Full/Complete/Cover All; NCCT Phlebotomy Exam 2022 100% complete Solution
what does phleb/o mean? {{Ans- vein
what does -otomy mean? {{Ans- surgical incision
what is exsanguination? {{Ans- when blood is removed to a d
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Full/Complete/Cover All; NCCT Phlebotomy Exam 2022 100% complete Solution
what does phleb/o mean? {{Ans- vein
what does -otomy mean? {{Ans- surgical incision
what is exsanguination? {{Ans- when blood is removed to a dangerous or deadly amount
what is venipuncture? {{Ans- collection of blood from a needle inserted into a vein
what is capillary puncture? {{Ans- blood collection via lancet skin puncture
what does CE stand for? what does it entail?
{{Ans- Continuing Education, in order to maintain licensure and certification, professionals must complete Continuing Education Units in order to ensure that their knowledge is refreshed and up-to-date
what does POCT stand for? what is it?
{{Ans- Point Of Care Testing, testing materials being brought to the patient (tests being performed at bedside, at people's homes, at a roving station, etc)
name three reasons a phlebotomist would remove blood
{{Ans- obtain blood for testing and diagnostic purposes, remove blood for therapeutic purposes, remove blood for transfusions at a blood bank
what is HIPAA?
{{Ans- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, establishes standards for exchange of Protected Health Information (PHI), states patients must be informed of rights, and requires written authorization for disclosure of PHI
what does PHI stand for? {{Ans- Protected Health Information
what is kinesics? {{Ans- study of nonverbal communication
what is proxemics? {{Ans- individual's concept and use of space
what is a kinesic slip? {{Ans- when verbal and nonverbal messages do not match
what should you do if someone is being very rude on the phone?
{{Ans- DON'T hang up! try to assist, be patient and understanding
how should handwritten communication be performed? {{Ans- legible and in ink
what does ambulatory mean?
{{Ans- outpatient, people come to get their blood drawn and leave to go home
what does nonambulatory mean?
{{Ans- inpatient, people who are in the hospital and don't have to go to the lab to get their blood drawn
what is primary care? {{Ans- patient's main source for routine care (PCP, family medicine doctor)
what is secondary care? {{Ans- specialist or facility with specific expertise (physical therapist)
what is tertiary care? {{Ans- highly specialized care to perform advanced procedures (neurosurgeon)
what happens in the chemistry department?
{{Ans- detection and measurement of chemical substances in body fluids
what happens in the hematology department?
{{Ans- identify and monitor diseases in blood and blood-forming tissues
what happens in the coagulation department?
{{Ans- identify and monitor defects in blood clotting mechanism
what happens in the serology/immunology department? {{Ans- identify antibodies and antigens
what happens in the urinalysis department? {{Ans- urine specimens are tested
what happens in the microbiology department?
{{Ans- analyze blood and other body tissues for microbes
what happens in the immunohematology department? {{Ans- blood bank, prepare blood for transfusion
what are satellite laboratories?
{{Ans- smaller labs close to the populations they serve, faster turnaround times, for tests needed immediately
what are reference laboratories?
{{Ans- larger independent labs which receive specimens from many facilities in the area, provide routine and specialized analysis of specimens, cost less but have longer turnaround times
what are HCWs? {{Ans- healthcare workers
what are sensitive services?
{{Ans- services having to do with substance or alcohol abuse, sexual assault, pregnancy, STIs, or family planning for minors above the age of 12
what is CMS? {{Ans- Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
what does CPT stand for?
{{Ans- Current Procedural Terminology (provide system of codes and terms for physician billing) AND Certified Phlebotomy Technician
what's the difference between medicare and medicaid?
{{Ans- medicare is insurance for seniors or disabled people, medicaid is insurance for any low-income individual
what is a cardiologist? {{Ans- heart specialist
what is a dermatologist? {{Ans- skin specialist
what is a gastroenterologist? {{Ans- specialist in the treatment of stomach and small intestinal disorders
what is an endocrinologist? {{Ans- specialist in the treatment of endocrine system (gland) disorders
what is Hct? {{Ans- hematocrit
what is Hgb? {{Ans- hemoglobin
what is histology? {{Ans- study of tissues
what is cytology? {{Ans- study of cells
what is TAT?
{{Ans- Turn Around Time (time it takes for specimen to be analyzed and for results to be communicated)
what is the TJC and what do they do?
{{Ans- The Joint Commission, the oldest and largest standard-setting body for hospitals and other healthcare facilities, seeks to improve patient care through evaluation
what is CLIA? explain what it is
{{Ans- Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, establish federal quality regulations for all laboratories
what is the CLSI?
{{Ans- Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, an organization that suggests standards of lab practice and promotes their use worldwide (not legally enforced)
what is NAACLS?
{{Ans- National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences, an authority on educational quality for programs that train laboratory professionals
what is pt an abbreviation for? {{Ans- patient
what is QA? {{Ans- Quality Assurance, systems and practices that prevent mistakes before they occur
what is QC?
{{Ans- Quality Control, evaluation of results and procedures to ensure that they are being performed correctly and safely
what is the "threshold value" with regard to quality assurance?
{{Ans- a level of acceptable practice beyond which quality patient care cannot be assured
what can be done if the threshold value for patient care is surpassed?
{{Ans- a CAPA (Corrective Action Preventative Action) plan
where should the phlebotomist go for answers to patient-related questions?
{{Ans- the patient's physician or nurse
where can the phlebotomist go for up-to-date info about policies and procedures for each specimen test or phlebotomy practice?
{{Ans- their workplace's specific policy and procedures manual
where can the phlebotomist go for up-to-date info about chemical, electrical, fire, and radiation safety, exposure control, disaster plans, and how to handle hazardous materials?
{{Ans- the workplace's safety manual
what should be documented on an incident report?
{{Ans- problem, consequence given, corrective action taken. facts included only, no opinions or feelings.
what is tort law?
{{Ans- deals with wrongful acts committed against people, property, or reputations committed without just cause.
what are some tort actions? {{Ans- assault, battery, invasion of privacy, negligence, malpractice
what is sharing site criteria?
{{Ans- communicating appropriate, pertinent, and non-identifying info with other lab/medical staff
what is malpractice? {{Ans- professional negligence
what is negligence? {{Ans- failure to use ordinary or reasonable care
what is included in informed consent?
{{Ans- explain procedure in nontechnical terms, before it is performed
what are three types of consent that can be accepted by a phlebotomist? {{Ans- verbal, written, implied
what is HIV consent?
{{Ans- obtaining consent after informing the patient about the test's purpose, how it will be used, its meaning, and its limitations
how do we obtain consent to perform venipuncture on a 12 year old?
{{Ans- consent must be obtained from parent or guardian
how do we obtain consent to provide sensitive services for a 12 year old?
{{Ans- we only need the patient's consent for sensitive services if they are over 12 y/o
what should we do if a patient does not consent to care?
{{Ans- refusal must be verified in writing, but the pt has every right to refuse care AMA (against medical advice)
what is an infection?
{{Ans- a condition in which microbes invade body, multiply, and cause injury or disease
what is a pathogen? {{Ans- a microorganism that can cause disease
what is a nosocomial infection? {{Ans- hospital acquired infection
what is an HAI? {{Ans- Healthcare-associated infection (nosocomial infection)
what is a communicable disease?
{{Ans- a disease that is spread from person to person (ex. common cold, NOT something like cancer)
what is the #1 HAI pathogen? {{Ans- C. Diff (Clostridium Difficile)
what is the #1 HAI infection? {{Ans- UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)
what are the 6 links in the chain of infection? {{Ans- (1) infectious agent, (2) reservoir, (3) exit pathway, (4) means of transmission, (5) entry pathway, (6) susceptible host
what is an infectious agent (#1 on chain of infection)? {{Ans- pathogenic microbe that causes the infection
what is a reservoir (#2 on chain of infection)? {{Ans- place where microbe can survive and multiply (human, animal, food, water, equipment)
what is an exit pathway (#3 on chain of infection)? {{Ans- a way the infectious agent leaves the reservoir host (secretions, exudates, tissue specimens, blood, feces, urine)
what are all the 5 means of transmission (#4 on chain of infection)? {{Ans- -airborne
-contact (direct and indirect)
-droplet
-vector
-vehicle
what is an entry pathway (#5 on chain of infection)? {{Ans- way infectious agent enters susceptible host (body orifices, mucous membranes, breaks in skin)
what is a susceptible host (#6 on chain of infection)? {{Ans- someone with decreased ability to fight infection (old person, person on chemo)
what is the #1 way to break the chain of infection? {{Ans- handwashing
what is a fomite? {{Ans- any object that is capable of harboring infectious agents
what is employee screening? {{Ans- screening employees so they don't bring diseases into work (PPD or Quantiferon test for tuberculosis)
what is employee immunization? {{Ans- making sure employees are vaccinated against diseases they could contract at work (HBV, MMR, TDap)
what is the order for donning PPE? {{Ans- 1. gown
2. mask or respirator
3. goggles or face shield
4. gloves
what is isolation? {{Ans- isolating patients with communicable diseases so they don't spread them to others
what is protective isolation? {{Ans- isolating patients with compromised immune systems to protect them from communicable diseases
what is a neutropenic patient? {{Ans- pt with low neutrophil count due to chemo or disease, making them immunocompromised
what does UA stand for? {{Ans- urinalysis
what are standard precautions? {{Ans- precautions that are used during every patient interaction (hand hygiene, use of PPE, respiratory hygiene, safe injection practices, and disinfection of soiled surfaces and equipment)
what are transmission based precautions? {{Ans- extra precautions for when patients are known or suspected to have certain infections (airborne, droplet, contact)
what is a biohazard? {{Ans- anything that is potentially hazardous to humans (all specimens should be considered biohazardous)
what is the #1 bloodborne pathogen exposure risk? {{Ans- HBV (Hepatitis B Virus)
what are BBPs? {{Ans- bloodborne pathogens
what are engineering controls? {{Ans- a device, piece of equipment, or technology that removes or isolates a hazard in the workplace
what are work practice controls? {{Ans- controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed
what should we do for an accidental contaminated needlestick? {{Ans- remove the needle, safety it, and put it in the sharps. wash site out with soap and water for at least 30 seconds, report incident
what should you do if one of your mucous membranes is exposed to blood? {{Ans- flush site out with water for 10 minutes, report incident
what is the chemical name for bleach? {{Ans- sodium hypochlorite
what bleach solution is used for routine disinfection, and what bleach solution is used to clean up large spills of bodily fluid? {{Ans- 1:100 for routine disinfection, 1:10 for spills
where would a spill of blood mixed with broken glass go? {{Ans- everything should go into the sharps
what is HCS, or HAZCom standards? {{Ans- labels that are put on every chemical to classify the type and level of risk they pose.
what is the MSDS or SDS? {{Ans- Material Safety Data Sheet, or Safety Data Sheet has general and precautionary info on each product
what is the NFPA? {{Ans- National Fire Protection Association
what is the safety diamond? {{Ans- graphic used to illustrate potential safety hazards and their gravity.
what is a class C fire? {{Ans- electrical fire
what is RACE? {{Ans- the steps for actions in a fire
Rescue
Alarm
Confine
Extinguish
what are the three factors that influence the severity of radiation exposure? {{Ans- distance, shielding, time
what is standard treatment for internal hemorrhage? {{Ans- firm, direct pressure using cloth or gauze. use tourniquet as last result. do not remove dressing when adding more, it can disrupt clotting process
bronch/o {{Ans- bronchus
carcin/o {{Ans- cancer
cephal/o {{Ans- head
-crin {{Ans- to secrete
cyst/o {{Ans- bladder
cutane/o {{Ans- skin
hem/o {{Ans- blood
glyc/o, gluc/o {{Ans- sugar, sweet
thromb/o {{Ans- clot
nephr/o {{Ans- kidney
leuk/o {{Ans- white
pulm/o, pulmon/o {{Ans- lung
homo-, homeo- {{Ans- same
hypo- {{Ans- under, below
hyper- {{Ans- excessive, above
-stasis {{Ans- stopping, controlling, standing
-lysis {{Ans- breakdown, destruction
what does ABG stand for? {{Ans- Arterial Blood Gas
what does AMI stand for? {{Ans- acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)
what is Diff? {{Ans- differential white blood cell count
what is a C&S test? {{Ans- culture and sensitivity test
what is ESR? {{Ans- erythrocyte sedimentation rate
what is BUN? {{Ans- blood urea nitrogen
what is NKA? {{Ans- no known allergies
what is PKU? {{Ans- phenylketonuria
what is PP? {{Ans- postprandial (after meal)
what is PPBS? {{Ans- post prandial blood sugar
that is T&S OR T&C {{Ans- type & screen, type & cross blood type test
what is the CDC? {{Ans- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
that is TJC's do not use list? {{Ans- list of abbreviations that are easily mixed-up and therefore should not be used
what is anatomy? {{Ans- the study of the structure of the body
what is physiology? {{Ans- the study of the function of the body structures
what is pathology? {{Ans- study of disease
what is anatomic position? {{Ans- body is erect, arms at sides, eyes and palms facing forward
what is supine position? {{Ans- lying face up, palms up
what is prone position? {{Ans- lying face down, palms down
what are the body planes? {{Ans- coronal/frontal, sagittal, transverse
what is homeostasis? {{Ans- maintaining equilibrium, a stable internal environment
what is hemostasis? {{Ans- stoppage of bleeding
what are the four types of tissue? {{Ans- epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
what are tissues? {{Ans- groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
what does integument mean? {{Ans- covering, skin
what are 6 parts of the integumentary system? {{Ans- skin, hair, nails, exocrine glands, blood vessels, and nerves
what are the three layers of skin? {{Ans- epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous)
what are the papillae? {{Ans- elevations on fingertips where epidermis and dermis meet. resulting ridges cause whorls on fingertips
what does aging do to the dermis and epidermis? {{Ans- causes them to thin
what is the name for the heel bone? {{Ans- calcaneus
what are the names of the finger bones? {{Ans- phalanges
what is the CNS? {{Ans- central nervous system, brain and spinal cord
what are the meninges? {{Ans- connective tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
what is CSF? {{Ans- cerebrospinal fluid
what is a spinal tap? {{Ans- when cerebrospinal fluid is aspirated through lumbar puncture
what is the master gland? {{Ans- pituitary gland
how is multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosed? {{Ans- CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
what is the purpose of the endocrine system? {{Ans- produce hormones and secrete substances into ducts or the bloodstream
what are four important structures of the urinary system? {{Ans- kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
what are the main components of the circulatory system? {{Ans- cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
what are the receiving chambers of the heart? {{Ans- atria
what are the pumping chambers of the heart? {{Ans- ventricles
which is above, atria or ventricles? {{Ans- atria are above the ventricles
what is systole? {{Ans- contraction of the heart
what is diastole? {{Ans- relaxation of the heart
how long does a cardiac cycle (one complete contraction and relaxation of the heart) take? {{Ans- about 0.8 seconds
what is the pulse? {{Ans- palpable bounding of blood flow noted at various points on the body
what is the BP cuff device called? {{Ans- sphygmomanometer
what is blood pressure? {{Ans- force of blood against arterial walls
how many pounds of pressure should be used for a BP cuff being used as a tourniquet? {{Ans- ~40 lbs pressure (up to 90 then pump up and down)
how to calculate Blood Pressure? {{Ans- systolic/diastolic
describe arteries {{Ans- carry blood away from the heart, thick walls, elastic
describe veins {{Ans- carry blood to the heart, thinner walls
what can happen when a phlebotomist punctures into a valve? {{Ans- a shake or shimmy, uneven blood draw
what is the lumen of the vein? {{Ans- the space within the vein where the blood flows
what are valves of veins? {{Ans- thin, membranous valves that prevent backflow of blood
what are arterioles? {{Ans- smallest arteries
what are capillaries? {{Ans- one-cell thick vessels that connect arterioles and venules, site of gas exchange between blood and body tissues
what is the difference between plasma and serum? {{Ans- plasma has clotting factors, serum does not
what is the buffy coat made of? {{Ans- white blood cells and platelets
name the three formed elements of blood {{Ans- erythrocytes (RBCs), thrombocytes (platelets), leukocytes (WBCs)
explain the blood group system {{Ans- A, B, AB, O (+ or -)
what causes differences in blood types? {{Ans- different antigens on surface of red blood cells
four steps of hemostasis {{Ans- 1. vasoconstriction
2. formation of platelet plug
3. progression to stable blood clot
4. fibrinolysis (dissolving clot)
what are the two coagulation pathways? {{Ans- extrinsic (initiates coagulation process) and intrinsic (thrombin produced on activated platelets inside bloodstream)
what is the indentation in front of the elbow? what is the abbreviation for it? {{Ans- antecubital fossa (AC area)
what is the first, second, and third choice for venipuncture in the arm? {{Ans- 1. median cubital
2. cephalic
3. basilic
where is the cephalic vein? {{Ans- on thumb side of arm
where is basilic vein? {{Ans- on baby finger side of arm
what happens if you can't find the median cubital vein? {{Ans- go to other arm before trying cephalic or basilic
when can veins on the lower extremities be used for venipuncture? {{Ans- only with a physician or nurse's permission and when it is absolutely necessary
what are the structures of the lymphatic system? {{Ans- lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes
what is lymph made of? {{Ans- extra tissue fluid that filters into lymphatic capillaries
when should gloves be changed? {{Ans- when they are contaminated with bodily fluids, between patients, before touching common supplies
what is the difference between disinfectants and antiseptics? {{Ans- disinfectants cannot be used on skin, antiseptics can.
what is the most common antiseptic? {{Ans- 70% isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol)
when can hand sanitizer replace handwashing? {{Ans- when hands are not visibly contaminated
does hand sanitizer kill C. Diff? {{Ans- NO!! wash ur hands
what should be done after glove removal? {{Ans- decontamination of hands
can cotton balls be used to stop bleeding? {{Ans- they should not because they often stick when blood clots
why should you wait to bandage a patient? {{Ans- because they will take the bandage as a sign that they can leave! don't bandage until ID is re-checked and pt is checked
what are the 5 characteristics of a sharps container? {{Ans- rigid, leakproof, puncture-proof, locking lid, filled no more than 3/4 full, biohazard marking
what should we do with used tourniquets? {{Ans- throw them in the biohazard bag
what is the point of a tourniquet? {{Ans- restricts blood flow, inflates vein
what is the bevel of the needle? {{Ans- the sharp angled/slanted part at the tip
what is the shaft of the needle? {{Ans- the long, hollow portion of the needle
what is the threaded hub of the needle? {{Ans- the part that connects the shaft to the part that screws onto the tube holder
what is the lumen of the needle? {{Ans- hollow bore of the shaft
what is a multisample needle? {{Ans- a double-sided needle that is used for the filling of many tubes with blood
once needle is removed from skin can it be reinserted? {{Ans- no, it is not as sharp anymore
what does a larger number mean in terms of needle gauge? {{Ans- larger gauges are smaller needles
what is the appropriate needle gauge for phlebotomy? {{Ans- 20 to 23 gauge
what is hemolysis? {{Ans- the rupture or destruction of red blood cells
which way does the bevel face? {{Ans- bevel faces upward
what is the ETS? {{Ans- evacuated tube system (multisample needle, tube holder, evacuated tubes)
what is the part of the tube holder that you grab to counterbalance the force of the tube going onto the needle? {{Ans- the flange
what on the tube should we make sure to leave uncovered by the patient label? {{Ans- the expiration date and the additive name
when would we use a syringe instead of an evacuated tube to create suction? {{Ans- for patients with small or difficult veins for whom the tube's suction would be too forceful and could collapse the vein
if we draw blood with a syringe, what piece of equipment must we have to fill the tubes? {{Ans- a syringe transfer device
what is the part of the syringe that you pull on called? what is the part that fills with blood called? {{Ans- you pull on the plunger, and the blood fills into the barrel of the syringe
what is different about the needle itself on the butterfly vs on the straight needle? {{Ans- butterfly needle is shorter than straight needle
what is the common name for a winged infusion set? {{Ans- butterfly
what is the luer? {{Ans- the thing that attaches a winged infusion set to a tube holder
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