. Mental Incompetence 2. Illegal Contracts and Those That Violate Public Policy Discussion Question 4 3. Lack of Genuineness of Assent a. Fraud Vokes v. Arthur Murray, Inc. Case Discussion Questions b. Mistake c. Undue Influence d. Duress 4. Breach of Warranty Practice Tip Discussion Question 5 Webster v. Blue Ship Tea Room, Inc. Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercise 7 5. Lack of Proper Format—Writing Discussion Questions 6–8 F. Termination of Contractual Duties Ethics Alert 1. By Performance Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent Case Discussion Questions 2. By Agreement 3. When Performance Is Impossible 4. Due to Commercial Impracticability G. Third-Party Rights 1. Assignment 2. Delegation 3. Third-Party Beneficiaries a. Intended Beneficiaries b. Incidental Beneficiaries H. Damages Sargon Enterprises, Inc. v. Univ. of Southern California Case Discussion Questions I. Drafting and Reviewing Contracts Legal Reasoning Exercise 8 Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 13: Property and Estate Law Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 15: Bill and Maria A. Real Property 1. Rental of Real Property a. Criteria for Renters Case 15: Bill and Maria (Continued) b. The Lease c. Security Deposits d. Living Conditions in Rental Units Practice Tip e. Eviction Case 15: Bill and Maria (Continued) 2. Buying and Selling Real Estate a. Listing the Property b. Negotiations Practice Tip c. Preparation for the Closing Ethics Alert d. The Closing Practice Tip e. Land Contracts Discussion Questions 1–2 3. Limitations on the Use of Real Property a. Zoning Laws Case 15: Bill and Maria b. Building Permits and Safety Requirements c. Restrictive Covenants and Homeowner Association Regulations d. Easements 4. Involuntary Loss of Property a. Seizure by a Creditor b. Eminent Domain c. Adverse Possession Steuck v. Easley Case Discussion Questions Discussion Questions 3–6 B. Personal Property 1. Transfer of Personal Property 2. Intellectual Property a. Types of Intellectual Property Matal v. Tan Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 b. Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights Paralegal Profile: Deb Monke Discussion Questions 7 C. Estate Planning 1. Wills Ethics Alert 2. Trusts Practice Tip 3. Living Wills and Medical Directives Discussion Question 8 4. Probate Practice Tip a. Challenges to a Will In re Estate of Haviland Case Discussion Questions b. Intestate Succession Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 NetNote Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 14: Laws Affecting Business Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 16: The Four Friends A. The Five Basic Business Forms 1. Sole Proprietorship 2. Partnership Ethics Alert Van Dyke v. Bixby Case Discussion Questions NetNote 3. Corporation Discussion Question 1 4. Limited Liability Company and Limited Liability Partnership Mbahaba v. Morgan Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercises 1–2 B. Financial Transactions 1. Commercial Paper Legal Reasoning Exercise 2. Secured Transactions C. Agency Law and an Employer’s Responsibility for an Employee’s Act 1. Agency Law 2. Employees versus Independent Contractors 3. Employees and Independent Contractors as Agents Ethics Alert 4. Employer’s Liability for Acts of Employees O’Connor v. McDonald’s Restaurants of California, Inc. Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercises 4–8 D. Employment Law 1. Title VII: Discrimination Based on Race, Color, Religion, Sex, or National Origin a. Introduction to Title VII NetNote Paralegal Profile: Maryann K. Brunton b. The Three Theories of Discrimination (1) Overt Intentional Discrimination and the BFOQ Defense Diaz v. Pan American World Airways, Inc. Case Discussion Questions Discussion Questions 2–3 (2) Intentional Discrimination—Disparate Treatment McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green Case Discussion Questions Practice Tip (3) Unintentional Discrimination—Disparate Impact Griggs v. Duke Power Co. Case Discussion Questions Discussion Question 4 c. Harassment Discussion Questions 5–7 d. Affirmative Action Discussion Questions 8–9 e. Damage Awards and Other Relief under Title VII f. Retaliation Legal Reasoning Exercises 9–11 2. ADEA: Age Discrimination 3. ADA: Disability Discrimination NetNote 4. Other Statutory Protections a. Regulation of Hours and Wages b. Workers’ Compensation Laws c. Collective Bargaining and Unfair Labor Practices Discussion Question 10 d. Occupational Health and Safety Act e. Employee Retirement Income Security Act 5. Common Law Approaches: At-Will Employment Practice Tip NetNote Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 15: Family Law Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 17: The Modern Family A. Marriage Practice Tip Obergefell v. Hodges Case Discussion Questions Discussion Questions 1–3 1. Consequences of Marriage Practice Tip 2. Premarital Agreements Discussion Questions 4–5 3. Consequences of Broken Engagements Aronow v. Silver Case Discussion Questions 4. Termination of the Marital Relationship a. Annulment Practice Tip Discussion Question 6 b. Divorce/Dissolution NetNote Ethics Alert Practice Tip (1) Divorce Procedures (2) Property Settlements Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 Szafranski v. Dunston Case Discussion Questions Practice Tip (3) Alimony/Maintenance Agreements Legal Reasoning Exercises 2–3 (4) Custody, Visitation, and Child Support (a) Custody (b) Visitation Carroll v. Carroll Case Discussion Questions (c) Custody and visitation rights of others Practice Tip (d) Child support Discussion Questions 7–10 B. The Parent-Child Relationship 1. Establishing the Relationship a. Paternity Actions Discussion Questions 11–13 b. Adoption Discussion Questions 14–15 In re Petition of John Doe and Jane Doe, Husband and Wife, to Adopt Baby Boy Janikova Case Discussion Questions (1) Adoption Records (2) Tort of Wrongful Adoption c. Assisted Reproduction (1) Sperm and Egg Donation (2) Surrogacy Contracts Discussion Questions 16–20 Legal Reasoning Exercise 4 2. Parental Rights, Responsibilities, and Liabilities 3. Child Neglect and Abuse NetNote Discussion Questions 21–23 4. Legal Status of Minors Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 16: Criminal Law Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 18: The Cyberbully A. Sources of Criminal Law Practice Tip Discussion Question 1 B. Classification of Crimes NetNote 1. Offenses Against the Person Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 2. Crimes Against Habitations and Property United States v. Barrington Case Discussion Questions 3. Crimes Affecting Public Health, Safety, and Decency Discussion Question 2 4. Crimes Affecting Governmental Functions C. Elements of a Crime 1. Actus Reus Commonwealth v. Robertson Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 2. Mens Rea Commonwealth v. Carter Practice Tip Class Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercise 3 D. Parties to the Crime Legal Reasoning Exercise 4 E. Defenses 1. Alibi Defense 2. Ignorance or Mistake Practice Tip 3. Status of the Offender a. Children Practice Tip Discussion Questions 3–4 b. Mental Illness People v. Wolff Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercise 5 Discussion Questions 5–7 c. Intoxication 4. Duress and Necessity Practice Tip 5. Entrapment Discussion Question 8 6. Self-Defense Discussion Questions 9–12 7. Constitutional Defenses NetNote Discussion Questions 13–15 NetNote Legal Reasoning Exercise 6 F. Punishments 1. Theories of Punishment 2. Capital Punishment Discussion Questions 16–18 3. Mandatory Sentencing a. Mandatory Life Sentence for Minors b. Habitual Offender Statutes Discussion Questions 19–20 Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Chapter 17: Criminal Procedure Chapter Objectives Introduction Case 19: People v. Grant Practice Tip A. Participants in the Process NetNote Ethics Alert B. Investigation of a Crime Case 19: People v. Grant (Continued) 1. Constitutional Restrictions a. Fourth Amendment Riley v. California Case Discussion Questions b. Fifth Amendment c. Sixth Amendment 2. Discovery of the Crime and Initial Actions Taken Case 19: People v. Grant (Continued) 3. Searches and Seizures of Evidence a. Procedures for Obtaining and Executing Search Warrants Case 19: People v. Grant (Continued) b. Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement Riley v. California Case Discussion Questions Discussion Questions 1–2 Case 19: People v. Grant (Continued) 4. Interrogations NetNote Legal Reasoning Exercise 5. Arrest and Booking Case 19: People v. Grant (Continued) C. The Court System 1. Formal Charges, Bail, and Initial Appearances Case 19: People v. Grant (Continued) 2. Grand Juries and Preliminary Hearings Case 19: People v. Grant (Continued) Discussion Question 3 3. Arraignments Case 19: People v. Grant (Continued) 4. Discovery, Pretrial Motions, and the Exclusionary Rule Practice Tip Ethics Alert Mapp v. Ohio Case Discussion Questions Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 Discussion Question 4 5. Plea Bargaining Case 19: People v. Grant (Continued) Ethics Alert Discussion Question 5 6. The Right to a Jury Trial Discussion Questions 6–7 Practice Tip 7. Trial Procedures Practice Tip Discussion Questions 8–9 8. Sentencing 9. Appeal 10. Writ of Habeas Corpus 11. Petitions for Executive Clemency Discussion Question 10 Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Appendixes Appendix A: The United States Constitution Appendix B: Fundamentals of Good Writing Introduction Part I: Grammar A. Use Proper Sentence Structure 1. Use Simple Sentence Construction a. Use Normal Sentence Order b. One Thought per Sentence c. Limit Sentences to Twenty-Five Words d. Avoid Intrusive Phrases 2. Avoid Sentence Fragments Net Note 3. Avoid Run-On Sentences (Fused Sentences and Comma Splices) 4. Use Parallel Construction 5. Use Tabulations B. Use the Proper Verb Tense C. Make Sure Pronouns and Antecedents Agree D. Put Modifying Words Close to What They Modify E. Avoid Punctuation Problems 1. Use the Serial Comma 2. Do Not Use a Comma with Compound Verbs or between a Subject and Its Verb 3. Use Commas to Set Off Phrases Containing Nonessential Information 4. Forming the Possessive 5. Combining Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation Part II: Style NetNote A. Avoid Long Paragraphs B. Do Not Bury Your Points C. Use Transitions D. Be Concise 1. Eliminate Unnecessary Words 2. Remove Unnecessary Introductory Phrases 3. Say It Once E. Avoid the Passive Voice F. Special Rules for Legal Writing 1. Avoid Legalese 2. Make the Court and Not the Court Opinion the Actor 3. Have the Court Think, Not Feel 4. Avoid Unnecessary Variation 5. Do Not Use the First Person 6. Do Not Use Contractions 7. Do Not Ask Your Reader Questions 8. That Case/This Case 9. Written Numbers versus Numerals 10. Do Not Eliminate the Articles “A,”“An,” and “The” Part III: Correct Word Usage Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Appendix C: The Basics of Citation Form Introduction Part I: Court Opinion Citation Form A. Case Reporters B. The Essentials of Case Citation C. Case Name 1. Omit First Names 2. Omit Descriptive Terms 3. Omit All But the First Party’s Names 4. Use Abbreviations 5. The State as Part of the Citation D. Case Reporter 1. The Parallel Citation 2. A Special Rule for the U.S. Supreme Court 3. Advance Sheets, Westlaw, and Lexis 4. Cite to Specific Pages E. Parenthetical F. Case History Part II: Enacted Law Citation Form A. Statutory Citation 1. Federal Statutes 2. State Statutes B. Local Ordinances C. Administrative Law NetNote D. Constitutions Part III: Using Citations in Your Legal Writing A. The Citation as a Sentence or Clause 1. String Citations 2. Explanatory Parentheticals 3. Signals B. Authority Previously Cited—Short Citing C. Example of Citations Integrated into Text D. Summary of the Most Common Citation Forms Part IV: Citations in the Electronic Era Summary Review Questions Web Exercise Appendix D: Finding the Law Introduction A. Overview of the Researching Process 1. Online versus Traditional Book-based Legal Research 2. Major Online Legal Research Providers a. The Major Commercial Databases: Lexis and Westlaw (1) Coverage of Lexis and Westlaw (2) Differences between Lexis and Westlaw Practice Tip b. Other Internet-based Resources Practice Tip 3. Primary versus Secondary and Mandatory versus Persuasive Authority Practice Tip B. The Six Steps of Legal Research Practice Tip 1. Define the Legal Problem Practice Tip 2. Go to Secondary Authority Practice Tip 3. Create a List of Search Terms Legal Reasoning Exercise 1 4. Go to Primary Authority a. Finding Statutes NetNote (1) Starting with the Citation (2) When You Do Not Have a Citation Practice Tip (3) Reading an Annotated Statute Practice Tip b. Finding State Agency Regulations c. Finding Court Opinions (1) Starting with a Name (2) Using a Digest Practice Tip (3) Online Searching (a) Performing a Google-like Search Using Lexis Advance or Westlaw Next (b) Searching Using Advanced Search Techniques Practice Tip Practice Tip 5. Decide When to Stop Researching 6. Update Your Research a. Updating in the Books Using Pocket Parts and Consulting News Sources b. Using Citators—Shepard’s and KeyCite Ethics Alert C. The Interrelationship of Researching Materials Legal Reasoning Exercise 2 Summary Review Questions Web Exercises Glossary Table of Cases Index [Show More]

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