GCE History A Y321/01: The Middle East 1908–2011: Ottomans to Arab Spring Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021

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Subject Specific Marking Instructions Question Answer Mark Guidance 1 Evaluate the interpretations in both of the two passages and explain which you think is more convincing as an explanation of w... hy Britain left Palestine in 1948. In locating the Interpretations within the wider historical debate, answers might argue that Interpretation A emphasises that there were a number of reasons that were important in the decision to leave . • In evaluating Interpretation A, answers might argue it is valid because the British were aware that Jewish immigration angered the Arabs and therefore refused to agree to an increase • Answers might argue that Interpretation A is valid as the Jewish leaders joined by American Zionists launched a propaganda offensive in America. • Answers might argue that Interpretation A is valid because Truman not only supported the immediate entry of 100,000 Jewish immigrants but six months later supported the partition of Palestine • Answers might argue that Interpretation A is valid because attacks on British troops started in 1946 and increased • Answers might argue that Interpretation A is valid because Irgun attacked the King David Hotel in Jerusalem. • Answers might argue that Interpretation A is not valid because the British were looking to withdraw because of the cost and other demands on British finances after the War 30 • No set answer is expected • At Level 5 and above answers will evaluate both interpretations, locating them within the wider historical debate about the issue and using their own knowledge, and reach a balanced judgement as to which they consider the most convincing about the issue in the question. • To be valid, judgements must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should only be credited where it is used to analyse and evaluate the interpretations, in line with descriptions in the levels mark schemeY321/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 4 In locating the Interpretations within the wider historical debate, answers might argue that Interpretation B suggests that terrorist attacks were the main reason for Britain’s decision to leave • In evaluating Interpretation B, answers might argue that it is valid because attacks on the British were becoming more common in retaliation for death sentences passed on Jewish fighters . • Answers might argue that it is valid because attacks had started in 1946 with murder of six British soldiers in April and the attack on the King David Hotel in July • Answers might argue that B Interpretation is valid as Irgun were responsible for earlier attacks and continued with them in 1947. • Answers might argue that the Interpretation is not valid because it ignores the support given to terrorists by American Zionists • Answers might argue that the Interpretation is valid because of the impact of the war on Britain’s ability to finance their involvementY321/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 5 Section B Mark Scheme Question Answer Mark Guidance 2* To what extent did the reasons for Great Power involvement in war in the Middle East change in the period from 1908 to 2011? In supporting the hypothesis in the question, it might be argued that securing and expanding trading links was important, particularly the issue of oil • Answers might consider the strategic reasons of moving troops and securing oil supplies • Answers might consider the desire to assert great power status • Answers might consider the desire to ensure friendly governments were in power • Answers might consider the desire to ensure governments followed pro-western policies • Answers might consider the need to maintain the security of western oil supplies and oil security In challenging the hypothesis in the question, answers might argue that in the first part of the period Britain and France were the major powers and Britain was particularly concerned about securing the route to India, therefore controlling the Suez Canal • Answers might consider the upholding of the Balfour Declaration and League of Nations mandate to establish a Jewish state • Answers might consider the USA’s concern to limit Russian influence in the area which became an issue after Suez • Answers might consider the desire of the USA to maintain the support of Egypt 25 • No set answer is expected • At higher levels answers might establish criteria against which to judge • To be valid, judgements must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation; it should only be credited where it is used as the basis for analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the levels mark scheme.Y321/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 6 • Answers might consider the desire of the USSR to spread its influence, allies and gain access to oil supplies • Answers might consider how the USA became involved in war to support the state of Israel • Answers might consider that the USA supported Israel to show the superiority of its ally • Answers might consider the US concerns about the region for its war on terror • Answers might consider concerns about controlling the Suez canal in the first part of the period 3* ‘The attitude of Zionist and Israeli leaders has been the main reason why it has been so difficult to find a solution to the Palestinian issue in the period from 1908 to 2011.’ How far do you agree? In supporting the hypothesis in the question, it might be argued that the attitude of Zionists and Israeli leaders has been supported by the USA and often European powers • Answers might consider the impact of the holocaust on the Second World war on Zionist and Israeli attitudes. • Answers might consider the determination of Zionists and Israeli leaders to establish an Israeli state and then expand for security purposes • Answers might consider the attitude of Zionists and Israelis to Jerusalem, which they want as their capital • Answers might consider the attitude of Israeli leaders to Jewish settlements in the occupied territories • Answers might consider the attitude of Israeli leaders such as Binyamin Netanyahu 25 • No set answer is expected • At higher levels answers might establish criteria against which to judge • To be valid, judgements must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation; it should only be credited where it is used as the basis for analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the levels mark scheme. 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