TEAS SCIENCE SECTION 2021-2022
Macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes
Carbohydrates - Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose
*Structural function: cellulose and
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TEAS SCIENCE SECTION 2021-2022
Macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes
Carbohydrates - Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose
*Structural function: cellulose and chitin
*Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
*Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids
Lipids - Fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water
* H and C and main components
* Fats
* Hydrophobic, nonpolar
* Store energy ( fats, oils, adipose )
Proteins - molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
* Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types)
* Keratin and collagen (hydrophobic) not soluble in water, found in structural protein
* Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes
*Function as transport carries or signal transfer
Nucleic acids - Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA
* DNA stores genetic material
* Chromosomes
* RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA
Enzymes - a class of proteins that catalyses chemical reactions.
* Not consumed in reaction
* Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy
* Exergonic: release energy
* Endergonic: require energy
* Energy is supplied and releases as ATP
* Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzyme active site)
purines and pyrimidines - Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine
DNA and RNA - Macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to
produce proteins
* Nucleotide: the building block of DNA and RNA
* Nitrogenous base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
* Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine
* Codon: a group of three nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino acids
(synthesized from RNA during Translation
* Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine ( A-T ) and ( C-G ). NonCovalent, weak. - RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine
*Double Helix structure
* Coded or read 5' -> 3'
* Sugar(Pentose)- Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group bound to
4 oxygen atoms)
DNA helicase - unzips and unwinds DNA
DNA primase - Generates RNA primer. Act as a template for starting point of DNA
replication
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