Which sociologist argued that deviance results from being powerless?
•
Alexander Liazos
•
Kai Erikson
•
Robert K. Merton
•
Emile Durkheim
2
In the United States, a defendant's right to counsel, to refus
...
Which sociologist argued that deviance results from being powerless?
•
Alexander Liazos
•
Kai Erikson
•
Robert K. Merton
•
Emile Durkheim
2
In the United States, a defendant's right to counsel, to refuse to testify against him- or herself, and to never be tried twice for the same offense are all examples of __________.
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retribution
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rehabilitation
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deterrence
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due process
3
Motorcycle enthusiasts, basketball fans, the Amish, and Elvis impersonators are examples of which of the following cultural patterns?
•
Counterculture
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Multiculturalism
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Subculture
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Monoculture
4
Most adult Americans agree that marital fidelity is necessary for marital well-being. However, a significant number of married people report extramarital sexual activity to their spouse at some point during their marriage.
This example illustrates the discrepancy between how people believe they should behave, which is called __________ culture, and how they actually behave, known as __________ culture.
•
material, real
•
ideal, real
•
real, ideal
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ideal, high
5
Language is one of the key forms of __________, or the process through which a culture is shared with the next generation.
•
cultural relativism
•
cultural transmission
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cultural lag
•
cultural integration
6
Which of the following processes refers to the ways in which advances in technology change societies?
•
Sociocultural evolution
•
Post-industrialism
•
Eurocentrism
•
Pastoralism
7
A policy of __________ enables minority groups to maintain separate identities while participating in politics, education, and other institutions.
•
afrocentrism
•
ethnocentrism
•
eurocentrism
•
multiculturalism
8
Which of the following accurately describes the social foundations of deviance?
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What is labeled as "deviant" in one culture may be considered "normal" in another.
•
How people perceive behavior determines whether a person is labeled deviant.
•
Social power plays a key role in shaping how people define deviant behavior.
•
All of the answer choices are correct.
9
Which of the following is a crime against property?
•
Abuse of a spouse
•
Stealing someone's computer
•
Drug use in a public place
10
Joe’s mother worries because he hangs out with a group of teens who have been involved in drug use and criminal behavior. She thinks Joe may be involved in this behavior too.
Joe’s mother’s worries are similar to the central argument of __________, which states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from society’s norms when they associate with people who engage in deviant or delinquent behavior.
•
strain theory
•
differential association theory
•
labeling theory
•
control theory
11
Which of the following was identified by sociologist Robin Williams Jr. as a core value of American life?
•
Democracy and free enterprise
•
Racism and group superiority
•
Individual achievement and personal success
•
All of the answer choices are correct.
12
Charles is a 34-year-old husband and father of two who was convicted of a sexual offense against a minor. When his friends and family found out, they reviewed his past behavior, looking for evidence of deviance.
This process, in which people reevaluate a person’s past conduct based on recent deviant behavior, is called __________.
•
retrospective labeling
•
societal protection
•
projective labeling
•
criminal recidivism
13
A group of people who live in a specific geographical area and share a common culture is called a __________.
•
sub-culture
•
race
•
society
•
community
14
According to Travis Hirschi, what are the four types of social control?
•
Primary deviance, secondary deviance, stigma, and retrospective labeling
•
Attachment, opportunity, involvement, and belief
•
Trouble, toughness, a belief in fate, and a desire for freedom
•
Innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion
15
Which of the following statements about the death penalty is FALSE?
•
The death penalty is a form of community-based correction.
•
The death penalty is the most severe form of societal protection.
•
Statistically, studies show that the death penalty is unevenly applied.
•
Research indicates that the death penalty may not lower crime rates as intended
16
Which of the following statements about sociobiology is true?
•
It does not explain why some cultural patterns are more common and easier to learn than others.
•
Research on behavior disproves the argument that biological forces determine human behavior.
•
Research on behavior supports the argument that biological forces determine human behavior.
17
Which of the following describes strain theory?
•
The theory that deviance is the result of an individual's social group
•
The theory that deviance is due to the absence of parental guidance
•
The theory that deviance results from a disconnect between societal goals and the means to attain those goals
18
The argument that gender influences how society defines deviance is based on which of the following sociological theories of deviance?
•
Feminist theory
•
Conflict theory
•
Labeling theory
•
Strain theory
19
The rules of conduct and behavioral expectations of a social situation are called __________.
•
culture
•
social organization
•
norms
20
A gap between a society’s technological development and its moral and legal institutions is called __________.
•
control theory
•
strain theory
•
cultural lag
•
cultural integration
21
Which of the following types of crime occurs when a business profits by providing illegal goods or services?
•
White collar crime
•
Organized crime
•
Crimes against property
22
Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is true?
•
It is usually easy for travelers to adopt.
•
It requires judgment of other cultures by the standards of our own culture.
•
It requires openness to unfamiliar values and norms.
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