Gender and development

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INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Scope and Methodology........................... ... ........................................................................... 1 1.2 Structure of the Gender Monograph .................................................................................... 2 1.3 Data Sources and Limitations.............................................................................................. 3 Definitions and Conceptual Framework............................................................................... 4 1.4 1.5 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2 ...................................................................................................... 9 GENDER AND DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS .......................................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction: Caribbean Population Structure ...................................................................... 9 2.2 Gender Differentials in Population Size, Distribution and Growth...................................... 10 2.3 Population Growth and Sex Distribution ............................................................................ 15 2.4 Fertility, Mortality and Life Expectancy .............................................................................. 17 2.5 Household Headship ......................................................................................................... 21 2.6 Gender Differentials in Dependency Ratios....................................................................... 26 2.7 Conclusions and Policy Implications.................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................... 30 GENDER, EDUCATION AND TRAINING ........................................................................................... 30 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 30 3.2 Limitations of Census Data................................................................................................ 31 3.3 The Education Commitment .............................................................................................. 32 3.4 Access to Education .......................................................................................................... 34 3.4.1 Gross Enrolment at Primary and Secondary Levels .......................................................... 34 3.4.2 Highest educational level attained of population 14 years and over .................................. 39 3.4.3 Highest level of education attained by household heads................................................... 44 3.5 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 46 - vii -Regional Special Topic Monograph, Gender and Development Issues CHAPTER 4: ................................................................................................... 48 MARITAL STATUS, RELIGION AND RACE....................................................................................... 48 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 48 4.2 Structure of the Chapter .................................................................................................... 52 4.3 Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 53 4.4 Household Composition .................................................................................................... 54 4.4.1 Union Status by Country and Sex 2001............................................................................. 54 4.4.2 Religion of Household Head by Country and by Sex 2001 ................................................ 57 4.4.3 Religion and Union Status of Household Head by Sex 2001............................................. 61 4.4.4 Race of Household Head by Country and by Sex, 2001.................................................... 66 4.5 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................. 73 Chapter 5 ....................................................................................................... 74 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND POVERTY............................................................................................. 74 5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 74 5.2 Organisation of the Chapter............................................................................................... 75 The Economically Active Population.................................................................................. 77 5.3 5.4 Economically Inactive Population ...................................................................................... 78 5.4.1 Retirees ............................................................................................................................. 79 5.4.2 Home Duties...................................................................................................................... 80 Employment Status of Household Heads .......................................................................... 82 5.5 5.6 Differences in Labour Force Participation Rates of Household Heads .............................. 86 5.7 Employed Population by Country ...................................................................................... 92 5.8 Employed Population by Occupational Group ................................................................... 93 Employed Population by Country, Sex and Industry........................................................ 100 5.9 5.10 Household Heads as Recipients of Social Welfare Benefits by Country and Sex ........... 102 5.11 Self-employed Household Heads by Country, Sex and Workers Employed................... 104 5.12 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER 6 ...................................................................................................107 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSING ...................................................................... 107 6.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 107 6.2 Patterns of House Ownership and Rental........................................................................ 109 6.3 Quality of Housing Accessed........................................................................................... 113 6.3.1 Plumbing ......................................................................................................................... 113 6.3.2 Material of Outer Walls .................................................................................................... 119 6.4 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 120 - viii -Regional Special Topic Monograph, Gender and Development Issues CHAPTER 7 ...................................................................................................122 GENDER AND VULNERABILITY ..................................................................................................... 122 7.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 122 7.2 Structure of the Chapter .................................................................................................. 122 7.3 Gender, HIV and AIDS in the Caribbean ......................................................................... 123 7.3.1 Background: HIV and AIDS in the Caribbean .................................................................. 123 7.3.2 Feminisation of HIV/AIDS................................................................................................ 124 7.3.3 Challenges in collecting data disaggregated by sex and age .......................................... 127 7.3.4 Vulnerable groups ........................................................................................................... 127 7.3.5 Rates of Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean......................................................... 129 7.3.6 Country-Specific Issues................................................................................................... 132 7.3.7 Regional Overview of HIV and AIDS in the Caribbean Region........................................ 136 Reducing Vulnerability..................................................................................................... 136 7.3.8 7.3.9 Key Milestones in Mainstreaming Gender in HIV and AIDS ............................................ 137 7.3.9.1 Gender Mainstreaming in the Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV/AIDS ................. 138 7.3.9.2 Other Inter-Agency Collaboration .................................................................................... 138 7.3.10 Understanding the Gender Dimensions of HIV and AIDS................................................ 139 7.4 Gender and Vulnerabilities: Persons with Disabilities (PWD) .......................................... 140 7.4.1 Literature review .............................................................................................................. 141 7.4.2 Gender Differentials among Household Heads with a Physical Disability........................ 145 7.5 Gender and Vulnerabilities: Climate Change And Natural Hazards................................. 147 7.5.1 Information from the Census ........................................................................................... 148 7.5.2 The Global Human Rights Framework............................................................................. 148 7.5.3 International Strategy for Disaster Reduction & Hyogo Framework of Action.................. 149 7.5.4 Caribbean Commitments to Gender Mainstreaming in Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management.................................................................................................................... 150 7.5.4.1 Definitions........................................................................................................................ 151 7.5.4.2 Understanding the Linkages............................................................................................ 151 7.5.5 The High Cost of Disasters.............................................................................................. 153 7.6 Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................... 154 CHAPTER 8 ...................................................................................................155 Gender, Crime and Violence............................................................................................................. 155 8.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 155 8.2 Characteristics of crime and violence .............................................................................. 155 8.3 Occurrences of violent crime ........................................................................................... 158 8.4 Relationship between violent crime and Gender Based Violence.................................... 161 8.5 Consequences of Gender Based Violence...................................................................... 164 8.6 Policy implications ........................................................................................................... 165 8.7 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 166 - ix -Regional Special Topic Monograph, Gender and Development Issues CHAPTER 9 ...................................................................................................168 GENDER AND GOVERNANCE........................................................................................................ 168 9.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 168 9.2 Concepts and Definitions................................................................................................. 168 9.3 Gender and Political Participation.................................................................................... 169 9.3.1 Factors Affecting Political Participation............................................................................ 173 9.3.2 Gender and Participation in Public Sector Senior Positions ............................................ 173 9.3.3 National Mechanisms for Promoting Gender Equality ..................................................... 173 9.3.4 Gender and Corporate Governance ................................................................................ 175 9.3.5 Gender and Economic Governance ................................................................................ 175 9.4 Civil society: Women’s organizations and the women’s movement................................. 176 9.5 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 176 CHAPTER 10 .................................................................................................178 SUMMARY, POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS .......................................... 178 10.1 Policy Implications ........................................................................................................... 178 10.1.1 Political Commitment....................................................................................................... 178 10.1.2 Demographic Changes.................................................................................................... 178 10.1.3 Gender and ageing.......................................................................................................... 179 10.1.4 Gender, Education and Training...................................................................................... 180 10.1.5 Gender, Union Status, Religion and Race ....................................................................... 181 10.1.6 Race and Ethnicity........................................................................................................... 182 10.1.7 The Economy .................................................................................................................. 182 10.1.8 Housing ........................................................................................................................... 183 10.1.9 Vulnerability..................................................................................................................... 183 10.1.10 Gender Crime and Violence ............................................................................................ 184 10.1.11 Gender and Governance ................................................................................................. 184 10.2 Use of the Gender Analytical Frameworks ...................................................................... 185 10.3 Emerging Gender Issues for the 21st Century................................................................. 185 10.3.1 Gender Equality Gap: Policy vs. Practice. ....................................................................... 186 10.3.2 Gender Mainstreaming: Progress and Limitations........................................................... 186 10.3.3 Gender and HIV/AIDS ..................................................................................................... 186 10.3.4 Gender Identities and Masculinities................................................................................. 187 10.3.5 Gender, Violence, Security and Justice........................................................................... 188 10.3.6 Gender, Poverty and Social Protection............................................................................ 189 10.3.7 Gender Equality in Governance....................................................................................... 189 10.3.8 Gender, Trade and Economic Development.................................................................... 190 10.3.9 Gender and Education..................................................................................................... 191 10.4 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................................... 191 [Show More]

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