[eBook] [PDF] Physics Principles with Applications, 7th Edition By Douglas C. Giancoli

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Physics Principles with Applications Contents Applications to Biology and Medicine (Selected) Applications to Other Fields and Everyday Life (Selected) Student Supplements Preface What's New? S... ee the World through Eyes that Know Physics About the Author To Students Chapter 1 Introduction, Measurement, Estimating Contents Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now! 1–1 The Nature of Science 1–2 Physics and its Relation to Other Fields 1–3 Models, Theories, and Laws 1–4 Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures Uncertainty Conceptual Example 1–1 Is the diamond yours? Response Significant Figures Exercise A Exercise B Conceptual Example 1–2 Significant figures. Response Note Scientific Notation Exercise C *Percent Uncertainty vs. Significant Figures Approximations Accuracy vs. Precision 1–5 Units, Standards, and the SI System Length Time Mass Unit Prefixes Systems of Units *Base vs. Derived Quantities 1–6 Converting Units Example 1–3 The 8000-m peaks. Approach Solution Note Example 1–4 Apartment area. Approach Solution Note Example 1–5 Speeds. Approach Solution Note Exercise D Exercise E 1–7 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating Example 1–6 Estimate Volume of a lake. Approach Solution Note Example 1–7 Estimate Thickness of a sheet of paper. Approach Solution Example 1–8 Estimate Height by triangulation. Approach Solution A Harder Example—But Powerful Example 1–9 Estimate Estimating the radius of Earth. Approach Solution Note Exercise F *1–8 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 1–4 Measurement, Uncertainty, Significant Figures 1–5 and 1–6 Units, Standards, SI, Converting Units 1–7 Order-of-Magnitude Estimating *1–8 Dimensions General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 2 Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 2–1 Reference Frames and Displacement Exercise A 2–2 Average Velocity Example 2–1 Runner's average velocity. Approach Solution Example 2–2 Distance a cyclist travels. Approach Solution Example 2–3 Car changes speed. Approach Solution Note 2–3 Instantaneous Velocity Exercise B 2–4 Acceleration Example 2–4 Average acceleration. Approach Solution Conceptual Example 2–5 Velocity and acceleration. Response Example 2–6 Car slowing down. Approach Solution Deceleration Exercise C 2–5 Motion at Constant Acceleration Example 2–7 Runway design. Approach Solution Note Exercise D 2–6 Solving Problems Example 2–8 Acceleration of a car. Approach Solution Note Example 2–9 Estimate Braking distances. Approach Solution Note 2–7 Freely Falling Objects Exercise E Example 2–10 Falling from a tower. Approach Solution Note Example 2–11 Thrown down from a tower. Approach Solution Note Example 2–12 Ball thrown upward. Approach Solution Example 2–13 Ball thrown upward, II. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 2–14 Two possible misconceptions. Response Example 2–15 Ball thrown upward, III. Approach Solution Note Exercise F Additional Example—Using the Quadratic Formula Example 2–16 Ball thrown upward at edge of cliff. Approach Solution 2–8 Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion Velocity as Slope Slope and Acceleration Conceptual Example 2–17 Analyzing with graphs. Response Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 2–1 to 2–3 Speed and Velocity 2–4 Acceleration 2–5 and 2–6 Motion at Constant Acceleration 2–7 Freely Falling Objects (neglect air resistance) 2–8 Graphical Analysis General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 3 Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 3–1 Vectors and Scalars 3–2 Addition of Vectors–-Graphical Methods Conceptual Example 3–1 Range of vector lengths. Response Exercise A 3–3 Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar Exercise B 3–4 Adding Vectors by Components Components Adding Vectors Example 3–2 Mail carrier's displacement. Approach Solution Note Adding Vector Example 3–3 Three short trips. Approach Solution 3–5 Projectile Motion Exercise C Exercise D Conceptual Example 3–4 Where does the apple land? Response Exercise E 3–6 Solving Projectile Motion Problems Projectile Motion Example 3–5 Driving off a cliff. Approach Solution Note Example 3–6 A kicked football. Approach Solution Note Exercise F Conceptual Example 3–7 The wrong strategy. Response Level Horizontal Range Example 3–8 Range of a cannon ball. Approach Solution Example 3–9 A punt. Approach Solution *3–7 Projectile Motion Is Parabolic 3–8 Relative Velocity Example 3–10 Heading upstream. Approach Solution Example 3–11 Heading across the river. Approach Solution Note Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 3–2 to 3–4 Vector Addition 3–5 and 3–6 Projectile Motion (neglect air resistance) 3–8 Relative Velocity General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 4 Dynamics: Newton's Laws of Motion Contents Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now! 4–1 Force 4–2 Newton's First Law of Motion Conceptual Example 4–1 Newton's first law. Response Inertial Reference Frames 4–3 Mass 4–4 Newton's Second Law of Motion Example 4–2 Estimate Force to accelerate a fast car. Approach Solution Example 4–3 Force to stop a car. Approach Solution Note Exercise A 4–5 Newton's Third Law of Motion Conceptual Example 4–4 What exerts the force to move a car? Response Conceptual Example 4–5 Third law clarification. Response Exercise B Exercise C Exercise D 4–6 Weight—the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force Exercise E Example 4–6 Weight, normal force, and a box. Approach Solution Note Example 4–7 Accelerating the box. Approach Solution Example 4–8 Apparent weight loss. Approach Solution Note 4–7 Solving Problems with Newton's Laws: Free-Body Diagrams Example 4–9 Adding force vectors. Approach Solution Conceptual Example 4–10 The hockey puck. Response Newton's Laws; Free-Body Diagrams Example 4–11 Pulling the mystery box. Approach Solution Note Exercise F Tension in a Flexible Cord Example4–12 Two boxes connected by a cord. Approach Solution Note Example 4–13 Elevator and counterweight (Atwood machine). Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 4–14 The advantage of a pulley. Response Note Example 4–15 Accelerometer. Approach Solution Note 4–8 Problems Involving Friction, Inclines Friction Example 4–16 Friction: static and kinetic. Approach Solution Conceptual Example 4–17 A box against a wall. Response Exercise G Example 4–18 Pulling against friction. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 4–19 To push or to pull a sled? Response Example 4–20 Two boxes and a pulley. Approach Solution Note Inclines Exercise H Example 4–21 The skier. Approach Solution Note Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 4–4to4–6 Newton's Laws, Gravitational Force, Normal Force [Assume no friction.] 4–7 Newton's Laws and Vectors [Ignore friction.] 4–8 Newton's Laws with Friction, Inclines General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 5 Circular Motion; Gravitation Contents Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now! 5–1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion Example 5–1 Acceleration of a revolving ball. Approach Solution Exercise A Example 5–2 Moon's centripetal acceleration. Approach Solution Note 5–2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion Exercise B Example 5–3 Estimate Force on revolving ball (horizontal). Approach Solution Note Example 5–4 Revolving ball (vertical circle). Approach Solution Exercise C Conceptual Example 5–5 Tetherball. Response Uniform Circular Motion 5–3 Highway Curves: Banked and Unbanked Example 5–6 Skidding on a curve. Approach Solution Exercise D Example 5–7 Banking angle. Approach Solution *5–4 Nonuniform Circular Motion Example 5–8 Two components of acceleration. Approach Solution Note 5–5 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation Example 5–9 Estimate Can you attract another person gravitationally? Approach Solution Example 5–10 Spacecraft at 2rE. Approach Solution 5–6 Gravity Near the Earth's Surface Example 5–11 Estimate Gravity on Everest. Approach Solution Exercise E 5–7 Satellites and “Weightlessness” Satellite Motion Example 5–12 Geosynchronous satellite. Approach Solution Weightlessness Exercise F 5–8 Planets, Kepler's Laws, and Newton's Synthesis Kepler's Laws Example 5–13 Where is Mars? Approach Solution Kepler's Third Law Derived, Sun's Mass, Perturbations Example 5–14 The Sun's mass determined. Approach Solution Other Centers for Kepler's Laws Distant Planetary Systems Newton's Synthesis Sun/Earth Reference Frames 5–9 Moon Rises an Hour Later Each Day 5–10 Types of Forces in Nature Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 5–1 to 5–3 Uniform Circular Motion *5–4 Nonuniform Circular Motion 5–5 and 5–6 Law of Universal Gravitation 5–7 Satellites and Weightlessness 5–8 Kepler's Laws General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 6 Work and Energy Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 6–1 Work Done by a Constant Force Example 6–1 Work done on a crate. Approach Solution Exercise A Work Example 6–2 Work on a backpack. Approach Solution Note Note Conceptual Example 6–3 Does the Earth do work on the Moon? Response *6–2 Work Done by a Varying Force 6–3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle Example 6–4 Estimate Work on a car, to increase its kinetic energy. Approach Solution Exercise B Conceptual Example 6–5 Work to stop a car. Response Exercise C Exercise D 6–4 Potential Energy Gravitational Potential Energy Example 6–6 Potential energy changes for a roller coaster. Approach Solution Note Potential Energy Defined in General Potential Energy of Elastic Spring Potential Energy as Stored Energy 6–5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces Exercise E Work-Energy Extended 6–6 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation 6–7 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy Example 6–7 Falling rock. Approach Solution Note Example 6–8 Roller-coaster car speed using energy conservation. Approach Solution Conceptual Example 6–9 Speeds on two water slides. Response Example 6–10 Toy dart gun. Approach Solution Example 6–11 Two kinds of potential energy. Approach Solution 6–8 Other Forms of Energy and Energy Transformations; The Law of Conservation of Energy 6–9 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems Exercise F Work-Energy versus Energy Conservation Conservation of Energy Example 6–12 Estimate Friction on the roller-coaster car. Approach Solution Note 6–10 Power Example 6–13 Stair-climbing power. Approach Solution Note Example 6–14 Power needs of a car. Approach Solution Note Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 6–1 Work, Constant Force *6–2 Work, Varying Force 6–3 Kinetic Energy; Work-Energy Principle 6–4 and 6–5 Potential Energy 6–6 and 6–7 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 6–8 and 6–9 Law of Conservation of Energy 6–10 Power General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 7 Linear Momentum Contents Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now! 7–1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force Exercise A Example 7–1 Estimate Force of a tennis serve. Approach Solution Note Note Example 7–2 Washing a car: momentum change and force. Approach Solution Note Exercise B 7–2 Conservation of Momentum Example 7–3 Railroad cars collide: momentum conserved. Approach Solution Note Note Exercise C Exercise D Conceptual Example 7–4 Falling on or off a sled. Response Example 7–5 Rifle recoil. Approach Solution Exercise E 7–3 Collisions and Impulse Exercise F Example 7–6 Estimate Karate blow. Approach Solution 7–4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions 7–5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension Example 7–7 Equal masses. Approach Solution Note Example 7–8 A nuclear collision. Approach Solution Note 7–6 Inelastic Collisions Example 7–9 Ballistic pendulum. Approach Solution Note Example 7–10 Railroad cars again. Approach Solution *7–7 Collisions in Two Dimensions Example 7–11 Billiard ball collision in 2-D. Approach Solution Momentum Conservation and Collisions 7–8 Center of Mass (CM) Example 7–12 CM of three guys on a raft. Approach Solution Exercise G *7–9 CM for the Human Body Example 7–13 A leg's CM. Approach Solution Note *7–10 CM and Translational Motion Conceptual Example 7–14 A two-stage rocket. Response Note Exercise H Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 7–1 and 7–2 Momentum and Its Conservation 7–3 Collisions and Impulse 7–4 and 7–5 Elastic Collisions 7–6 Inelastic Collisions *7–7 Collisions in Two Dimensions 7–8 Center of Mass (CM) *7–9 CM for the Human Body *7–10 CM and Translational Motion General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 8 Rotational Motion Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 8–1 Angular Quantities Example 8–1 Bike wheel. Approach Solution Example 8–2 Birds of prey—in radians. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 8–3 Is the lion faster than the horse? Response Example 8–4 Angular and linear velocities. Approach Solution Example 8–5 Angular and linear accelerations. Approach Solution Note Note Exercise A 8–2 Constant Angular Acceleration Example 8–6 Centrifuge acceleration. Approach Solution Note 8–3 Rolling Motion (Without Slipping) Example 8–7 Bicycle. Approach Solution Note 8–4 Torque Example 8–8 Biceps torque. Approach Solution Note Exercise B *Forces that Act to Tilt the Axis 8–5 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia Example 8–9 Two weights on a bar: different axis, different I. Approach Solution Note 8–6 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics Rotational Motion Example 8–10 A heavy pulley. Approach Solution Additional Example—a bit more challenging Example 8–11 Pulley and bucket. Approach Solution Note 8–7 Rotational Kinetic Energy Example 8–12 Sphere rolling down an incline. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 8–13 Which is fastest? Response Note Exercise C Work Done by Torque 8–8 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation Exercise D Example 8–14 Clutch. Approach Solution Example 8–15 Estimate Neutron star. Approach Solution *8–9 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities Conceptual Example 8–16 Spinning bicycle wheel. Response Exercise E Exercise F Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 8–1 Angular Quantities 8–2 and 8–3 Constant Angular Acceleration; Rolling 8–4 Torque 8–5 and 8–6 Rotational Dynamics 8–7 Rotational Kinetic Energy 8–8 Angular Momentum *8–9 Angular Quantities as Vectors General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 9 Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 9–1 The Conditions for Equilibrium Example 9–1 Straightening teeth. Approach Solution Note The First Condition for Equilibrium Example 9–2 Chandelier cord tension. Approach Solution Note Exercise A The Second Condition for Equilibrium Conceptual Example 9–3 A lever. Response Exercise B 9–2 Solving Statics Problems Statics Example 9–4 Balancing a seesaw. Approach Solution Exercise C Example 9–5 Forces on a beam and supports. Approach Solution Exercise D Example 9–6 Hinged beam and cable. Approach Solution Note *A More Difficult Example—The Ladder Example 9–7 Ladder. Approach Solution Note 9–3 Applications to Muscles and Joints Example 9–8 Force exerted by biceps muscle. Approach Solution Note Note Example 9–9 Forces on your back. Approach Solution Note 9–4 Stability and Balance 9–5 Elasticity; Stress and Strain Elasticity and Hooke's Law Young's Modulus Example 9–10 Tension in piano wire. Approach Solution Note Exercise E Stress and Strain Tension, Compression, and Shear Stress Volume Change—Bulk Modulus 9–6 Fracture Example 9–11 Estimate Breaking the piano wire. Approach Solution Conceptual Example 9–12 A tragic substitution. Response *9–7 Spanning a Space: Arches and Domes Example 9–13 A modem dome. Approach Solution Note Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 9–1 and 9–2 Equilibrium 9–3 Muscles and Joints 9–4 Stability and Balance 9–5 Elasticity; Stress and Strain 9–6 Fracture *9–7 Arches and Domes General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 10 Fluids Contents Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now! 10–1 Phases of Matter 10–2 Density and Specific Gravity Example 10–1 Mass, given volume and density. Approach Solution 10–3 Pressure in Fluids Example 10–2 Calculating pressure. Approach Solution Exercise A Example 10–3 Pressure at a faucet. Approach Solution NOTE Exercise B 10–4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure Atmospheric Pressure Conceptual Example 10–4 Finger holds water in a straw. Response Gauge Pressure 10–5 Pascal's Principle 10–6 Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer Conceptual Example 10–5 Suction. RESPONSE 10–7 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle Conceptual Example 10–6 Two pails of water. Response Example 10–7 Recovering a submerged statue. Approach Solution Note Example 10–8 Archimedes: Is the crown gold? Approach Solution Example 10–9 Hydrometer calibration. Approach Solution Note Exercise C Exercise D Example 10–10 Helium balloon. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 10–11 Throwing a rock overboard. Response Exercise E 10–8 Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity Example 10–12 Estimate Blood flow. Approach Solution Example 10–13 Heating duct to a room. Approach Solution Note 10–9 Bernoulli's Equation Exercise F Example 10–14 Flow and pressure in a hot-water heating system. Approach Solution Note 10–10 Applications of Bernoulli's Principle: Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, Blood Flow Exercise G Airplane Wings and Dynamic Lift Sailboats Baseball Curve Lack of Blood to the Brain—TIA Other Applications *10–11 Viscosity *10–12 Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille's Equation, Blood Flow *10–13 Surface Tension and Capillarity Example 10–15 Estimate Insect walks on water. Approach Solution Note *Capillarity *10–14 Pumps, and the Heart Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 10–2 Density and Specific Gravity 10–3 to 10–6 Pressure; Pascal's Principle 10–7 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle 10–8 to 10–10 Fluid Flow, Bernoulli's Equation *10–11 Viscosity *10–12 Flow in Tubes; Poiseuille's Equation *10–13 Surface Tension and Capillarity *10–14 Pumps; the Heart General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 11 Oscillations and Waves Contents Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now! 11–1 Simple Harmonic Motion—Spring Oscillations Exercise A Exercise B Example 11–1 Car springs. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 11–2 Is the motion simple harmonic? Response 11–2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion Conceptual Example 11–3 Doubling the amplitude. Response Exercise C Example 11–4 Spring calculations. Approach Solution Note Example 11–5 Energy calculations. Approach Solution 11–3 The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM Exercise D Example 11–6 Estimate Spider web. Approach Solution Note Example 11–7 Estimate A vibrating floor. Approach Solution Note Period and Frequency—Derivation Position as a Function of Time Example 11–8 Starting with x = A cos ωt. Approach Solution Sinusoidal Motion *Velocity and Acceleration as Functions of Time 11–4 The Simple Pendulum Exercise E Exercise F Example 11–9 Estimate Measuring g. Approach Solution 11–5 Damped Harmonic Motion 11–6 Forced Oscillations; Resonance 11–7 Wave Motion Conceptual Example 11–10 Wave vs. particle velocity. Response Exercise G Exercise H 11–8 Types of Waves and Their Speeds: Transverse and Longitudinal Speed of Transverse Waves Example 11–11 Wave along a wire. Approach Solution Note Speed of Longitudinal Waves Example 11–12 Echolocation. Approach Solution Note Other Waves 11–9 Energy Transported by Waves Example 11–13 Earthquake intensity. Approach Solution Note Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency 11–10 Reflection and Transmission of Waves 11–11 Interference; Principle of Superposition 11–12 Standing Waves; Resonance Example 11–14 Piano string. Approach Solution Note *11–13 Refraction† *11–14 Diffraction Conceptual Example 11–15 Cell phones. Response *11–15 Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 11–1 to 11–3 Simple Harmonic Motion 11–4 Simple Pendulum 11–7 and 11–8 Waves 11–9 Energy Transported by Waves 11–11 Interference 11–12 Standing Waves; Resonance *11–13 Refraction *11–14 Diffraction General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 12 Sound Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 12–1 Characteristics of Sound Conceptual Example 12–1 Distance from a lightning strike. Response Example 12–2 Autofocusing with sound waves. Approach Solution Note 12–2 Intensity of Sound: Decibels Sound Level Example 12–3 Sound intensity on the street. Approach Solution Example 12–4 Loudspeaker response. Approach Solution Note Exercise A Conceptual Example 12–5 Trumpet players. Response Exercise B Example 12–6 Airplane roar. Approach Solution Note Intensity Related to Amplitude Example 12–7 How tiny the displacement is. Approach Solution Note *12–3 The Ear and Its Response; Loudness *The Ear's Response 12–4 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns Stringed Instruments Example 12–8 Piano strings. Approach Solution Note Exercise C Example 12–9 Frequencies and wavelengths in the violin. Approach Solution Note Exercise D Wind Instruments Example 12–10 Organ pipes. Approach Solution Note Example 12–11 Flute. Approach Solution Exercise E Example 12–12 Estimate Wind noise frequencies. Approach Solution Note *12–5 Quality of Sound, and Noise; Superposition 12–6 Interference of Sound Waves; Beats Interference in Space Example 12–13 Loudspeakers' interference. Approach Solution Note Beats—Interference in Time Example 12–14 Beats. Approach Solution 12–7 Doppler Effect Example 12–15 A moving siren. Approach Solution Exercise F Example 12–16 Two Doppler shifts. Approach Solution Note Exercise G Doppler Effect for Light *12–8 Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom *12–9 Applications: Sonar, Ultrasound, and Medical Imaging * Sonar * Ultrasound Medical Imaging Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 12–1 Characteristics of Sound 12–2 Intensity of Sound; Decibels *12–3 Loudness 12–4 Sources of Sound: Strings and Air Columns *12–5 Quality of Sound, Superposition 12–6 Interference; Beats 12–7 Doppler Effect *12–8 Shockwaves; Sonic Boom General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 13 Temperature and Kinetic Theory Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 13–1 Atomic Theory of Matter Example 13–1 Estimate Distance between atoms. Approach Solution Note Note 13–2 Temperature and Thermometers Temperature Scales Example 13–2 Taking your temperature. Approach Solution * Standard Temperature Scale 13–3 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics *The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 13–4 Thermal Expansion Linear Expansion Example 13–3 Bridge expansion. Approach Solution Conceptual Example 13–4 Do holes expand or contract? Response Example 13–5 Ring on a rod. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 13–6 Opening a tight jar lid. Response Volume Expansion Example 13–7 Gas tank in the Sun. Approach Solution Anomalous Behavior of Water Below 4°C * Thermal Stresses 13–5 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature Conceptual Example 13–8 Why you should not put a closed glass jar into a campfire. Response 13–6 The Ideal Gas Law Exercise A Exercise B 13–7 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law Example 13–9 Volume of one mole at STP. Approach Solution Exercise C Example 13–10 Helium balloon. Approach Solution Example 13–11 Estimate Mass of air in a room. Approach Solution Note Exercise D Example 13–12 Check tires cold. Approach Solution Note 13–8 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro's Number Example 13–13 Hydrogen atom mass. Approach Solution Note Example 13–14 Estimate How many molecules in one breath? Approach Solution 13–9 Kinetic Theory and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature Example 13–15 Molecular kinetic energy. Approach Solution Note Exercise E Example 13–16 Speeds of air molecules. Approach Solution Note Exercise F * Kinetic Energy Near Absolute Zero 13–10 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 13–11 Real Gases and Changes of Phase 13–12 Vapor Pressure and Humidity Evaporation Vapor Pressure Boiling Partial Pressure and Humidity Example 13–17 Relative humidity. Approach Solution Conceptual Example 13–18 Dryness in winter. Response *13–13 Diffusion Example 13–19 Estimate Diffusion of ammonia in air. Approach Solution Note Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 13–1 Atomic Theory 13–2 Temperature and Thermometers 13–4 Thermal Expansion 13–5 Gas Laws; Absolute Temperature 13–6 and 13–7 Ideal Gas Law 13–8 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules; Avogadro's Number 13–9 Molecular Interpretation of Temperature 13–11 Real Gases; Phase Changes 13–12 Vapor Pressure and Humidity *13–13 Diffusion General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 14 Heat Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 14–1 Heat as Energy Transfer Example 14–1 Estimate Working off the extra Calories. Approach Solution Note 14–2 Internal Energy Distinguishing Temperature, Heat, and Internal Energy Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas 14–3 Specific Heat Example 14–2 How heat transferred depends on specific heat. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 14–3 A very hot frying pan. Response Exercise A * Specific Heats for Gases 14–4 Calorimetry—Solving Problems Example 14–4 The cup cools the tea. Approach Solution Note Note Example 14–4′ Alternate Solution, ∑Q = 0. Approach Solution Example 14–5 Unknown specific heat determined by calorimetry. Approach Solution Note Bomb Calorimeter 14–5 Latent Heat Exercise B Example 14–6 Making ice. Approach Solution Exercise C Example 14–7 Estimate Will all the ice melt? Approach Solution Exercise D Calorimetry Evaporation Kinetic Theory of Latent Heats 14–6 Heat Transfer: Conduction Example 14–8 Heat loss through windows. Approach Solution Note Exercise E *R-values for Building Materials 14–7 Heat Transfer: Convection 14–8 Heat Transfer: Radiation Example 14–9 Estimate Cooling by radiation. Approach Solution Note Note Example 14–10 Estimate Two teapots. Approach Solution Note Example 14–11 Estimate Getting a tan—energy absorption. Approach Solution Note Example 14–12 Estimate Star radius. Approach Solution Exercise F Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 14–1 Heat as Energy Transfer 14–3 and 14–4 Specific Heat; Calorimetry 14–5 Latent Heat 14–6 to 14–8 Conduction, Convection, Radiation General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 15 The Laws of Thermodynamics Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 15–1 The First Law of Thermodynamics Example 15–1 Using the first law. Approach Solution Note Exercise A *The First Law of Thermodynamics Extended Example 15–2 Kinetic energy transformed to thermal energy. Approach Solution Note 15–2 Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law Isothermal Processes (ΔT = 0) Adiabatic Processes (Q = 0) Isobaric and Isovolumetric Processes Work Done in Volume Changes Conceptual Example 15–3 Work in isothermal and adiabatic processes. Response Exercise B Example 15–4 First law in isobaric and isovolumetric processes. Approach Solution Exercise C Example 15–5 Work done in an engine. Approach Solution Example 15–6 ΔU for boiling water to steam. Approach Solution Note Note *15–3 Human Metabolism and the First Law Example 15–7 Energy transformation in the body. Approach Solution Note 15–4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics—Introduction 15–5 Heat Engines Steam Engine and Internal Combustion Engine *Why a ΔT Is Needed to Drive a Heat Engine Efficiency Example 15–8 Car efficiency. Approach Solution Note Note Carnot Engine Example 15–9 Steam engine efficiency. Approach Solution Note Example 15–10 A phony claim? Approach Solution Exercise D Exercise E 15–6 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps Example 15–11 Making ice. Approach Solution Example 15–12 Heat pump. Approach Solution Note Exercise F *SEER Rating 15–7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Example 15–13 Entropy change in melting. Approach Solution Note Example 15–14 Estimate Entropy change when water samples are mixed. Approach Solution 15–8 Order to Disorder Biological Development “Time's Arrow” 15–9 Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death *15–10 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law Exercise G *15–11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming, and Energy Resources Thermodynamics Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 15–1 and 15–2 First Law of Thermodynamics *15–3 Human Metabolism 15–5 Heat Engines 15–6 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, Heat Pumps 15–7 Entropy *15–10 Statistical Interpretation *15–11 Energy Resources General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 16 Electric Charge and Electric Field Contents Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now! 16–1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation 16–2 Electric Charge in the Atom 16–3 Insulators and Conductors 16–4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope 16–5 Coulomb's Law Exercise A Example 16–1 Electric force on electron by proton. Approach Solution Conceptual Example 16–2 Which charge exerts the greater force? Response Note Exercise B 16–6 Solving Problems Involving Coulomb's Law and Vectors Vector Addition Review Adding Electric Forces; Principle of Superposition Example 16–3 Three charges in a line. Approach Solution Note Exercise C Example 16–4 Electric force using vector components. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 16-5 Make the force on Q3 zero. Response Exercise D Exercise E 16–7 The Electric Field Example 16–6 Photocopy machine. Approach Solution Example 16–7 Electric field of a single point charge. Approach Solution Note Exercise F Example 16–8 E→ at a point between two charges. Approach Solution Note Exercise G Example 16–9 E→ above two point charges. Approach Solution Electrostatics: Electric Forces and Electric Fields Example 16–10 E→ equidistant above two point charges. Approach Solution 16–8 Electric Field Lines Gravitational Field 16–9 Electric Fields and Conductors Conceptual Example 16–11 Shielding, and safety in a storm. Response *16–10 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication *16–11 Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics *16–12 Gauss's Law Example 16–12 Charged spherical conducting shell. Approach Solution Example 16–13 E near any conducting surface. Approach Solution Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 16–5 and 16–6 Coulomb's Law 16–7 and 16–8 Electric Field, Field Lines *16–10 DNA *16–12 Gauss's Law General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 17 Electric Potential Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 17–1 Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference Electric Potential Energy Electric Potential and Potential Difference Conceptual Example 17–1 A negative charge. Response Note Example 17–2 Electron in TV tube. Approach Solution Note Exercise A 17–2 Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field Example 17–3 Electric field obtained from voltage. Approach Solution Note *General Relation between E→ and V Breakdown Voltage 17–3 Equipotential Lines and Surfaces 17–4 The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy Exercise B 17–5 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges Example 17–4 Potential due to a positive or a negative charge. Approach Solution Note Example 17–5 Work required to bring two positive charges close together. Approach Solution Note Exercise C Example 17–6 Potential above two charges. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 17–7 Potential energies. Response Exercise D *17–6 Potential Due to Electric Dipole; Dipole Moment 17–7 Capacitance Exercise E Example 17–8 Capacitor calculations. Approach Solution Note *Derivation of Capacitance for Parallel-Plate Capacitor 17–8 Dielectrics Conceptual Example 17–9 Inserting a dielectric at constant V. Response Exercise F Conceptual Example 17–10 Inserting a dielectric into an isolated capacitor. Response *Molecular Description of Dielectrics 17–9 Storage of Electric Energy Example 17–11 Energy stored in a capacitor. Approach Solution Exercise G Conceptual Example 17–12 Capacitor plate separation increased. Response Note Health Effects 17–10 Digital; Binary Numbers; Signal Voltage *Noise *17–11 TV and Computer Monitors: CRTs, Flat Screens *CRT *Flat Screens and Addressing Pixels *Active Matrix (advanced) *Oscilloscopes *17–12 Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 17–1 to 17–4 Electric Potential 17–5 Potential Due to Point Charges *17–6 Electric Dipoles 17–7 Capacitance 17–8 Dielectrics 17–9 Electric Energy Storage 17–10 Digital *17–11 TV and Computer Monitors General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 18 Electric Currents Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 18–1 The Electric Battery Electric Cells and Batteries Electric Cars 18–2 Electric Current Example 18–1 Current is flow of charge. Approach Solution Exercise A Conceptual Example 18–2 How to connect a battery. Response Exercise B 18–3 Ohm's Law: Resistance and Resistors Example 18–3 Flashlight bulb resistance. Approach Solution Note Exercise C Conceptual Example 18–4 Current and potential. Response Some Helpful Clarifications 18–4 Resistivity Exercise D Exercise E Example 18–5 Speaker wires. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 18–6 Stretching changes resistance. Response Exercise F Temperature Dependence of Resistivity Example 18–7 Resistance thermometer. Approach Solution Note Note Exercise G 18–5 Electric Power Example 18–8 Headlights. Approach Solution Note Example 18–9 Electric heater. Approach Solution Note Example 18–10 Estimate Lightning bolt. Approach Solution Note Exercise H 18–6 Power in Household Circuits Example 18–11 Will a fuse blow? Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 18–12 A dangerous extension cord. Response Exercise I 18–7 Alternating Current Example 18–13 Hair dryer. Approach Solution *18–8 Microscopic View of Electric Current Example 18–14 Electron speed in wire. Approach Solution Note *18–9 Superconductivity *18–10 Electrical Conduction in the Human Nervous System Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 18–2 and 18–3 Electric Current, Resistance, Ohm's Law 18–4 Resistivity 18–5 and 18–6 Electric Power 18–7 Alternating Current *18–8 Microscopic View of Electric Current *18–10 Nerve Conduction General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 19 DC Circuits Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 19–1 EMF and Terminal Voltage Example 19–1 Battery with internal resistance. Approach Solution 19–2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel Exercise A Conceptual Example 19–2 Series or parallel? Response Exercise B Example 19–3 Series and parallel resistors. Approach Solution Note Example 19–4 Circuit with series and parallel resistors. Approach Solution Note Example 19–5 Current in one branch. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 19–6 Bulb brightness in a circuit. Response Exercise C Example 19–7 Analyzing a circuit. Approach Solution 19–3 Kirchhoff's Rules Kirchhoff's Rules Example 19–8 Using Kirchhoff's rules. Approach and Solution Note Exercise D 19–4 EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery Example 19–9 Jump starting a car. Approach Solution Note Exercise E Safety when Jump Starting 19–5 Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel Example 19–10 Equivalent capacitance. Approach Solution Exercise F Example 19–11 Charge and voltage on capacitors. Approach Solution 19–6 RC Circuits—Resistor and Capacitor in Series Capacitor Charging Example 19–12 RC circuit, with emf. Approach Solution Capacitor Discharging Example 19–13 A discharging RC circuit. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 19–14 Bulb in RC circuit. Response Medical and Other Applications of RC Circuits Exercise G 19–7 Electric Hazards Safe Wiring 19–8 Ammeters and Voltmeters—Measurement Affects the Quantity Being Measured Example 19–15 Ammeter design. Approach Solution Example 19–16 Voltmeter design. Approach Solution How to Connect Meters Effects of Meter Resistance Example 19–17 Voltage reading vs. true voltage. Approach Solution Note Other Meters Digital Meters Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 19–1 Emf and Terminal Voltage 19–2 Resistors in Series and Parallel 19–3 Kirchhoff's Rules 19–4 Emfs Combined, Battery Charging 19–5 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 19–6 RC Circuits 19–8 Ammeters and Voltmeters General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 20 Magnetism Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 20–1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields Earth's Magnetic Field Exercise A Uniform Magnetic Field 20–2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields Exercise B 20–3 Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B→ Exercise C Example 20–1 Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire. Approach Solution Exercise D Example 20–2 Measuring a magnetic field. Approach Solution Note 20–4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field Conceptual Example 20–3 Negative charge near a magnet. Response Exercise E Example 20–4 Magnetic force on a proton. Approach Solution Exercise F Example 20–5 Estimate Magnetic force on ions during a nerve pulse. Approach Solution Note Example 20–6 Electron's path in a uniform magnetic field. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 20–7 Stopping charged particles. Response Magnetic Fields Conceptual Example 20–8 A helical path. Response Exercise G * Aurora Borealis *The Hall Effect 20–5 Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire Example 20–9 Calculation of B→ near a wire. Approach Solution Note Note Example 20–10 Magnetic field midway between two currents. Approach Solution Exercise H Conceptual Example 20–11 Magnetic field due to four wires. Response 20–6 Force between Two Parallel Wires Example 20–12 Force between two current-carrying wires. Approach Solution Definition of the Ampere and the Coulomb 20–7 Solenoids and Electromagnets Magnetic Circuit Breakers 20–8 Ampère's Law Field Due to a Straight Wire Field Inside a Solenoid 20–9 Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Moment Example 20–13 Torque on a coil. Approach Solution Note 20–10 Applications: Motors, Loudspeakers, Galvanometers Galvanometer Electric Motors Loudspeakers and Headsets *20–11 Mass Spectrometer Example 20–14 Mass spectrometry. Approach Solution Note 20–12 Ferromagnetism: Domains and Hysteresis *Sources of Ferromagnetism *Magnetic Permeability *Hysteresis Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 20–3 Force on Electric Current in Magnetic Field 20–4 Force on Charge Moving in Magnetic Field 20–5 and 20–6 Magnetic Field of Straight Wire, Force between Two Wires 20–7 Solenoids and Electromagnets 20–8 Ampère's Law 20–9 and 20–10 Torque on Current Loop, Motors, Galvanometers *20–11 Mass Spectrometer *20–12 Ferromagnetism, Hysteresis General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 21 Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 21–1 Induced EMF Exercise A 21–2 Faraday's Law of Induction; Lenz's Law Example 21–1 A loop of wire in a magnetic field. Approach Solution Conceptual Example 21–2 Induction stove. Response Lenz's Law Conceptual Example 21–203 Practice with Lenz's law. Response Example 21–4 Pulling a coil from a magnetic field. Approach Solution Alternate Solution Exercise B 21–3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor Exercise C Example 21–5 Estimate Does a moving airplane develop a large emf? Approach Solution Note Example 21–6 Electromagnetic blood-flow measurement. Approach Solution Note 21–4 Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field 21–5 Electric Generators *Alternators Deriving the Generator Equation Example 21–7 An ac generator. Approach Solution 21–6 Back EMF and Counter Torque; Eddy Currents Back EMF, in a Motor Example 21–8 Back emf in a motor. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 21–9 Motor overload. Response Counter Torque, in a Generator Exercise D Eddy Currents 21–7 Transformers and Transmission of Power Example 21–10 Cell phone charger. Approach Solution Note Exercise E Example 21–11 Transmission lines. Approach Solution Note Wireless Transmission of Power—Inductive Charging *21-8 Information Storage: Magnetic and Semiconductor; Tape, Hard Drive, RAM *Magnetic Storage: Read/Write on Tape and Disks *Semiconductor Memory: DRAM, Flash *21–9 Applications of Induction: Microphone; Seismograph; GFCI *Microphone *Credit Card Reader *Seismograph *Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) *21–10 Inductance *Mutual Inductance *Self-Inductance Conceptual Example 21–12 Direction of emf in inductor. Response Example 21–13 Solenoid inductance. Approach Solution *21–11 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field *21–12 LR Circuit *21–13 AC Circuits and Reactance *Resistor *Inductor *Capacitor Example 21–14 Capacitor reactance. Approach Solution Note Exercise F *21–14 LRC Series AC Circuit *Phasor Diagrams Example 21–15 LRC circuit. Approach Solution Note *21–15 Resonance in AC Circuits Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 21–1 to 21–4 Faraday's Law of Induction 21–5 Generators 21–6 Back EMF and Torque 21–7 Transformers *21–10 Inductance *21–11 Magnetic Energy Storage *21–12 LR Circuit *21–13 AC Circuits and Reactance *21–14 LRC Circuits *21–15 Resonance in AC Circuits General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 22 Electromagnetic Waves Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 22–1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Maxwell's Equations *Maxwell's Fourth Equation (Ampère's Law Extended) 22–2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves Exercise A 22–3 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Exercise B Example 22–1 Wavelengths of EM waves. Approach Solution Exercise C Example 22–2 Estimate Cell phone antenna. Approach Solution Note Exercise D Example 22–3 Estimate Phone call time lag. Approach Solution Note Exercise E Exercise F 22–4 Measuring the Speed of Light 22–5 Energy in EM Waves Example 22–4 E and B from the Sun. Approach Solution Note 22–6 Momentum Transfer and Radiation Pressure Example 22–5 Estimate Solar pressure. Approach Solution Note Example 22–6 Estimate A solar sail. Approach Solution Note 22–7 Radio and Television; Wireless Communication Example 22–7 Tuning a station. Approach Solution Note Other EM Wave Communications Wireless from the Moon Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 22–1 B→ Produced by Changing E→ 22–2 EM Waves 22–3 Electromagnetic Spectrum 22–4 Measuring the Speed of Light 22–5 Energy in EM Wave 22–6 Radiation Pressure 22–7 Radio, TV General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 23 Light: Geometric Optics Contents Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now! 23–1 The Ray Model of Light 23–2 Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror Example 23–1 Reflection from flat mirrors. Approach Solution Note Example 23–2 How tall must a full-length mirror be? Approach Solution Note Exercise A Exercise B Conceptual Example 23–3 Is the photo upside down? Response 23–3 Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors Focal Point and Focal Length Image Formation—Ray Diagrams Mirror Equation and Magnification Concave Mirror Examples Example 23–4 Image in a concave mirror. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 23–5 Reversible rays. Response Example 23–6 Object closer to concave mirror than focal point. Approach Solution Note Note Seeing the Image; Seeing Yourself Convex Mirrors Spherical Mirrors Example 23–7 Convex rearview mirror. Approach Solution 23–4 Index of Refraction 23–5 Refraction: Snell's Law Snell's Law Exercise C Example 23–8 Refraction through flat glass. Approach Solution Note Example 23–9 Apparent depth of a pool. Approach Solution Note 23–6 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics Conceptual Example 23–10 View up from under water. Response Exercise D Exercise E Fiber Optics; Medical Instruments 23–7 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing Exercise F Conceptual Example 23–11 Half-blocked lens. Response Note Seeing the Image Diverging Lens 23–8 The Thin Lens Equation Thin Lenses Example 23–12 Image formed by converging lens. Approach Solution Note Exercise G Example 23–13 Object close to converging lens. Approach Solution Note Example 23–14 Diverging lens. Approach Solution *23–9 Combinations of Lenses Example 23–15 A two-lens system. Approach Solution Example 23–16 Measuring f for a diverging lens. Approach Solution Note *23–10 Lensmaker's Equation Example 23–17 Calculating f for a converging lens. Approach Solution Note Note Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 23–2 Reflection; Plane Mirrors 23–3 Spherical Mirrors 23–4 Index of Refraction 23–5 Refraction; Snell's Law 23–6 Total Internal Reflection 23–7 and 23–8 Thin Lenses *23–9 Lens Combinations *23–10 Lensmaker's Equation General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 24 The Wave Nature of Light Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 24–1 Waves vs. Particles; Huygens' Principle and Diffraction *24–2 Huygens' Principle and the Law of Refraction Exercise A 24–3 Interference—Young's Double-Slit Experiment Example 24–1 Line spacing for double-slit interference. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 24–2 Changing the wavelength. Response Example 24–3 Wavelengths from double-slit interference. Approach Solution Exercise B Coherence 24–4 The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion Conceptual Example 24–4 Observed color of light under water. Response 24–5 Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk Example 24–5 Single-slit diffraction maximum. Approach Solution Note Exercise C Conceptual Example 24–6 Diffraction spreads. Response 24–6 Diffraction Grating Example 24–7 Diffraction grating: line positions. Approach Solution Example 24–8 Spectra overlap. Approach Solution Exercise D 24–7 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy Example 24–9 Hydrogen spectrum. Approach Solution Note 24–8 Interference in Thin Films Exercise E Example 24–10 Thin film of air, wedge-shaped. Approach Solution Note Example 24–11 Thickness of soap bubble skin. Approach Solution Note *Colors in a Thin Soap Film Lens Coatings Interference Example 24–12 Nonreflective coating. Approach Solution Note Note *24–9 Michelson Interferometer 24–10 Polarization Polaroids (Polarization by Absorption) Example 24–13 Two Polaroids at 60°. Approach Solution Conceptual Example 24–14 Three Polaroids. Response Note Exercise F Polarization by Reflection Example 24–15 Polarizing angle. Approach Solution Note *24–11 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) *24–12 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 24–3 Double-Slit Interference 24–4 Visible Spectrum; Dispersion 24–5 Single-Slit Diffraction 24–5 and 24–7 Diffraction Gratings 24–8 Thin-Film Interference *24–9 Michelson Interferometer 24–10 Polarization General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 25 Optical Instruments Contents Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now! 25–1 Cameras: Film and Digital Digital Cameras, Electronic Sensors (CCD, CMOS) Digital Artifacts Camera Adjustments Example 25–1 Camera focus. Approach Solution Exercise A Conceptual Example 25–2 Shutter speed. Response *Picture Sharpness Example 25–3 Pixels and resolution. Approach Solution NOTE Example 25–4 Blown-up photograph. Approach Solution Exercise B Telephotos and Wide-angles 25–2 The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses Example 25–5 Farsighted eye. Approach Solution NOTE Example 25–6 Nearsighted eye. Approach Solution Contact Lenses Exercise C Underwater Vision 25–3 Magnifying Glass Example 1–7 Estimate A jeweler's “loupe.” Approach Solution 25–4 Telescopes Example 25–8 Telescope magnification. Approach Solution Exercise D 25–5 Compound Microscope Example 25–9 Microscope. Approach Solution 25–6 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors 25–7 Limits of Resolution; Circular Apertures Example 25–10 Hubble Space Telescope. Approach Solution Example 25–11 Estimate Eye resolution. Approach Solution Exercise E 25–8 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the λ Limit Example 25–12 Telescope resolution (radio wave vs. visible light). Approach Solution NOTE 25–9 Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification Exercise F *25–10 Specialty Microscopes and Contrast 25–11 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction *X-Ray Diffraction Exercise G *25–12 X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography (CT Scan) * Normal X-Ray Image * Tomography Images (CT) * Image Formation * Tomographic Image Reconstruction Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 25–1 Camera 25–2 Eye and Corrective Lenses 25–3 Magnifying Glass 25–4 Telescopes 25–5 Microscopes 25–6 Lens Aberrations 25–7 to 25–9 Resolution Limits *25–11 X-Ray Diffraction *25–12 Imaging by Tomography General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 26 The Special Theory of Relativity Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 26–1 Galilean–Newtonian Relativity 26–2 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity 26–3 Simultaneity 26–4 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox Example 26–1 Lifetime of a moving muon. Approach Solution Note Exercise A Example 26–2 Time dilation at 100 km/h. Approach Solution Note Exercise B Example 26–3 Reading a magazine on a spaceship. Approach Solution Space Travel? Twin Paradox *Global Positioning System (GPS) Conceptual Example 26–4 A relativity correction to GPS. Response Note 26–5 Length Contraction Example 26–5 Painting's contraction. Approach Solution Example 26–6 A fantasy supertrain. Approach Solution Note Note Exercise C Conceptual Example 26–7 Resolving the train and tunnel length. Response 26–6 Four-Dimensional Space–Time 26–7 Relativistic Momentum Example 26–8 Momentum of moving electron. Approach Solution * Rest Mass and Relativistic Mass 26–8 The Ultimate Speed 26–9 E = mc2; Mass and Energy Example 26–9 Pion's kinetic energy. Approach Solution Note Example 26–10 Energy from nuclear decay. Approach Solution Example 26–11 A 1-TeV proton. Approach Solution * Invariant Energy–Momentum When Do We Use Relativistic Formulas? Exercise D 26–10 Relativistic Addition of Velocities Example 26–12 Relative velocity, relativistically. Approach Solution Note Exercise E Exercise F 26–11 The Impact of Special Relativity Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 26–4 and 26–5 Time Dilation, Length Contraction 26–7 Relativistic Momentum 26–9 E = mc2; Mass and Energy 26–10 Relativistic Addition of Velocities General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 27 Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 27–1 Discovery and Properties of the Electron Discovery in Science Electron Charge Measurement 27–2 Blackbody Radiation; Planck's Quantum Hypothesis Blackbody Radiation Example 27–1 The Sun's surface temperature. Approach Solution Example 27–2 Star color. Approach Solution Note Exercise A Planck's Quantum Hypothesis 27–3 Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect Example 27–3 Photon energy. Approach Solution Example 27–4 Estimate Photons from a lightbulb. Approach Solution Exercise B Example 27–5 Photoelectron speed and energy. Approach Solution Note Exercise C Applications of the Photoelectric Effect 27–4 Energy, Mass, and Momentum of a Photon Example 27–6 Estimate Photon momentum and force. Approach Solution Note Example 27–7 Photosynthesis. Approach Solution *27–5 Compton Effect Exercise D Example 27–8 X-ray scattering. Approach Solution Note 27–6 Photon Interactions; Pair Production Example 27–9 Pair production. Approach Solution Note 27–7 Wave-Particle Duality; the Principle of Complementarity 27–8 Wave Nature of Matter Example 27–10 Wavelength of a ball. Approach Solution Example 27–11 Wavelength of an electron. Approach Solution Exercise E Exercise F Electron Diffraction Example 27–12 Electron diffraction. Solution Note What Is an Electron? 27–9 Electron Microscopes 27–10 Early Models of the Atom 27–11 Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure of the Atom 27–12 The Bohr Model Spectra Lines Explained Example 27–13 Wavelength of a Lyman line. Approach Solution Note Example 27–14 Wavelength of a Balmer line. Approach Solution Example 27–15 Absorption wavelength. Approach Solution Example 27–16 He+ ionization energy. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 27–17 Hydrogen at 20°C. Response Correspondence Principle 27–13 de Broglie's Hypothesis Applied to Atoms Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 27–1 Discovery of the Electron 27–2 Blackbodies; Planck's Quantum Hypothesis 27–3 and 27–4 Photons and the Photoelectric Effect *27–5 Compton Effect 27–6 Pair Production 27–8 Wave Nature of Matter 27–9 Electron Microscope 27–11 and 27–12 Spectra and the Bohr Model General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 28 Quantum Mechanics of Atoms Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 28–1 Quantum Mechanics—A New Theory 28–2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment Double-Slit Interference Experiment for Electrons 28–3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Exercise A Example 28–1 Position uncertainty of electron. Approach Solution Note Exercise B Example 28–2 Position uncertainty of a baseball. Approach Solution Note Example 28–3 Estimate J/ψ lifetime calculated. Approach Solution 28–4 Philosophic Implications; Probability versus Determinism 28–5 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms 28–6 Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom; Quantum Numbers Conceptual Example 28–4 Possible states for n = 3. Response Exercise C Example 28–5 E and L for n = 3. Approach Solution Note Exercise D Selection Rules: Allowed and Forbidden Transitions 28–7 Multielectron Atoms; the Exclusion Principle Exercise E 28–8 The Periodic Table of Elements Conceptual Example 28–6 Electron configurations. Response Exercise F *28–9 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number Example 28–7 X-ray wavelength. Approach Solution Example 28–8 Determining atomic number. Approach Solution Example 28–9 Cutoff wavelength. Approach Solution Note *28–10 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 28–11 Lasers Creating an Inverted Population *Applications *28–12 Holography Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 28–2 Wave Function, Double-Slit 28–3 Uncertainty Principle 28–6 to 28–8 Quantum Numbers, Exclusion Principle *28–9 X-Rays 28–11 Lasers General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 29 Molecules and Solids Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! *29–1 Bonding in Molecules * Covalent Bonds * Ionic Bonds * Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds *29–2 Potential-Energy Diagrams for Molecules *29–3 Weak (van der Waals) Bonds Example 29–1 Nucleotide energy. Approach Solution * Protein Synthesis *29–4 Molecular Spectra * Rotational Energy Levels in Molecules Exercise A Example 29–2 Rotational transition. Approach Solution Exercise B *Vibrational Energy Levels in Molecules Example 29–3 Vibrational energy levels in hydrogen. Approach Solution Exercise C *29–5 Bonding in Solids Exercise D *29–6 Free-Electron Theory of Metals; Fermi Energy *29–7 Band Theory of Solids Example 29–4 Calculating the energy gap. Approach Solution Conceptual Example 29–5 Which is transparent? Response *29–8 Semiconductors and Doping Exercise E *29–9 Semiconductor Diodes, LEDs, OLEDs Example 29–6 A diode. Approach Solution * Rectifiers * Photovoltaic Cells *LEDs * Pulse Oximeter *pn Diode Lasers * PLED (Organic LED) * OLED Functioning (advanced) *29–10 Transistors: Bipolar and MOSFETs *29–11 Integrated Circuits, 22-nm Technology * Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems *29–1 to 29–3 Molecular Bonds *29–4 Molecular Spectra *29–5 Bonding in Solids *29–7 Band Theory of Solids *29–8 Semiconductors and Doping *29–9 Diodes *29–10 Transistors General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 30–1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Example 30–1 Estimate Nuclear sizes. Approach Solution Note Example 30–2 Estimate Nuclear and atomic densities. Approach Solution 30–2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces Binding Energies Example 30–3 H24e mass compared to its constituents. Approach Solution Exercise A Example 30–4 Binding energy for iron. Approach Solution Note Exercise B Example 30–5 Binding energy of last neutron. Approach Solution Nuclear Forces 30–3 Radioactivity 30–4 Alpha Decay Exercise C Example 30–6 Uranium decay energy release. Approach Solution Additional Example Example 30–7 Kinetic energy of the α in U92232 decay. Approach Solution Why α Particles? Smoke Detectors—An Application 30–5 Beta Decay β− Decay Example 30–8 Energy release in C614 decay. Approach Solution Note β+ Decay Electron Capture 30–6 Gamma Decay * Isomers; Internal Conversion 30–7 Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws 30–8 Half-Life and Rate of Decay Exponential Decay Half-Life Exercise D Exercise E * Deriving the Half-Life Formula *Mean Life 30–9 Calculations Involving Decay Rates and Half-Life Example 30–9 Sample activity. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 30–10 Safety: Activity versus half-life. Response Example 30–11 A sample of radioactive N713. Approach Solution 30–10 Decay Series Conceptual Example 30–12 Decay chain. Response 30–11 Radioactive Dating Example 30–13 An ancient animal. Approach Solution Geological Time Scale Dating *30–12 Stability and Tunneling 30–13 Detection of Particles Counters Visualization Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 30–1 Nuclear Properties 30–2 Binding Energy 30–3 to 30–7 Radioactive Decay 30–8 to 30–11 Half-Life, Decay Rates, Decay Series, Dating General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 31 Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation Contents Chapter-Opening Question—Guess now! 31–1 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements Conceptual Example 31–1 Deuterium reaction. Response Exercise A Example 31–2 A slow-neutron reaction. Approach Solution Example 31–3 Will the reaction “go”? Approach Solution Note Neutron Physics * Cross Section 31–2 Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Fission and Chain Reactions Conceptual Example 31–4 Counting nucleons. Response Exercise B Nuclear Reactors Example 31–5 Uranium fuel amount. Approach Solution Note Exercise C Atom Bomb 31–3 Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion; Stars Example 31–6 Fusion energy release. Approach Solution Exercise D Example 31–7 Estimate Estimating fusion energy. Approach Solution Conceptual Example 31–8 Stellar fusion. Response Exercise E Possible Fusion Reactors Example 31–9 Estimate Temperature needed for d-t fusion. Approach Solution Note 31–4 Passage of Radiation Through Matter; Biological Damage Biological Damage 31–5 Measurement of Radiation—Dosimetry Example 31–10 Radioactivity taken up by cells. Approach Solution Human Exposure to Radiation Conceptual Example 31–11 Limiting the dose. Response Example 31–12 Whole-body dose. Approach Solution Note Example 31–13 Radon exposure. Approach Solution Note *31–6 Radiation Therapy *31–7 Tracers in Research and Medicine *31–8 Emission Tomography: PET and SPECT 31–9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) * Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) * Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 31–1 Nuclear Reactions, Transmutation 31–2 Nuclear Fission 31–3 Nuclear Fusion 31–5 Dosimetry 31–9 NMR General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 32 Elementary Particles Contents Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now! 32–1 High-Energy Particles and Accelerators Wavelength and Resolution Example 32–1 High resolution with electrons. Approach Solution Note Exercise A Cyclotron Example 32–2 Cyclotron. Approach Solution Note Note Synchrotron Linear Accelerators Colliding Beams Example 32–3 Protons at relativistic speeds. Approach Solution Note 32–2 Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics—Particle Exchange Exercise B 32–3 Particles and Antiparticles * Negative Sea of Electrons; Vacuum State 32–4 Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws Conceptual Example 32–4 Lepton number in muon decay. Response Example 32–5 Energy and momentum are conserved. Approach Solution 32–5 Neutrinos *Neutrino Mass Estimate from a Supernova 32–6 Particle Classification Example 32–6 Baryon decay. Approach Solution 32–7 Particle Stability and Resonances 32–8 Strangeness? Charm? Towards a New Model Conceptual Example 32–7 Guess the missing particle. Response 32–9 Quarks Exercise C Conceptual Example 32–8 Quark combinations. Response Exercise D 32–10 The Standard Model: QCD and Electroweak Theory Conceptual Example 32–9 Beta decay. Response Example 32–10 Estimate Range of weak force. Approach Solution Note 32–11 Grand Unified Theories Conceptual Example 32–11 Symmetry. Response Proton Decay Example 32–12 Estimate Proton decay. Approach Solution *GUT and Cosmology 32–12 Strings and Supersymmetry Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 32–1 Particles and Accelerators 32–2 to 32–6 Particle Interactions, Particle Exchange 32–7 to 32–11 Resonances, Standard Model, Quarks, QCD, GUT General Problems Search and Learn Chapter 33 Astrophysics and Cosmology Contents Chapter-Opening Questions—Guess now! 33–1 Stars and Galaxies Example 33–1 Estimate Our Galaxy's mass. Approach Solution Note Conceptual Example 33–2 Looking back in time. Response Exercise A 33–2 Stellar Evolution: Birth and Death of Stars, Nucleosynthesis Luminosity and Brightness of Stars Example 33–3 Apparent brightness. Approach Solution Example 33–4 Determining star temperature and star size. Approach Solution H-R Diagram Example 33–5 Estimate Distance to a star using the H-R diagram and color. Approach Solution Exercise B Stellar Evolution; Nucleosynthesis Low Mass Stars—White Dwarfs High Mass Stars—Supernovae, Neutron Stars, Black Holes Novae and Supernovae 33–3 Distance Measurements Parallax Example 33–6 Estimate Distance to a star using parallax. Approach Solution *Parsec Distant Stars and Galaxies Distance via SNIa, Redshift 33–4 General Relativity: Gravity and the Curvature of Space Curvature of the Universe Black Holes Exercise C Exercise D 33–5 The Expanding Universe: Redshift and Hubble's Law Redshift Origins *Scale Factor (advanced) Expansion, and the Cosmological Principle *Steady-State Model 33–6 The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background Looking Back toward the Big Bang—Lookback Time The Observable Universe 33–7 The Standard Cosmological Model: Early History of the Universe The History 33–8 Inflation: Explaining Flatness, Uniformity, and Structure Flatness CMB Uniformity Galaxy Seeds, Fluctuations, Magnetic Monopoles 33–9 Dark Matter and Dark Energy Critical Density Exercise E Dark Matter Dark Energy—Cosmic Acceleration 33–10 Large-Scale Structure of the Universe 33–11 Finally... Summary Questions MisConceptual Questions Problems 33–1 to 33–3 Stars, Galaxies, Stellar Evolution, Distances 33–4 General Relativity, Gravity and Curved Space 33–5 Redshift, Hubble's Law 33–6 to 33–8 The Big Bang, CMB, Universe Expansion 33–9 Dark Matter, Dark Energy General Problems Search and Learn Appendix A Mathematical Review A–1 Relationships, Proportionality, and Equations A–2 Exponents A–3 Powers of 10, or Exponential Notation A–4 Algebra A–5 The Binomial Expansion A–6 Plane Geometry A–7 Trigonometric Functions and Identities A-8 Logarithms Appendix B Selected Isotopes Appendix C Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces; Coriolis Effect Inertial and Noninertial Reference Frames Appendix D Molar Specific Heats for Gases, and the Equipartition of Energy Molar Specific Heats for Gases Appendix E Galilean and Lorentz Transformations Example E–1 Length contraction. Example E–2 Time dilation. Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Index Photo Credits Fundamental Constants Other Useful Data The Greek Alphabet Values of Some Numbers Mathematical Signs and Symbols Properties of Water Unit Conversions (Equivalents) SI Derived Units and Their Abbreviations Metric (SI) Multipliers Useful Geometry Formulas – Areas, Volumes Exponents [See Appendix A-2 for details] Quadratic Formula [Appendix A-4] Logarithms [Appendix A-8; Table p. A-11] Binomial Expansion [Appendix A-5] Fractions Trigonometric Formulas [Appendix A-7] [Show More]

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