CHAPTER 6 Water Resources and Pollution possible exam questions and answers solution updated 2020

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CHAPTER 6 Water Resources and Pollution possible exam questions and answers solution updated 2020 Multiple Choice 1. Refer to Infographic 14.1. Even though the planet is 75% water, only of this ... water is freshwater. A. 10% B. 20% C. less than 1/100th of 1% D. 3% E. 5% Answer: D 2. Of all the freshwater on the Earth, approximately is trapped as ice. A. 10% B. 80% C. 50% D. 8% E. 60% Answer: B 4. Gravity “powers” all of the following processes of the hydrological cycle except . A. runoff B. infiltration C. precipitation D. transpiration E. all of these answers Answer: D 5. Out of all of the water on Earth, how much is usable by humans? A. 50% B. 10% C. 5% D. 1% E. less than 1% Answer: E 6. The action by which plant roots pull water from the soil and then release some of it into the atmosphere is known as _. A. evaporation B. transpiration C. evapotranspiration D. infiltration E. condensation Answer: B 10. Which statement about water use is incorrect? A. The World Health Organization estimates that one in three people lack sufficient access to clean water. B. As the population increases, water scarcity and sanitation issues will also increase. C. Because of their unsustainable practices, per capita water use in developing countries is far greater than in developed nations. D. In some areas of the world, there is enough water, but people do not have enough money to purchase or dig wells to access it. E. Middle Eastern nations are among the most water-stressed countries in the world. Answer: C 14. Which of the following lists the path of water correctly? A. surface -> soil -> water table -> aquifer B. surface -> saturated zone -> soil -> aquifer -> water table C. surface -> water table -> soil D. lake -> soil -> aquifer -> water table E. infiltration -> soil -> aquifer -> water table Answer: A 14. Which practice requires the greatest amount of water input? A. flushing the toilet B. taking a shower C. making a cotton T-shirt D. washing dishes E. producing 1 pound of beef Answer: E 15. Desalination, the process that removes from water, is . A. bacteria; cheap B. salt and other minerals; expensive C. pollution; a biomimicry process D. sewage; mandated by the federal government E. organic matter; facilitated by reverse osmosis Answer: B 17. Not having access to enough clean water supplies is known as . A. drought B. freshwater debt C. groundwater depletion D. water scarcity E. none of these answers Answer: D 18. In the southwestern United States, the use of water is approaching or exceeding sustainable limits. This is a good example of . A. economic water scarcity B. physical water scarcity C. inadequate sanitation D. all of these answers E. none of these answers Answer: B 19. Our per capita use of water is known as our . A. water footprint B. ecological footprint C. water scarcity D. aquifer E. ecosystem service Answer: A 22. Problems associated with poor sanitation include . A. disease transmission B. exposure to toxins C. dehydration D. premature death E. all of these answers Answer: E 23. Water scarcity can lead to . A. a short life span B. malnutrition C. conflict over water rights D. cultural turmoil E. all of these answers Answer: E 26. Which of the following is the closest to the World Health Organization’s estimates for those without access to clean water? A. 10% B. 18% C. 33% D. 53% E. none of these answers Answer: C 29. The top of the rain-saturated region that may rise or fall seasonally is called the . A. unconfined aquifer B. confined aquifer C. water table D. infiltrator E. porous rock Answer: C 30. What is an aquifer? A. when saltwater intrudes on freshwater supplies B. a species of conifer that can live underwater C. an underground region of permeable soil or rock saturated with water D. the very top region of an underground water reservoir E. a manmade underground water reservoir system Answer: C 31. What is one important quality of an aquifer? A. Bacteria and other contaminants are filtered out of the water by rocks and soil. B. The water supply is replenished through infiltration of rain and snowmelt. C. It is a source of potable water. D. Individual homes can access the water supply by digging wells into the aquifer. E. All of these answers are important qualities of aquifers. Answer: E 33. Groundwater in aquifers is naturally replenished by . A. runoff B. transpiration C. infiltration D. seepage from sewers E. evaporation Answer: C 35. Which of the following would reduce the amount of infiltration of water into an aquifer? A. paved roads B. monoculture lawns C. cement driveways D. buildings E. all of these answers Answer: E 38. What is a consequence of too much water being removed from an aquifer? A. saltwater intrusion B. dry wells C. cones of depression D. lowered water table levels E. all of these answers Answer: E 48. treatment is a physical process that removes large particles with a screen. A Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Potable E. Clarifier Answer: A 49. treatment is a biological process that uses microorganisms to break down organic matter. A Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Potable E. Clarifier Answer: B 54. Final treatment of wastewater in the United States normally involves treatment with to make it safe. A. alcohol B. radon C. nitrogen D. antibiotics E. chlorine Answer: E 61. Switching to water-saving irrigation methods not only saves water but also . A. limits water loss to evaporation B. reduces runoff C. protects surface water D. prevents soil salinization E. all of these answers Answer: E 64. Which of the following is a cheap way to maintain water supplies? A. not waste so much water B. use water-saving irrigation methods C. create groundwater replenishment systems D. install high-tech water filtration systems E. both A and B Answer: E Matching Please match each term in the left-hand column to the statement that it best exemplifies 1. wastewater Used and contaminated water that is released after use by households, industry, or agriculture (*1) 2. freshwater Water that has few dissolved ions, such as salt (*2) 3. water cycle The movement of water through various water compartments, such as surface waters, atmosphere, soil, and living organisms (*3) 4. surface water Any body of water found above ground, such as oceans, rivers, and lakes (*4) 5. transpiration The loss of water vapor from plants (*5) 6. evaporation The conversion of water from a liquid state to a gaseous state (*6) 7. condensation The conversion of water from a gaseous state (water vapor) to a liquid state (*7) 8. precipitation Rain, snow, sleet, or any other form of water falling from the atmosphere (*8) 9. groundwater Water found underground in aquifers (*9) 10. water scarcity Not having access to enough clean water (*10) 11. aquifer An underground, permeable region of soil or rock that is saturated with water (*11) 12. infiltration The process of water soaking into the ground (*12) 13. water table The uppermost water level of the saturated zone of an aquifer (*13) 14. saltwater intrusion The inflow of ocean (salt) water into a freshwater aquifer that happens when an aquifer has lost some of its freshwater stores (*14) 15. effluent Wastewater discharged into the environment (*15) 16. coliform bacteria Bacteria often found in the intestinal tract of animals; it is monitored to look for fecal contamination of water (*16) 17. wastewater treatment The process of removing contaminants from wastewater to make it safe enough to release into the environment (*17) 18. potable Clean enough for consumption (*18) 19. wetland An ecosystem that is permanently or seasonally flooded (*19) 20. dam A structure that blocks the flow of water in a river or stream (*20) 21. reservoir An artificial lake formed when a river is impounded by a dam (*21) 22. desalination The removal of salt and minerals from seawater to make it suitable for consumption (*22) 23. water footprint The water appropriated by industry to produce products or energy; this includes the water actually used and water that is polluted in the production process (*23) 1. Which characteristic is true of all water pollution? A. chemical contaminants cause all water pollution. B. there are no organic substances that cause water pollution. C. all water pollution degrades the quality of water. D. water pollution is always caused by humans. E. water pollution is always caused by a local source. Answer: C 2. True or False: Air pollution can cause water pollution. Answer: True 3. Which causes of water pollution are due to human activity? A. thermal pollution B. stormwater runoff C. raw sewage D. underground chemical storage E. all of the above Answer: E 4. The difference between point source and nonpoint source pollution is that: A. point source pollution sources can be identified while nonpoint source pollution sources are more obscure. B. point source pollution sources can always be remedied. C. nonpoint source pollution is due to improper chemical storage. D. nonpoint source pollution is located next to the body of contaminated water. E. None of the above are correct. Answer: A 5. True or False: Point source pollution describes pollution sources that are always located immediately next to the contaminated water, thus making them easy to identify. Answer: False 6. Which is an example of a point source pollution source? A. farm water runoff B. a ruptured sewer pipe C. acid rain D. sediment pollution E. none of the above Answer: B 9. What is hypoxia? A. when your body temperature drops below 98.6°F B. where there is too much dissolved oxygen in water C. where there is not enough dissolved oxygen in the water to support local organisms D. when your veins and arteries constrict to prevent heat loss E. a disease affecting fish, often caused by pollution Answer: C 10. What plant nutrients are found in animal waste and fertilizer that can cause eutrophication? A. nitrogen B. phosphorous C. oxygen D. carbon dioxide E. both A and B Answer: E 11. The end result of eutrophication is: A. increased nitrogen content of the water. B. decreased nitrogen content of the water. C. increased oxygen content of the water. D. decreased oxygen content of the water. E. None of the above are correct. Answer: D 12. Is eutrophication typically a point source or nonpoint source pollution type? A. point source B. nonpoint source C. It is neither. Answer: B 14. A watershed is: A. a storage facility for groundwater. B. an area of land over which rain and other sources of water flow to drain into a body of water. C. the area in which people dig drinking water wells. D. where a river meets the ocean. E. the evaporation of river water. Answer: B 15. In which scenario would it be easier to identify a source of the eutrophication: a river with a large watershed or a river with a small watershed? A. river with a large watershed B. river with a small watershed Answer: B 16. Where can pollutants from a watershed end up? A. in surface water B. in groundwater C. in both A and B Answer: C 17. If you find pollution at a certain point in the river, would you look at the watershed upstream or downstream to determine its origin? A. upstream B. downstream C. neither Answer: A 18. A watershed area covered by concrete will do what to the quantity of groundwater? A. It will increase it. B. It will decrease it. C. It will not affect the quantity of the groundwater, but it will affect the quality. Answer: B 22. Which crop releases the most nitrogen into the soil? A. oats B. corn C. alfalfa D. rye E. Plants do not release nitrogen into the soil. Answer: B 23. The switch to growing foods that leak nitrogen into the soil has resulted in: A. a higher level of nitrogen in the watershed runoff. B. better nutrient content of the food. C. easier growing seasons for the farmers. D. poorer sales of produce. E. the increased use of synthetic nitrogen. Answer: A 28. In drought years, the size of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf and Mexico is: A. larger. B. smaller. C. unchanging. Answer: B 30. Which is NOT an aspect of the Clean Water Act? A. regulating municipal point source pollution B. setting pollution standards C. allowing a small percentage of pathogens in recreational water D. regulating industrial point source pollution E. allowing a small percentage of pathogens in drinking water Answer: E 31. In many scientists’ opinions, what is the key to saving the ecosystems of the Gulf of Mexico? A. organic farming B. watershed management C. tighter control of point source pollution D. harsher punishments and fines for noncompliance with the Clean Water Act E. purification of the water entering the Gulf Answer B Matching Questions 39. Please match each term in the left-hand column to the statement that best defines it. 1. water pollution The addition of any substance to a body of water that might degrade the water’s quality (*1) 2. stormwater runoff Water from precipitation that flows over the surface of the land (*2) 3. point source pollution Pollution from discharge pipes (or smoke stacks), such as that from wastewater treatment plants or industrial sites (*3) 4. nonpoint source pollution Runoff that enters the water from overland flow and that can come from any area in the watershed (*4) 5. dissolved oxygen (DO) The amount of oxygen in the water (*5) 6. hypoxia A situation in which a body of water contains inadequate levels of oxygen, compromising the health of many aquatic organisms (*6) 7. eutrophication A process in which excess nutrients in aquatic ecosystems feed biological productivity, ultimately lowering the oxygen content in the water (*7) 8. watershed The land area surrounding a body of water over which water, such as rain, can flow and potentially enter that body of water (*8) 9. aquifer An underground, permeable region of soil or rock that is saturated with water (*9) 10. biological assessment The process of sampling an area to see what lives there as a tool to determine how healthy the area is (*10) 11. benthic macroinvertebrates Easy-to-see (not microscopic) arthropods, such as insects that live on the stream bottom (*11) 12. Clean Water Act (CWA) U.S. federal legislation that regulates the release of point source pollution into surface waters and sets water quality standards for those waters. It also supports best management practices to reduce nonpoint source pollution (*12) 13. pollution standards Allowable levels of a pollutant that can be present in environmental waters or released over a certain time period (*13) 14. watershed management Management of what goes on in an area around streams and rivers (*14) 15. riparian areas The land areas close enough to a body of water to be affected by the water’s presence (for example, areas where water-tolerant plants grow) and that affect the water itself (for example, providing shade) (*15) 27) Fill in the blanks in the picture below using the word bank provided. NOT ALL ANSWERS WILL BE USED. (3 pts total) WORD BANK Evaporation Transpiration Respiration Condensation Stormwater runoff Groundwater Infiltration Saltwater intrusion Precipitation 1) EVAPORATION 2) TRANSCRIPTION 3) CONDENSATION 4) PRECIPITATION 5) STORMWATER RUNOFF 6) GROUNDWATER [Show More]

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