BIO 235 MIDTERM 1 STUDY NOTES - Athabasca University
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BIO 235 MIDTERM 1 STUDY NOTES - Athabasca University
CHAPTER 1
Anatomy – the science of body structures and the relationship among them
Physiology – The science of body functions – how body
...
parts work
Dissection – careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
Levels of Structural Organization:
Chemical (letters of alphabet)
– most basic level that includes atoms and molecules
atoms → smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
molecules → two+ atoms joined together
Cellular – (words)
– molecules combine to form cells (basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals)
- smallest living unit in the human body
Tissue – (words put together to make sentences)
- groups of cells and the materials surrounding them
- work together to perform a function
- four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Organ – (sentences make paragraphs)
- two or more different types of tissues are joined together to form organs
- stomach, skin, lungs, bones. Heart, brain
System – (chapter in our language)
- consists of related organs with a common function
- ex. Digestive system (mouth, salivary glands, pharynx,etc.)
- pancreas is part of both digestive and endocrine system
Organism (book)
- any living individual
- all body parts functioning together
Systems of the Human Body
11 essential systems of the human body
Integumentary System
- COMPONENTS → skin and associated structures (hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil glands)
- FUNCTIONS → protects body, regulates body temp, eliminates some waste, makes vit D, detects sensations (warmth,
pain)
Skeletal System
- COMPONENTS → bones and joints of the body and associated cartilages
- FIUNCTIONS → supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses
cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids
Muscular System
- COMPONENTS → skeletal muscle tissue (muscle attached to bone)
- FUNCTIONS → participates in body movements, maintains posture, produces heat
Nervous System
- COMPONENTS → brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes and ears
- FUNCTIONS → generates action potentialsto regulate body activities, detects changes in bodys internal and external
environment, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
Endocrine System
- COMPONENTS → hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes)
- FUNCTIONS → regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine
gland to target organ)
Cardiovascular System
- COMPONENTS → blood, heart and blood vessels
- FUNCTIONS → heart pumps blood t
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