STEP 1 USMLE REVIEW 2022/2023

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often precedes squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWER actinic keratosis primary adrenocortical deficiency - ANSWER Addison's disease polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait spo... ts, short stature, young girls - diagnosis? - ANSWER Albright's syndrome hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness - ANSWER Alport's syndrome anti-basement membrane antibodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER Goodpasture's syndrome anticentromere antibodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER scleroderma (CREST) anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (ANA antibodies) - diagnosis? - what hypersensitivity type? - ANSWER SLE - type III hypersensitivity anti-epithelial cell antibodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER pemphigus vulgaris antigliadin antibodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER celiac disease antihistone antibodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER drug-induced SLE anti-IgG antibodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER rheumatoid arthritis antimitochondrial antibodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER primary biliary cirrhosis antineutrophil antibodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER vasculitis antiplatelet antibodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura arachnodactyly - diagnosis? - ANSWER Marfan's syndrome Argyll-Robertson pupil - diagnosis? - ANSWER neurosyphilis Arnold-Chiari malformation - ANSWER cerebellar tonsillar herniation Aschoff bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER rheumatic fever atrophy of the mammillary bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER Wernicke's encephalopathy Auer rods - diagnosis? - ANSWER acute myelogenous leukemia (especially promyelocytic type) autosplenectomy - diagnosis? - ANSWER sickle cell anemia Babinski's sign is associated with what? - ANSWER UMN lesion "bamboo spine" on x-ray - ANSWER ankylosing spondylitis basophilic stippling of RBCs - diagnosis? - ANSWER lead poisoning defective dystrophin, less severe than Duchenne's - ANSWER Becker's muscular dystrophy LMN CN VII palsy - ANSWER Bell's palsy Bence Jones proteins - possible diagnoses? - in each case, what are the proteins? - ANSWER multiple myeloma - kappa or lambda light chains Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia - IgM IgA nephropathy - diagnosis? - ANSWER Berger's disease Bernard-Soulier disease - what is the defect? - ANSWER defect in platelet adhesion bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis - diagnosis? - ANSWER sarcoidosis Birbeck granules on EM - diagnosis? - ANSWER histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma) bloody tap on LP - diagnosis? - ANSWER subarachnoid hemorrhage "blue bloater" - ANSWER chronic bronchitis blue-domed cysts - diagnosis? - ANSWER fibrocystic change of the breast blue sclera - diagnosis? - ANSWER osteogenesis imperfecta boot-shaped heart on x-ray - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER tetralogy of Fallot or RVH Bouchard's nodes - diagnosis? - where are they located? - why do they occur? - ANSWER osteoarthritis - on PIP secondary to osteophytes boutonniere deformity - diagnosis? - ANSWER rheumatoid arthritis branching rods in oral infection - diagnosis? - ANSWER Actinomyces israelii "brown tumor" of bone - possible diagnoses? - what causes the brown color? - ANSWER hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease) - color is due to hemorrhage in cysts X-linked agammaglobulinemia - ANSWER Bruton's disease posthepatic venous thrombosis - diagnosis? - ANSWER Budd-Chiari syndrome Buerger's disease - what size arteries does it affect? - ANSWER small or medium-artery vasculitis Burkitt's lymphoma - what is the translocation? - what virus is it associated with? - appearance on histology? - ANSWER 8:14 translocation EBV starry sky appearance Burton's lines - diagnosis? - ANSWER lead poisoning what types of ANCA are associated with Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis? - ANSWER Wegener's - c-ANCA MPA - p-ANCA cafe-au-lait spots on skin - diagnosis? - ANSWER neurofibromatosis calf pseudohypertrophy - diagnosis? - ANSWER Duchenne's muscular dystrophy Call-Exner bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary cardiomegaly with apical atrophy - diagnosis? - ANSWER Chagas' disease trypanosome infection - diagnosis? - ANSWER Chagas' disease painless chancre - diagnosis? - ANSWER primary syphilis painful chancroid - cause? - ANSWER Haemophilus ducreyi Charcot's triad of multiple sclerosis - ANSWER nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech Charcot's triad of cholangitis - ANSWER jaundice, RUQ pain, fever Charcot-Leyden crystals - diagnosis? - what are they? - ANSWER bronchial asthma - eosinophil membranes what is the defect in Chediak-Higashi disease? - ANSWER phagocyte deficiency cherry-red spot on macula - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER Tay-Sachs or Niemann-Pick disease what are Cheyne-Stokes respirations, and in what circumstance do they occur? - ANSWER central apnea in CHF and increased intracranial pressure "chocolate cysts" - ANSWER endometriosis what does chronic atrophic gastritis predispose to? - ANSWER gastric carcinoma Chvostek's sign - what is it, and what does it indicate? - ANSWER facial muscle spasm upon tapping - sign of hypocalcemia DES exposure in utero predisposes to what? - ANSWER clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina clue cells - diagnosis? - ANSWER Gardnerella vaginitis Codman's triangle on x-ray - diagnosis? - ANSWER osteosarcoma cold agglutinins - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER Mycoplasma pneumonia or infectious mononucleosis cold intolerance - sign of what? - ANSWER hypothyroidism condylomata lata - diagnosis? - ANSWER secondary syphilis continuous machinery murmur - indicates what? - ANSWER patent ductus arteriosus what is the defect in Cori's disease? - ANSWER debranching enzyme deficiency cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, fever - diagnosis? - ANSWER measles Councilman bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER toxic or viral hepatitis Cowdry type A bodies - caused by what? - ANSWER herpesvirus crescents in Bowman's capsule - diagnosis? - ANSWER rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis what is Crigler-Najjar syndrome? - ANSWER congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia - due to absent UDP glucuronyl transferase acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns - ANSWER Curling's ulcer currant-jelly sputum - diagnosis? - ANSWER Klebsiella Curschmann's spirals - diagnosis? - what are they? - ANSWER bronchial asthma - whorled mucous plugs acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury - ANSWER Cushing's ulcer D-dimers - diagnosis? - ANSWER DIC depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra - diagnosis? - where is the defect? - symptoms? - ANSWER Parkinson's disease - basal ganglia disorder - rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea - diagnosis? - ANSWER pellagra (niacin/vitamin B3 deficiency) dog or cat bite - infected with? - ANSWER Pasteurella multocida what is Dressler's syndrome? - ANSWER post-MI fibrinous pericarditis what is Dubin-Johnson syndrome? - what is the defect? - what is the pathologic consequence? - ANSWER congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia - due to defective liver excretion of conjugated bilirubin, causing black liver what is the defect in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy? - what is the inheritance pattern? - ANSWER deleted dystrophin gene - X-linked recessive eburnation - diagnosis? - ANSWER osteoarthritis trisomy 18 associated with rocker-bottom feet, low-set ears, heart disease - ANSWER Edwards' syndrome what is Eisenmenger's complex? - ANSWER late cyanosis shunt (reversal of an uncorrected L-R shunt to an R-L shunt) elastic skin - diagnosis? - ANSWER Ehlers-Danlos syndrome where and what is Erb-Duchenne palsy? - ANSWER superior trunk injury to brachial plexus (C5-6) - "waiter's tip" erythema chronicum migrans - diagnosis? - ANSWER Lyme disease genetically inherited aplastic anemia - ANSWER Fanconi's anemia what is Fanconi's syndrome? - ANSWER proximal tubular reabsorption defect (causes excretion of many things - leads to, among other things, rickets, metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia) "fat, female, forty, and fertile" - at risk for? - ANSWER acute cholecystitis fatty liver - associated with? - ANSWER alcoholism ferruginous bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER asbestosis colon polyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors - diagnosis? - ANSWER Gardner's syndrome what is the defect in Gaucher's disease? - ANSWER glucocerebrosidase deficiency Ghon focus - diagnosis? - ANSWER primary TB what is Gilbert's syndrome? - what is the deficiency? - ANSWER benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia - due to mildly decreased UDP-glucouronyl transferase or decreased bilirubin uptake by liver what is the defect in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia? - ANSWER defect in platelet aggregation (defect in GPIIb/IIIa) autoantibodies against alveolar and glomerular basement membrane proteins - diagnosis? - ANSWER Goodpasture's syndrome Gowers' maneuver - diagnosis? - what is the maneuver? - ANSWER Duchenne's - use of patient's arms to help legs pick self off floor idiopathic peripheral polyneuritis - diagnosis? - ANSWER Guillain-Barre syndrome "hair on end" (crew cut) appearance on x-ray - possible diagnoses? - why does this happen? - ANSWER beta-thalassemia or sickle cell anemia - due to extramedullary hematopoiesis what is Hand-Schuller-Christian disease? - ANSWER chronic progressive histiocytosis (Langerhans cell histiocytosis) lots of HbF - diagnosis? - ANSWER thalassemia major HbS - diagnosis? - ANSWER sickle cell anemia conditions in which hCG is elevated - ANSWER choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole Heberden's nodes - diagnosis? - where are they located? - why do they occur? - ANSWER osteoarthritis - DIP swelling secondary to osteophytes Heinz bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER G6PD deficiency hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with hemorrhagic urticaria and upper respiratory tract infections - diagnosis? - ANSWER Henoch-Schonlein purpura heterophil antibodies - diagnosis? - caused by what? - ANSWER infectious mononucleosis - caused by EBV high-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy) is associated with what vitamin deficiency? - what is the disease called? - ANSWER vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency - wet beriberi HLA-B27 - associated with what diseases? - ANSWER Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease disease associated with HLA-DR3 or DR4 - what causes it? - ANSWER diabetes mellitus type 1 - autoimmune destruction of beta cells Homer Wright rosettes - diagnosis? - ANSWER neuroblastoma honeycomb lung on x-ray - diagnosis? - ANSWER interstitial fibrosis symptoms of Horner's syndrome - ANSWER ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis Howell-Jolly bodies - caused by what? - ANSWER splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen caudate degeneration - diagnosis? - what is the inheritance pattern? - ANSWER Huntington's disease - autosomal dominant hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility - diagnosis? - what is the affected organ? - ANSWER Kluver-Bucy syndrome - affects amygdala hyperpigmentation of skin - diagnosis? - ANSWER primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) hypersegmented neutrophils - diagnosis? - ANSWER macrocytic anemia hypertension and hypokalemia - diagnosis? - ANSWER Conn's syndrome (aldosterone-secreting tumor) hypochromic microcytosis - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER neural tube defects (anencephaly, spina bifida) increased uric acid levels - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, use of loop and thiazide diuretics Janeway lesions - diagnosis? - ANSWER endocarditis what disease is the Jarish-Herxheimer reaction associated with, and what is it? - ANSWER syphilis - overaggressive treatment of an asymptomatic patient that causes symptoms due to rapid lysis what is the defect in Job's syndrome? - ANSWER neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality - due to failure of IFN-gamma production by helper T cells Kaposi's sarcoma - associated with? - ANSWER AIDS in MSM what is the defect in Kartagener's syndrome? - ANSWER dynein defect Kayser-Fleischer rings - diagnosis? - ANSWER Wilson's disease keratin pearls - diagnosis? - ANSWER squamous cell carcinoma Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules - diagnosis? - ANSWER diabetic nephropathy bilateral amygdala lesions - diagnosis? - ANSWER Kluver-Bucy syndrome koilocytes - diagnosis? - ANSWER HPV Koplik spots - diagnosis? - ANSWER measles gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian metastases - ANSWER Krukenberg tumor (Puneet, this one is for you) Kussmaul hyperpnea - diagnosis? - ANSWER diabetic ketoacidosis lens dislocation, aortic dissection, joint hyperflexibility - diagnosis? - what is the defect? - ANSWER Marfan's syndrome - defect in fibrillin what is the defect in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome? - ANSWER HGPRT deficiency Lewy bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER Parkinson's disease what is Libman-Sacks disease? - ANSWER endocarditis associated with SLE lines of Zahn - diagnosis? - ANSWER arterial thrombus Lisch nodules - diagnosis? - ANSWER neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) low serum ceruloplasmin - diagnosis? - ANSWER Wilson's disease lucid interval - associated with what head pathology? - ANSWER epidural hematoma "lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence - diagnosis? - ANSWER poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis lytic bone lesions on x-ray - diagnosis? - ANSWER multiple myeloma Mallory bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER alcoholic liver disease esophagogastric lacerations - diagnosis? - ANSWER Mallory-Weiss syndrome what is the defect in McArdle's disease? - ANSWER muscle phosphorylase deficiency McBurney's sign - diagnosis? - ANSWER appendicitis MLF syndrome (internuclear ophthalmoplegia) - diagnosis? - ANSWER multiple sclerosis monoclonal antibody spike - possible diagnoses? - what makes up the spike in each? - ANSWER multiple myeloma (IgG or IgA) MGUS Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (IgM) myxedema - diagnosis? - ANSWER hypothyroidism necrotizing vasculitis of the lungs (hemoptysis) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER Wegener's or Goodpasture's needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals - diagnosis? - ANSWER gout Negri bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER rabies nephritis, cataracts, hearing loss - diagnosis? - what is the defect? - ANSWER Alport's syndrome - type IV collagen defect neurofibrillary tangles - diagnosis? - ANSWER Alzheimer's disease what is the defect in Niemann-Pick disease? - ANSWER sphingomyelinase deficiency no lactation postpartum - diagnosis? - what causes it? - ANSWER Sheehan's syndrome - due to pituitary infarction nutmeg liver - diagnosis? - ANSWER CHF occupational exposure to asbestos - associated with? - ANSWER malignant mesothelioma "Orphan Annie" nuclei - diagnosis? - ANSWER papillary carcinoma of the thyroid Osler's nodes - diagnosis? - ANSWER endocarditis owl's eye inclusion bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER CMV eczematous dermatitis of nipple or areola - diagnosis? - what is it a sign of? - ANSWER Paget's disease of breast - sign of underlying neoplasm increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity - diagnosis? - ANSWER Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans) painless jaundice - diagnosis? - ANSWER pancreatic cancer (of head) palpable purpura on legs and buttocks - diagnosis? - ANSWER Henoch-Schonlein purpura bronchogenic apical tumor associated with Horner's syndrome - ANSWER Pancoast's tumor pannus - diagnosis? - ANSWER rheumatoid arthritis nigrostriatal dopamine depletion - diagnosis? - ANSWER Parkinson's disease periosteal elevation on x-ray - diagnosis? - ANSWER pyogenic osteomyelitis benign polyposis - diagnosis? - ANSWER Peutz-Jeghers syndrome penile fibrosis - diagnosis? - ANSWER Peyronie's disease Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl) - diagnosis? - ANSWER CML Pick bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER Pick's disease progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's - diagnosis? - ANSWER Pick's disease "pink puffer" - diagnosis? - what are the two types, and what causes them? - ANSWER emphysema - centroacinar - due to smoking - panacinar - due to alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency esophageal webs with iron deficiency anemia - diagnosis? - ANSWER Plummer-Vinson syndrome podagra - diagnosis? - where is it located? - ANSWER gout - MP joint of hallux podocyte fusion - diagnosis? - ANSWER minimal change disease polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, and edema - diagnosis? - what causes it? - ANSWER wet beriberi (vitamin B1 deficiency) polyneuropathy preceded by GI or respiratory infection - ANSWER Guillain-Barre syndrome what is the defect in Pompe's disease? - what significant finding is it associated with? - ANSWER lysosomal glucosidase deficiency - cardiomegaly port-wine stain - diagnosis? - ANSWER hemangioma positive anterior "drawer sign" - diagnosis? - ANSWER anterior cruciate ligament injury what is Pott's disease? - ANSWER vertebral tuberculosis pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement - diagnosis? - ANSWER glioblastoma multiforme pseudorosettes - diagnosis? - ANSWER Ewing's sarcoma ptosis, miosis, anhidroisis - diagnosis? - often associated with what? - ANSWER Horner's syndrome - Pancoast's tumor rash on palms and soles - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER secondary syphilis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, coxsackie A virus recurrent vasospasm in extremities - diagnosis? - ANSWER Raynaud's syndrome RBC casts in urine - diagnosis? - ANSWER acute glomerulonephritis recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas and S. aureus infections - associated with? - ANSWER cystic fibrosis red urine in the morning - diagnosis? - ANSWER paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Reed-Sternberg cells - diagnosis? - ANSWER Hodgkin's lymphoma increased Reid index - diagnosis? - ANSWER chronic bronchitis (gland depth/total thickness of bronchial wall) Reinke crystals - diagnosis? - ANSWER Leydig cell tumor what are the symptoms of Reiter's syndrome? - ANSWER urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis renal cell carcinoma, cavernous hemangiomas, adenomas - diagnosis? - ANSWER von Hippel-Lindau disease renal epithelial casts in urine - diagnosis? - ANSWER acute toxic/viral nephrosis rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent - diagnosis? - ANSWER pseudogout rib notching - diagnosis? - ANSWER coarctation of aorta Roth's spots in retina - diagnosis? - ANSWER endocarditis what is Rotor's syndrome? - what is the defect? - similar to what disease? - ANSWER congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia - defective liver excretion of bilirubin (similar to Dubin-Johnson, but milder) rouleaux formation of RBCs - diagnosis? - ANSWER multiple myeloma S3 - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER left-to-right shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral regurgitation, CHF (LV failure) S4 - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis Schiller-Duval bodies - diagnosis? - ANSWER yolk sac tumor senile plaques - diagnosis? - ANSWER Alzheimer's disease what is Sezary syndrome? - ANSWER cutaneous T-cell lymphoma what is Sheehan's syndrome? - ANSWER postpartum pituitary necrosis Schwartzman reaction - associated with? - ANSWER Neisseria meningitidis signet-ring cells - diagnosis? - ANSWER gastric carcinoma simian crease - diagnosis? - ANSWER Down syndrome Sipple's syndrome - also known as? - ANSWER MEN IIa dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis - diagnosis? - ANSWER Sjogren's syndrome skip lesions - diagnosis? - ANSWER Crohn's slapped cheeks - diagnosis? - ANSWER erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) Smith antigen - diagnosis? - ANSWER SLE "smudge cell" - diagnosis? - ANSWER CLL soap bubble on x-ray - diagnosis? - ANSWER giant cell tumor of bone spike and dome on EM - diagnosis? - ANSWER membranous glomerulonephritis what is a Spitz nevus? - ANSWER benign juvenile melanoma splinter hemorrhages in fingernails - diagnosis? - ANSWER endocarditis starry-sky pattern - diagnosis? - ANSWER Burkitt's lymphoma "strawberry tongue" - diagnosis? - ANSWER scarlet fever streaky ovaries - diagnosis? - ANSWER Turner's syndrome string sign on x-ray - diagnosis? - ANSWER Crohn's disease subepithelial humps on EM - diagnosis? - ANSWER poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis suboccipital lymphadenopathy - diagnosis? - ANSWER rubella sulfur granules - diagnosis? - ANSWER Actinomyces israelii swollen gums, bruising, poor wound healing, anemia - diagnosis? - what is this due to? - why do these symptoms occur? - ANSWER scury - vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency - vitamin C is needed for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo) - diagnosis? - ANSWER aortic valve stenosis t(8;14) - diagnosis? - gene involved? - ANSWER Burkitt's lymphoma - c-myc activation t(9;22) - diagnosis? - gene involved? - ANSWER CML - Philadelphia chromosome - bcr-abl hybrid t(14;18) - diagnosis? - gene involved? - ANSWER follicular lymphoma - bcl-2 activation tabes dorsalis - diagnosis? - ANSWER tertiary syphilis tendon xanthomas (classically Achilles) - diagnosis? - ANSWER familial hypercholesterolemia thumb sign on lateral x-ray - diagnosis? - caused by what? - ANSWER epiglottitis - due to Haemophilus influenzae thyroidization of kidney - diagnosis? - ANSWER chronic bacterial pyelonephritis tophi - diagnosis? - ANSWER gout "tram-track" appearance on LM - diagnosis? - ANSWER membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis what is Trousseau's sign of malignancy? - possible diagnoses? - ANSWER migratory thrombophlebitis - visceral cancer or pancreatic adenocarcinoma what is Trousseau's sign of latent tetany? - diagnosis? - ANSWER carpal spasm - hypocalcemia what is Virchow's node? - what is it a sign of? - ANSWER left supraclavicular node enlargement - from metastatic carcinoma of the stomach what is Virchow's triad? - predilection for what? - ANSWER blood stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulation - pulmonary embolism neurofibromatosis with cafe-au-lait spots - diagnosis? - ANSWER von Recklinghausen's disease what is von Recklinghausen's disease of bone? - ANSWER osteitis fibrosa cystica ("brown tumor") adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia - diagnosis? - ANSWER Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome waxy casts in urine - diagnosis? - ANSWER chronic end-stage renal disease WBC casts in urine - diagnosis? - ANSWER acute pyelonephritis WBCs in urine - diagnosis? - ANSWER acute cystitis [Show More]

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