*** Module 1***
Hemophilia pedigree- father has hemophilia, mother does not. Outcome for kids?
His daughters would be carriers, this is x-linked recessive.
X-linked dominant: an affected male will have 100% of his
...
*** Module 1***
Hemophilia pedigree- father has hemophilia, mother does not. Outcome for kids?
His daughters would be carriers, this is x-linked recessive.
X-linked dominant: an affected male will have 100% of his daughters affected and 0% of his sons.
Pedigree chart: only one is autosomal dominant
Autosomal= males and females are EQUALLY affected. Dominant= non-carrier parents.
Punnett square question: 4 squares w. drop down boxes, select the correct answer for each one. They put the
dead puppy in there to throw you off!!!!!! Look instead at the three remaining puppies
Complete dominance: either 3 black and 1 white
Co-dominance: black, white, and 2 SPOTTED WITH BOTH
Incomplete dominance: black, white and 2 GREY
PCR *** Know the steps of PCR*** one question asks about the first step
o is denaturation / heating
Base Excision Repair, removes a single nucleotide
This is how you repair a mutation. Base excision repair is used to repair damage to bases caused by harmful
molecules. You removed the base that is damaged and replace it. DNA Glycosylase see’s the damaged DNA and
removes it. Then DNA polymerase puts the right base back in while DNA ligase seals it back up.
Mismatch repair is the only one to occur during REPLICATION—DURING THE PROOFREADING.
o MMR removes a LARGE section of the nucleotides from the new DNA, DNA polymerase tries again.
NucleoTIDE excision repair- TIDE like the beach, sun exposure--- UV damage repair
A large section of nucleotides are removed, including the damaged portion, along with a few on each
side. It’s then replaced by DNA polymerase.
Homologous Recombination- repairs double stranded breaks—this is a last ditch effort
Repair is made using a copy of the other strand of DNA and replacing it completely.
Non Homologous Recombination- another double stranded break repair
The cells put the ends back together before making sure they are correctly copied. This can lead to
deletions/ insertions (Frameshift mutations). This is the last ditch effort and the body is willing to take
that chance.
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Question about what DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA TRANSCRIPTION DNA takes the individual
nucleotides and matches them to the PARENTAL sequences to ensure a correct pair. It must bind to RNA primer
to work!
DNA polymerase is needed for DNA replication
Nonsense- stop all that nonsense, puts a stop codon in.
Silent- Changes 1 nucleotide, but keeps the same amino acid
Missense- change in 1 nucleotide results in a completely different amino acid
During RNA splicing, introns are cut out, the remaining Exons are joined together!
Know the process of DNA-RNA-mRNA, transcription, translation, etc.
Coding (non template)
Template (non coding)
mRNA
tRNA/amino acid
o Questions about changing from DNA template to mRNA
o Non template to complementary
Gene Expression: the ability to turn genes on or off
Epigenetics: packing of DNA, where DNA is wrapped around the histones to make nucleosomes
↑ wide spread nucleosomes= the genes are ON
↓ tightly packed nucleosomes= the genes are OFF
Complementary
NonComplementary
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*** Module 2***
It’s all about Protein structure, bond they make and what breaks these bonds
1. Primary= chain of amino acids, peptide bonds forming a polypeptide chain. Covalent bond=
strong and does not denature during denaturation of multi subunit. Dehydration forms peptide
bonds between the backbone (Carboxyl and Amino group: COOH + NH3)
2. Secondary= alpha helix and beta sheets, hyd
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