PHILL100 - Introduction_to_Ethics_sophia_final_milestone,100% CORRECT

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Which of the following statements is an example of metaethics? • Killing whales is always wrong, no matter the reasoning. • Boy Scouts have a moral obligation to help the elderly cross the... street. • Most people believe in some form of utilitarianism. • Kantian deontology is the correct ethical theory. 2 "Eating pork is morally wrong because the Torah forbids it." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? • Conventionalism • Virtue-based ethics • Divine command theory • Kantian deontology 3 Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist? • "A culture's customs are unrelated to ethical truths." • "Morality cannot be compared across cultural borders." • "The effects of an action on the culture determine its morality." • "The most important culture is the world's culture." 4 "Abortion is morally acceptable if it is legal here." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? • Conventionalism • Kantian deontology • Utilitarianism • Virtue-based ethics 5 Which of the following is an argument? • If I go to Washington D.C. next weekend, then I'll get you a souvenir. • I begin my day with a one-mile run, a shower, and a healthy breakfast. • Not getting enough sleep on a regular basis is a problem for many adults. • Janet studies every day and takes notes in class. She will probably do well in the class for that reason. 6 Which of the following critiques represents a challenge to virtue-based ethics? • Effects the agent couldn't have anticipated impact his or her guilt. • Some virtues that are lacking can be hard to develop. • The agent's moral character isn't properly emphasized. • Mass chaos would ensue since everyone only cares about him or herself. 7 Which of the following statements reflects conventionalism? • Moral truths differ from culture to culture. • Moral truths differ from person to person. • Moral truths do not exist. • Moral truths are universal. 8 Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism? • Lucy is looking for an ethical framework that provides a sense of final justice. • Levi is looking for an ethical framework that judges actions based on the kind of people who do them. • Laura is looking for an ethical framework that uses consequences to justify actions. • Lee is looking for an ethical framework that requires newcomers to assimilate. 9 Which of the following is the best definition for philosophy? • A set of beliefs that is accepted as true without evidence • The pursuit of truths that cannot be determined empirically • A method of explaining the fundamental nature of existence • The study of using argumentation and logic to persuade others 10 Frances, like most people in her culture, avoids making eye contact with strangers. What would a conventionalist call the action of making eye contact with strangers? • Obligatory • Impermissible • Neutral • Supererogatory 11 Which of the following considerations is ethically relevant to a person who's buying a new car? • Will driving this car make people think I'm having a midlife crisis? • Does a convertible make sense in my city's climate zone? • Can I afford a new car, or do I have to buy used? • Will this car keep my family and me safe on the road? 12 Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory? • God commands that certain crimes be punished by death, but many people oppose capital punishment. • God forbids lying, but I lie in pretty much every other sentence I say. • God forbade eating pork in the Torah, but in the book of Acts, he got rid of that prohibition. • God commands that we forgive everyone, so I told my brother that I still love him after he broke my car window. 13 Theo is running for political office. It is a well-known fact that Theo is corrupt— he intends to use his office for his own personal and financial gain, to the detriment of the communities he serves. Yet polls show that he has a considerable lead over his opponents because he can afford aggressive advertising. A group of citizens decides to take matters into its own hands by blackmailing Theo so he will drop out of the election. Most people would agree that this action is immoral. How might it be evaluated by a utilitarian? • Blackmailing Theo is morally wrong because blackmail is always wrong, even if you don’t agree with someone’s values. • Blackmailing Theo is morally wrong because it’s still possible that he won’t win the election, or that checks and balances will keep him from having too negative an impact. • Blackmailing Theo is morally right because most citizens do not want him as their leader, even if they have fallen for his advertising. • Blackmailing Theo is morally right because the communities he serves will ultimately be happier with a leader who is not corrupt. 14 I try to hurt my roommate by hitting him in the back, but I actually help his chronic back pain instead. What problem with utilitarianism does this situation demonstrate? • Utilitarianism is committed to treating everyone’s happiness equally. • Intent isn't a factor for the utilitarian, so this action is good, even though I meant to cause harm. • The intent of an action determines the morality of the action. • An agent is equally responsible for actions he chooses to take or not take. 15 Which of the following is a philosophical question? • Will you continue with your college education? • How many people are religious? • What is the best system of morality? • What time does the movie start on Friday? 16 An argument is invalid, but the conclusion is true. Which of the following terms best describes the argument? • Unsound • Uncogent • Sound • Cogent 17 Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology? • Houghton is looking for an ethical system that is relative. • Hank is looking for an ethical system that will put him most ahead. • Henrietta is looking for an ethical system that weighs the odds of certain consequences. • Helen is looking for an ethical framework that respects the freedom of others. 18 Which action demonstrates a shortcoming of virtue-based ethics? • Lying so that a coworker will lose his job • Donating to a charity out of a sense of superiority and ego • Participating in an anti-war protest due to personal convictions about the morality of war • Refusing to engage in gossip out of a sense of respect for others’ privacy 19 According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act permissible? • It is legal in this place. • It is approved by a majority of people. • It brings about the greatest good for the most people. • It is done with good intent. 20 "Forced redistribution of wealth is morally wrong because it is a form of stealing, and stealing is always wrong." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? • Virtue-based ethics • Conventionalism • Kantian deontology • Utilitarianism 21 Which of the following represents rule utilitarianism? • Odessa saves a drowning man because she knows his family needs him in order to be happy. • Omar breaks into a large store because he needs food and the store's loss will be insignificant. • Oswald gives 10% of his income to charity because giving to charity generally brings about greater good. • Opal grows lots of plants and flowers to help offset her carbon footprint. 22 What is meant by the formulation of humanity? • Other people must be treated as ends, not only as means. • Anything agreed on by all humanity is true. • We should respect other peoples' points of view. • We shouldn't act in a way that has any harm to society. 23 Which of the following statements displays the speaker's unfair bias? • "We're accepting Kim to our college because her extracurricular involvements are impressive." • "We're accepting Kim to our college because her parents are big donors." • "We're accepting Kim to our college because her goals align with our school's values." • "We're accepting Kim to our college because she has a 4.0 GPA." 24 According to egoism, what might an egoist think about when compelled to serve on a jury? • I have an important project at work I am obligated to complete this week. • It is a fair system when a panel of ordinary citizens are obligated to pass judgment. • The criminal justice system is obligated to work for all people. • We are obligated to honor the Constitution and its directive that everyone has a right to face a jury. 25 Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? • No culture has ever willingly assimilated to another culture's beliefs and norms. • If there were no universal ethical truths, it wouldn't be possible for cultures to have moral values at all. • Just because there is an objective truth doesn't mean everyone automatically knows it. • Some cultures subscribe to ethical frameworks like divine command theory rather than conventionalism. 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