Nursing Pathophysiology Exam 1,
Questions and answers. Graded A+
Pathophysiology - Ans-Study of the body's response to dysfunction
Disease - Ans-Interruption, cessation or disorder of a body system
Etiology - Ans-The
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Nursing Pathophysiology Exam 1,
Questions and answers. Graded A+
Pathophysiology - Ans-Study of the body's response to dysfunction
Disease - Ans-Interruption, cessation or disorder of a body system
Etiology - Ans-The cause of a disease
Clinical manifestations - Ans-Symptoms and chief complaints
Morphological changes - Ans-Structural changes that are a result of the disease process
Etiological factors - Ans-Biologic agents, physical forces, chemicals, nutritional excess or deficiency,
genetic factors
What are the three mechanisms of cellular adaptation? - Ans-Size: atrophy and hypertrophy
Number: hyperplasia
Irregular shape: dysplasia (severe) and metaplasia (chronic)
Intercellular accumulation - Ans-Results from normal substances, abnormal endogenous or exogenous
products
Dystrophic pathological calcification - Ans-In injured tissue, dead cells create calcium deposits that can
cause aortic stenosis or be a result of a fracture or TB
Metastatic Pathological Calcifications - Ans-Caused by an increase of serum calcium levels in non-injured
tissue
Chemical injuries - Ans-Lead, carbon tetrachloride, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury, street drugsAsphyxiation injuries - Ans-Suffocation, strangulation, drowning
Hypoxic injuries - Ans-Ischemia (lack of blood flow) and anoxia (lack of oxygen)
What does cellular aging cause? - Ans-Atrophy, decreased functioning
Isotonic solutions - Ans-Will cause no change to cells
0.9% saline
Hypertonic solutions - Ans-Will cause cells to shrink/crenate
3% saline or 5% dextrose
Hypotonic solutions - Ans-Will cause cells to swell
0.45% saline
Edema - Ans-Accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces
What are causes of edema? - Ans-Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (fluid moves from capillary to
interstitial space)
Decrease in plasma osmotic pressure (decrease in RBC, plasma and proteins causing fluid to leak into
tissues)
Increase in capillary permeability (inflammation causes fluid to leak into surrounding tissues)
Lymph obstruction
What are the functions of Na as a cation? - Ans-Neuromuscular irritability, acid base balance through the
exchange of water and bicarb, chemical reactions and membrane transport
Hypernatremia - Ans-Na>147
Intercellular dehydration, convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypotension, tachycardia, pruny fingers
Hyponatremia - Ans-Na<135Creates: Hypoosmolality, cellular swelling, dry mucous membranes, peripherial edema, muscle
weakness and seizures
Causes: low intake, fluid overload (dilutional hyponatremia) and high circulating protein levels
(hypoosmolar hyponatremia)
What are the functions of K as a cation? - Ans-Regulation of electrical neutrality, transmission and
conduction, cardiac rhythm and muscle contraction
Hypokalemia - Ans-K<3.5
Creates: decreased neuromuscular excitability, muscle weakness, smooth muscle dysfunction,
dysrhythmias
Causes: reduced intake and increased loss
Hyperkalemia - Ans-K>5.5
Creates: increased neuromuscular iritability (tingling, cramps, restlessness and diarrhea) loss of muscle
tone or paralysis
Causes: increased intake (salt supplements), decreased renal excretion, insulin deficiency or cell trauma
What are the functions of Ca? - Ans-Parathyroid hormone secretion, cell receptor functioning and
electrical conductivity
What are normal levels of Ca in the plasma? - Ans-9-10.5 mg
Hypercalcemia - Ans-Creates: decreased muscular excitability, muscle weakness, cardiac arrest, kidney
stones and constipation
Hypocalcemia - Ans-Creates: increased neuromuscular excitability, seizures, muscle cramps
What is the function of phosphate? - Ans-ATP bonds and as a buffer
What are normal levels of phosphate? - Ans-2.5-4.5Hyperphosphatemia - Ans-Creates: cell lysis, tetany, parasthesia
Causes: low calcium levels
Hypophosphatemia - Ans-Creates: osteomalacia, muscle weakness, anemia
Causes: excessive antacid intake or bleeding disorders
What are the functions of Mg as an ICF cation? - Ans-Cofactor for reactions and increases
neuromuscular excitability
What are normal levels of Mg? - Ans-1.8-2.4
Hypermagnesemia - Ans-Creates: muscle weakness, hypotension, lethargy, bradycardia and hypoactive
reflexes
Causes: excessive intake/decreased excretion
Hypomagnesemia - Ans-Creates: tetany, convulsions, hyperactive reflexes
Causes: hypocalcemia and hypokalemia
What do changes in pH cause? - Ans-Change in shape/function of enzymes and hormones
Change in excitable membranes or decreased activity
Decreased drug effectiveness
What is the ratio between carbonic acid and bicarbonate? - Ans-1:20
How is acid base balance regulated? - Ans-H is consistently produced from metabolic breakdown; CO2
loss through breathing keeps pace with H production
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