ABO Blood Group System
ABO system discovered in _____ by _____ - ✔✔1900, Karl Landsteiner
Human red blood cells can be classified as - ✔✔A, B, O or AB
Almost all healthy people older than 4-6 months of age have natura
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ABO Blood Group System
ABO system discovered in _____ by _____ - ✔✔1900, Karl Landsteiner
Human red blood cells can be classified as - ✔✔A, B, O or AB
Almost all healthy people older than 4-6 months of age have naturally occurring ______ to the
ABO ______ they lack - ✔✔antibodies, antigens
If the ABO antigen is present on the cells the corresponding ______ will be absent in the serum -
✔✔antibody
If the ABO antibody is present in the serum the corresponding ______ will be absent on the cells
- ✔✔antigen
ABO Blood Group System - ✔✔most significant for transfusion and transplantation practice due
to mutual antibodies being predictably present in the sera whose RBCs lack the antigen
Monoclonal Antibodies - ✔✔derived from culture cell lines, which have several advantages over
conventional human and plant ABO reagents
Major Advantage of Monoclonal Antibodies - ✔✔Reproducibility
anti-A reagent is - ✔✔BLUE
anti-B reagent is - ✔✔YELLOW
anti-A1 and anti-H are - ✔✔colorless & used to resolve ABO discrepancies
Inverse Reciprocal Relationship - ✔✔between forward and reverse type, one serving as a check
on the other
Forward Grouping - ✔✔testing for an individual's ABO antigens (unknown antigens) using
antisera (known ABO antibodies)
Reverse Grouping - ✔✔testing for the presence or absence of individual ABO antibodies
(unknown antibodies) using reagent RBCs (known antigens)
Percentage of Caucasians/AAs with group O - ✔✔45%, 49%
Percentage of Caucasians/AAs with group A - ✔✔40%, 27%
Percentage of Caucasians/AAs with group B - ✔✔11%, 19%
Percentage of Caucasians/AAs with group AB - ✔✔4% (both)
Most common blood group types - ✔✔O & A
Rarest blood group type - ✔✔AB
Major antigens for the of the ABO system - ✔✔A, B, H (O)
Major antibodies of the ABO system - ✔✔Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-A, B & Anti-H
Titers are generally to low for detection of ABO antibodies until an individual is - ✔✔3 to 6
months of age
The ABO antibodies are predominantly - ✔✔IgM
O individuals contain - ✔✔Anti-A, Anti-B & Anti-A,B
Anti-A,B - ✔✔IgG in nature
ABO blood group is _____ in expression - ✔✔codominant
ABO gene is located - ✔✔on chromosome 9
Gene O is considered an _____ gene - ✔✔amorph
AB X AB - ✔✔AB, A, B
Formation of ABH antigens results from - ✔✔interactions of the genes at three separate loci
(ABO, Hh, Se)
The genes that form ABH antigens do not actually code for the production of antigens but rather
for production of - ✔✔specific glycosyltransferases
Glycosyltransferases - ✔✔enzymes that facilitate the transfer of carbohydrate (sugar) molecules
onto carbohydrate precursor molecules
Type 1 precursor chains are found in - ✔✔body fluids and secretions (plasma, milk, urine &
tears)
Type 2 precursor - ✔✔precursor substance on the RBCs; chains attached through the Red Cell
membranes onto Ceramide Proteins and are not easily removed
H gene - ✔✔located on chromosome 19; two major alleles (H & h)
A genes - ✔✔cause the production of N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; transfers a N-acetyl-DGalactosamine sugar to the type 2 chain
B genes - ✔✔cause the production of D-galactosyltransferase; transfers D-galactose to the type 2
H chain
Type AB individuals - ✔✔inherit both the A gene and B gene; make both N and D transferases
which transfer GalNAc to make A antigen and D-galactose to make B antigen
O genes - ✔✔amorph; no enzyme expressed; H antigen remains unchanged
Bombay Phenotype (Oh) - ✔✔do not inherit the H gene from either parent; homozygous
recessive (h/h) inheritance; individuals make anti-H
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