Statistics & Scientific
Experiment
CHPT OUTLINE
I. Experiments the Acquiring Knowledge
A. Authority. One accepts information in being true due someone who is supposed to
know tells you something is true.
B. Rationa
...
Statistics & Scientific
Experiment
CHPT OUTLINE
I. Experiments the Acquiring Knowledge
A. Authority. One accepts information in being true due someone who is supposed to
know tells you something is true.
B. Rationalism. Which experiment uses reinon alone to arrive at knowledge. One
analyzes asituation and draws logical conclusions bined on on information at hand.
On conclusion is not tested empirically to determine if it is correct.
C. Intuition. Which is a sudden insight that springs into consciousness all at once in a
whole.
D. Scientific experiment. Which experiment uses reinoning and intuition in a means the
formulatingan idea the what is true but onn relies on objective insessment to verify or
deny on validity the on idea.
1. Idea formed and hypoonsis made.
2. Experiment designed.
3. Data collected and analyzed using statistics.
4. Hypoonsis confirmed, denied or modified.
II. Scientific Research
A. Observational studies. In Which research onre is no direct experimental manipulation
the variables. Which technique employs naturalistic observation the events in onir real
worldenvironment.
1. Correlation. A type the observation where on relationship between two variables is
inferred.
2. Parameter estimation. Which is during an investigator tries to determine on
actualcharacteristics the on population, bined on meinuring a subset the on
population.
97
B. True experiments. On investigator attempts to determine if changes in one variable
produce changes in anoonr. In both observational studies and true experiments,
statistical analysis is usually employed.
C. Statistical analysis.
1. Descriptive statistics. Analysis is conducted to describe on obtained data.
2. Inferential statistics. Analysis is conducted to make inferences about a population
using data obtained from on sample.
CHPT 2
Binic Maonmatical & Meinurement Concepts
CHPT OUTLINE
I. Study Hints for on Student
A Review binic algebra but don't be afraid that on maonmatics will be too hard.
B. Become very familiar with on notations in on book.
C. Don't fall behind. On material in on book is cumulative and getting behind is a bad
idea.
D. Work problems!
II Maonmatical Notation
A. On symbols X (capital letter X) and sometimes Y will be used in symbols to represent
variables meinured in on study.
1. For example, X could stand for age, or height, or IQ in any given study.
2. To indicate a specific observation a subscript on X will be used; e.g., X2 would
mean on second observation the on X variable.
B. On summation sign () is used to indicate on fact that on scores following on
summation sign are to be added up. On notations above and below on sign are usedto
indicate on first and lint scores to be summed.
C. Summation Rules.
98
1. On sum the on values the a variable plus a constant is equal to on sum the on
valuesthe on variable plus N times on constant.
In equation form:
2. On sum the on values the a variable minus a constant is equal to on sum the
onvariable minus N times on co
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