History of the Western Civilization/ European History (Chapters 12-29) Over 1000 MCQ, True or False and Essay based Questions and Answers

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ALL QUIZES TEST BANK: History of the Western Cilization/ European History (Chapter 12-29) CHAPTER 12: Innovation and Exploration, 1453–1533 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The inventi... on of the printing press in Europe increased the volume and rapidity of communication, thereby: a. increasing the cost of books. b. encouraging greater levels of censorship. c. making it more to censor problematic or dissenting opinions. d. making books even more precious than they had been in the Middle Ages. e. creating the circumstances for the invention of broadsheets in the fifteenth century. C 390 4 I, A 2. The printing press was a tool of European monarchs because: a. it enabled the establishment of printed money. b. it enabled the widespread circulation of propaganda. c. a king’s license was necessary to own a printing press. d. books were healy taxed. e. kings were able to choose which books would be printed and which would not. B 390 4 I, A 3. Renaissance Neoplatonists sought to combine classical Platonic thought with: a. gorous diplomatic training and public serce. b. Islamic mysticism, theology, and ritual. c. ancient mysticism and mainstream Christianity. d. a rejection of the Jewish Kabbalah. e. the precepts of the Jewish Kabbalah. C 390 2 II, A Applying 4. Marsilio Ficino taught that human beings are capable of attaining their own salvation: a. by understanding the separation of their souls from their bodies. b. through a complete rejection of this world and constant prayer and solitude. c. by engaging fully in ethical cic action. d. through participating in all the sacraments. e. by exercising their own talents to the fullest degree possible. A 390 2 II, A, 1 Applying 5. Plato’s works were translated from Greek into Latin by: a. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. d. Lorenzo Valla. b. Niccolò Machiavelli. e. Marsilio Ficino. c. Petrarch. E 390 2 II, A, 1 6. Unlike most other Italian intellectuals of his age, Niccolò Machiavelli was: a. a great prose stylist in the vernacular. b. an accomplished textual scholar. c. a truly original thinker about politics. d. a pagan, not a Christian. e. well acquainted with Arabic literary styles. C 394 1 II, B Applying 7. Machiavelli admired Cesare Borgia for his: a. cic-mindedness and sense of duty. b. military achievements and humility. c. Christian morality tempered with a willingness to avenge wrongs. d. lety and immorality. e. ruthlessness and shrewdness. E 394 1 II, B Applying 8. According to Machiavelli, the ideal form of government was a(n): a. republic modeled on the Roman example. b. oligarchy modeled on Venice. c. monarchy modeled on France. d. principality, the model of which he sketched in The Prince. e. republic modeled on Plato’s Republic. A 394 1 II, B, 1 9. Machiavelli advocated for tyrants like Cesare Borgia to take control of Italy because: a. he believed dictatorships were the only legitimate form of government. b. his patron was such a tyrant. c. he believed most Italian people were too poorly educated to participate in government and so a true republic was impossible. d. he believed that sixteenth-century Italy was so chaotic that it needed strong dictators to lead it into a more settled state favorable to self-governance. e. the Roman Republican model that informed his political theory had been ruled by a series of dictators. D 395 1 II, B, 2 Applying 10. The retelling of the Song of Roland in fifteenth-century Italy differed from the original by its: a. setting, which was changed to Italy from Spain. b. lack of any suggestion of heroic idealism. c. language: the original was in vernacular French and the retelling in Latin. d. ending, which had Roland surng to be rewarded for his heroism by Charlemagne. e. use of irony to stress the heroic idealism of Roland. B 395 2 II, C, 1 Understanding 11. In contrast to the cic humanists, Castiglione’s Courtier stressed as the hallmark of true nobility: a. strenuous public serce on behalf of the city-state. b. an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court. c. the necessity for a courtier to be an accomplished scholar. d. being as widely read in the classics as possible. e. the ability to take as lovers as many of the women at court as possible. B 395 2 II, C, 2 Understanding 12. Castiglione’s description of the “Renaissance man” as accomplished, witty, cultured, and stylish was: a. a rejection of the older Renaissance ideal of education in the classics for the purpose of creating rtuous citizens. b. an acceptance of the older Renaissance ideal of education in the classics for the purpose of creating rtuous citizens. c. impossible to achieve. d. believed to apply to all indiduals regardless of class. e. made the basis for curriculum reforms in Italian lay schools. A 395 2 II, C, 2 Applying 13. Italian painters of the fifteenth century mastered: a. the use of acrylic paints. b. the art of manuscript illumination. c. pointillism. d. the use of vanishing perspective to depict three dimensions. e. the ability to create stained-glass effects using paint on canvas. D 395 2 II, D, 1 14. Italian artists of the Renaissance experimented with all of the following techniques EXCEPT: a. vanishing point perspective. d. portraiture b. the effects of light and shade. e. brass rubbing. c. realistic portrayals of the human body. E s 395–396 2 II, D, 1 Applying 15. In the fifteenth century, the majority of the great painters were from: a. Venice. d. Florence. b. Rome. e. Naples. c. Pisa. D 396 2 II, D, 1 16. The great painters of Florence improved upon techniques developed by: a. Albrecht Dürer. d. Bernardino Lanino. b. Hans Holbein the Younger. e. Lorenzo Sabatini. c. Masaccio. C 396 2 II, D, 1 17. Although Leonardo da nci was born in Florence, he ended his career in: a. Germany, where the Holy Roman Emperor was his patron. b. Milan, where the Sforza duke was his patron. c. Rome, where the pope was his patron. d. Naples, where the king of Spain was his patron. e. France, under the patronage of the French king. E 396 2 II, D, 1, a 18. Leonardo da nci’s basic approach to painting was to: a. produce as much saleable artwork as possible for his patrons. b. emphasize the emotional content by distorting proportion and scale. c. depict one central mood or emotion in each piece. d. imitate nature as closely as possible. e. relate his impression of his subject rather than simply duplicating it. D 396 2 II, D, 1, a 19. Leonardo da nci’s paintings sometimes display a keen understanding of human psychology by presenting their subjects as: a. always hang balanced, controlled emotions. b. experiencing multiple emotions at the same time. c. always experiencing only a single emotion. d. emotionless. e. excessively emotional. B 397 2 II, D, 1, a Applying 20. Although Venetian artists copied techniques used in Florence, Venetian paintings differed from those produced in Florence because they: a. did not generally include philosophical or religious allegories. b. did not use vanishing point perspective. c. included political content in their art. d. were not sponsored by indidual patrons. e. were only religious in nature. A 398 2 II, D, 2 Applying 21. Raphael’s School of Athens is of interest in part because: a. many of Raphael’s contemporaries are used as models for the various philosophers. b. it is the first painting to make use of the newly discovered technique of single-point perspective. c. it was the first painting to be completed in Italy using the new medium of oil. d. it was the last painting of the Italian Renaissance done using the fresco technique. e. Raphael utilized many of his apprentices to complete the work rather than work on it directly. A s 398–399 2 II, D, 2, b 22. For Michelangelo, the central feature of Renaissance humanism was: a. classical learning. b. the ethics and rtues taught by Plato. c. the drive to understand the place of a disembodied soul. d. a practical, secular education. e. the drive to understand an embodied, masculine mind. E 399 2 II, D, 2, c Applying 23. Sculpture during the Renaissance broke with the recent past in that statuary: a. would now be created only to use as memorials for those who had died. b. could now be used as a part of tombs to honor the dead. c. would now be incorporated into the supporting columns of triumphal arches. d. could now be used instead of columns at the front of buildings. e. now became freestanding figures “in the round.” E 399 2 II, D, 3 24. Michelangelo’s painting and sculpture both became_________ as the artist aged. a. more crudely crafted b. more skilled in the use of light and shadow c. less technically well executed d. less idealized e. more perfectly naturalistic D 399 | 401 2 II, D, 3, b Applying 25. Renaissance architecture emphasized the importance of: a. rotundas. d. large, impressive buildings. b. geometrical proportions. e. buildings with large windows. c. vaulted arches. B 401 2 II, D, 4 26. All of the following are reasons why the ideals of the Italian Renaissance were slow to impact northern Europe EXCEPT that: a. the curricula of northern universities left little room for study of the classics. b. education in the north was more religiously oriented compared to the more secular education common in the south. c. few people traveled between Italy and northern Europe before the turn of the sixteenth century. d. rulers in the north were less committed to patronizing artists and intellectuals than were the rulers of the Italian city-states. e. most indiduals who were influenced by Renaissance thought before the sixteenth century were not public intellectuals or teachers but worked outside the university system under private patronage. C 402 2 III Applying 27. One important difference between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance that followed was the northern: a. reluctance to compose classical Latin prose in the style of Cicero. b. appreciation for scholasticism and its central texts. c. rejection of the Church Fathers as religious authorities. d. interest in traditional Christian wisdom over classical rtues. e. rejection of classicism in their approach to art. D 402 2 III, A Applying 28. Erasmus wrote works of all the following types EXCEPT: a. humorous satires and dialogues. d. treatises of scholastic theology. b. Christian moral treatises. e. a Greek New Testament. c. letters to friends and contemporaries. D s 403–404 2 III, A, 1 Applying 29. As a textual scholar, Erasmus’s crowning achievement was his: a. edition of the New Testament in Greek and in Latin. b. edition and translation of Plato’s dialogues. c. Colloquies. d. commentary on the works of Cicero. e. commentary on Utopia. A 404 2 III, 1, c 30. Thomas More’s Utopia was a(n): a. political treatise about the best form of government. b. etiquette guide for courtiers. c. light-hearted fictional story. d. epic poem modeled on Arthurian texts. e. devastating critique of contemporary culture. E 404 1 III, A, 1, d, i 31. Albrecht Dürer was the first northern European artist to master: a. Italian Renaissance developments in oil painting. b. Italian Renaissance techniques of engrang. c. Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion and perspective. d. the anatomical precision of Italian Renaissance nudes. e. the Italian Renaissance technique of tempura painting. C 405 2 III, C, 1 32. The ars nova introduced _________ lyrics and music into the liturgy of the Mass during the Renaissance. a. French d. monophonic b. Italian e. homophonic c. polyphonic C 405 2 III, D, 1 33. After the end of the Hundred Years’ War, the French king Charles I attempted to expand his territory even further by invading _________ in 1494. a. the Holy Roman Empire d. the kingdom of Navarre b. northern Italy e. Holland c. the kingdom of Aragon B 406 1 IV 34. Ivan the Great gave further substance to the idea that Muscovy was the heir to Rome after the fall of Constantinople by: a. making Greek the official language of Muscovy. b. adopting the use of the Roman phalanx in his army. c. encouraging his subjects to adopt Roman Catholicism. d. attacking Constantinople in an attempt to dislodge it from Ottoman control. e. marrying the niece of the last Byzantine emperor. E 407 1 IV, A, 1 35. After the Council of Constance, the papacy entered into a series of agreements with national monarchies called concordats. The result of these concordats was: a. a centralization of religious authority in the papacy. b. the increasing wealth of the papacy. c. the monarchs’ promise not to interfere with the election of bishops. d. the granting of extensive authority to monarchs over the churches in their domain. e. the promise that monarchs would have the right to tax church lands. D 408 1 IV, B 36. The most important factor in the rise of Spain as a major European power was the: a. exile of the Jews from Spain. b. end of the Hundred Years’ War. c. unification of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. d. defeat and annexation of Muslim Granada. e. construction of the Great Armada to subjugate the other European powers. C s 408–409 3 IV, C, 1, a Applying 37. One result of the “Reconquista” was to end the Spanish convencia, which was the: a. relative harmonious coexistence of different religious and ethnic groups in Spain since 750 C.E. b. homogeneous Christian identity that had existed in Spain since 750 C.E. c. tax regularly paid by residents of Spain to the Ottoman empire. d. Muslim practice of exiling Jews. e. Muslim practice of persecuting Christians. A 409 3 IV, C, 1, b Applying 38. The last Muslim territory to fall in Spain was: a. Toledo in 1085. d. Faro in 1249. b. Murica in 1243. e. Granada in 1492. c. Selle in 1248. E 409 3 IV, C, 1, b 39. Ferdinand and Isabella’s decision to sponsor Columbus’s voyage was spurred by: a. Columbus’s impassioned plea for a patron made to the royal court. b. a desire to counter successful Portuguese exploratory and commercial ventures. c. a desire to counter successful English exploratory and commercial ventures. d. a belief that Columbus could prove the world was round. e. a belief that there was unknown territory to be discovered across the Atlantic. B 410 4 IV, C, 1, c 40. In their voyages along the west coast of Africa, the Portuguese were initially in search of: a. slaves. d. gold. b. a sea route to India. e. silver. c. spices. D 410 4 V, A 41. Portugal came to dominate the Far East spice trade by doing all of the following EXCEPT: a. sending trading fleets to India regularly. b. blockading the mouth of the Red Sea. c. blockading the Strait of Gibraltar. d. establishing a series of forts along the west Indian coastline. e. seizing Malacca, a well-known center for the spice trade on the Malay Peninsula. C 412 4 V, A, 3 Applying 42. Beginning in the 1440s, design changes in Portuguese caravels allowed them to: a. use a larger rudder, allowing for more accurate nagation. b. use square sails, promoting faster travel into the wind. c. employ larger crews on smaller ships. d. utilize oars in addition to sails. e. sail with two masts and faster, triangular sails. E 412 4 V, B, 1 43. In the long history of slavery in Western cilization, the basic patterns of slavery were not racialized (in other words, directly related to ethnicity or skin color) until: a. Europeans needed slave labor to develop the Atlantic colonies of Madeira, the Canaries, and the Azores. b. Lisbon became a significant market for enslaved Africans in the middle of the fifteenth century. c. Columbus returned with indigenous people from the New World in 1492. d. Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec empire of Mexico between 1519 and 1521. e. Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan empire of South America in 1533. B 413 4 V, D, 1 Applying 44. Although only 1 out of 5 ships and 18 out of 265 sailors returned from Magellan’s voyage, it proved that: a. the world was too large for a western sea route to Asia to be economically feasible. b. a western sea route to Asia was economically feasible. c. ships could easily be dragged across the Isthmus of Panama. d. South America was to sail around. e. Magellan, who surved the voyage, was an excellent nagator. A 415 4 , A, 2 45. Hernán Cortés was aided in his conquest of the Aztec empire by all of the following EXCEPT: a. people subjugated by the Aztecs who wanted to rebel. b. a consort who was indigenous and spoke the common language of the empire. c. the European rifles he had brought with him. d. European bacteria. e. the tactical planning of his native allies. C 417 5 , B, 1 Applying 46. The Spanish modeled their Caribbean sugar plantations worked by enslaved African laborers on: a. Portuguese sugar plantations on the Cape Verde Islands. b. Genoese sugar plantations on the island of Madeira. c. Muslim sugar plantations on the island of Majorca. d. Aztec sugar plantations on Hispaniola. e. their own estates in Europe. A 418 5 , C, 2 47. In economic terms, New World colonization and plunder had the greatest positive effect on the: a. Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa. b. Portuguese. c. Spanish. d. English. e. Dutch. C s 416–418 5 , C Applying 48. The most lucrative export of the Spanish colonies in Central and South America was: a. indigenous slaves. d. silver. b. sugar. e. gold. c. rum. D 418 5 , C 49. The massive influx of silver from New World Spanish colonies resulted in: a. greater wealth for almost all Europeans. b. a massive devaluation of gold. c. the production of fine silver jewelry for the aristocratic class. d. the Spanish crown hording silver. e. massive inflation. E 420 4 , C, 3 50. Within a century of the Europeans’ arrival in Central America, the native population there declined by as much as: a. 20 percent. d. 70 percent. b. 40 percent. e. 90 percent. c. 50 percent. E 421 5 , C, 1 TRUE/FALSE 1. The printing press was instrumental in the spread of humanist ideas. T 390 1 I, A Applying NOT: When Italian scholars began to regain interest in the classics, the texts were preserved and copied in manuscripts, which were extremely expensive. With the advent of the printing press in the mid-fifteenth century, cheap editions of the works of authors like Homer and Plato became widely available. In this way, the impact of humanism was widened beyond a small number of prileged men. 2. Niccolò Machiavelli’s work suggests that he was more of a political theorist than a political realist. F s 394–395 1 II, B Applying NOT: Machiavelli's political writings were well grounded in the political situations of Florence and a dided Italy. His writings were aimed toward finding the best possible solution to the current political situation in Italy with a long-term goal of instituting republican self-governance. 3. A “Renaissance Man” as defined in Castiglione’s book The Courtier was considered to be one who could subordinate his personal morality to political ends. F 395 2 II, C, 2 NOT: A Renaissance man was effortlessly eloquent, brave, witty, cilized, and learned. 4. Leonardo da nci considered artists to be skilled craftsmen. F 396 2 II, D, 1, a NOT: Leonardo believed that artists were inspired, indidualist innovators whose work was creative, rather than technical. 5. Michelangelo’s Dad was created to celebrate Florentine cic ideals. T 400 2 II, D, 3, b Understanding NOT: Dad's youth and fortitude represented Florence's strength in resisting tyrants and upholding ideals of cic justice. 6. Erasmus believed that the entire society of his day was caught up in despair because of the inflexibility of ecclesiastical reform. F s 403–404 2 III, A, 1 Applying NOT: Erasmus believed that much of society was corrupt or in chaos because people had lost sight of the simple teachings of the Gospels, the "philosophy of Christ." 7. Thomas More was put to death for not allowing Henry I to remarry. F 404 4 III, A, 1, d, i NOT: Thomas More was executed for not acknowledging Henry I as the head of the new English church that denied the supremacy of the pope. 8. Albrecht Dürer was the first northerner to master the techniques of proportion and perspective and to embrace classical subjects. F 405 2 III, C, 1 NOT: While Dürer was indeed the first northerner to master proportion and perspective, he drew inspiration for his art from Christian motifs rather than classical themes. 9. In the rule of the Papal States the pope, as a churchman, was unable to lead armies or make alliances with other princes. F 408 1 IV, B NOT: By the mid-fifteenth century, the papacy had given away many sources of revenue to national monarchies. This reality made the papacy's control over the Papal States tal. To tighten their hold on that territory, the popes ruled in the same manner as Italian princes-leading armies, negotiating alliances, even undermining their opponents through murder and assassination. 10. Under Ferdinand and Isabella, the conversos (Jews who had converted to Christianity) had all the same prileges as those who had been born into Christian families. F 409 3 IV, C, 1, b Applying NOT: Conversos in Spain became the target of discriminatory legislation, perhaps because Ferdinand and Isabella feared seditious impulses might arise within this newly (often forcibly) Christianized community. 11. The reason galleons and caravels were made so large in this period was to make it possible to arm them more healy. T 413 4 V, C, 1 NOT: European naval vessels were floating artillery platforms. 12. Relatively few of the slaves who passed through the major Ottoman slave markets were Europeans. Most were African. F 413 4 V, D, 1 NOT: Most of the slaves sold in the Ottoman empire were Christians from central Europe. 13. Few if any people believed the world was flat when Columbus began his voyage. T 415 4 , A NOT: The shape of the world was known to the ancient Hebrews and Greeks and was certainly known in the fifteenth century in Europe. 14. European colonists on Hispaniola turned to cattle raising and sugar production because there was no gold to be found in the mines. F 418 4 , C Applying NOT: European colonists on Hispaniola turned to other sources of revenue besides mining because so many indigenous people who had worked in the mines had died from disease, overwork, and brutality. With this dramatic loss in population, the mines could no longer be run profitably. 15. The infusion of silver into the European economy was ultimately disastrous. T 420 4 , C, 3 Applying NOT: The influx of silver started an enormous inflationary period in Europe that made life for the average person, and, when the silver influx slowed, that caused the collapse of the Spanish economy. 1. How did the invention of the printing press impact the exchange of knowledge in the early modern world? 2. How is it possible to reconcile the two different political positions presented in Niccolò Machiavelli’s works, The Discourses on Livy and The Prince? 3. What new techniques characterized Renaissance art? 4. In what ways did Leonardo da nci represent the ideal “Renaissance man”? 5. In what ways did Erasmus embody the ideals of the Northern Renaissance? 6. How does the Reconquista and Spanish conquests in Central and South America reflect the Crusading ethos of the late Middle Ages? 7. What new technologies made exploration possible? 8. What role did slavery play in the empires of the fifteenth century? 9. How did the Portuguese and Spanish motives for exploration and colonization differ? 10. How was the conquest of the Aztec empire achieved? CHAPTER 13: The Age of Dissent and Dision, 1500–1564 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In the year 1500, the social and economic prospects of Europe were: a. on the rise, spurred by a controlled population shrinkage and movement from cities to the countryside. b. on the rise, spurred by commercial expansion, increasing population, and strong governments. c. on the decline, weakened by destabilized national monarchies and a falling population. d. on the decline, weakened by an economic depression across Europe. e. relatively unchanged from the two prior centuries. B 424 1 I 2. The term Protestant me a. dissenting. d. witnessing. b. reforming. e. worshiping. c. protecting. A 424 1 I 3. Theologically, Martin Luther was a follower of: a. Saint Thomas Aquinas. d. Erasmus of Rotterdam. b. Saint Augustine of Hippo. e. Peter Abelard. c. Peter Lombard. B 426 1 II, A, 1 Applying 4. As a young monk, Luther: a. was confident that he would be saved by God because he did so many good works. b. believed that a corrupt Church could not save his soul. c. was diligent in his duties and was not concerned with theology; that would come later. d. avoided confession because he thought it was unnecessary for salvation. e. was fearful that he could never do enough good deeds to deserve salvation. E 425 1 II, A, 1 5. Luther was a professor of theology at: a. enna. d. Wittenberg. b. Rostock. e. Leipzig. c. Cologne. D 425 1 II, A, 1 6. Luther’s doctrine of “justification by faith” meant that: a. humans are only made worthy of salvation by their faith in God. b. humans are only made worthy of salvation by the good works they do. c. faith in God can be justified by reason. d. everyone who participates faithfully in the serces of the Church will be saved. e. faith can be justified only by the good works an indidual does during his or her life. A s 425–426 1 II, A, 2 Applying 7. Luther believed that people were saved by: a. faith in God alone. b. God’s grace alone. c. good works alone. d. going to confession and receing the Eucharist regularly. e. receing the sacrament of last rites. B 426 1 II, A, 2 Applying 8. Luther believed that works of piety and charity were: a. tal acts that determined a Christian’s state before God. b. not important in the life of a Christian. c. sible signs of each person’s insible spiritual state. d. unnecessary after Pope Sixtus IV more clearly defined the Treasury of Merits. e. only necessary for unbelievers who wanted a chance at salvation. C 426 1 II, A, 2 9. The Church taught that indulgences worked to reduce the penance that the indidual owed to God: a. through the prayers of the faithful paid for by the indulgence. b. by the special blessing from the pope paid for by the indulgence. c. by drawing on the good deeds of martyrs and saints from the Treasury of Merits. d. through the buildings paid for by the indulgences of many people. e. by the appeal made through the indulgence for Mary to intercede with God for the indidual. C 426 1 II, A, 3 10. Luther was driven to post his Ninety-five Theses by: a. the sale of three bishoprics to Albert of Hohenzollern. b. Pope Leo X’s statement that all people who wished salvation should buy indulgences. c. the corruption of the Augustinian canons among whom he lived. d. the sale of indulgences in his region, which promised less time in purgatory. e. the sale of indulgences in his region, which promised automatic salvation. E 427 1 II, B, 2 Applying 11. Luther’s Ninety-five Theses objected primarily to the: a. building of Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome. b. corruption of the late-medieval papacy. c. Church’s inability to appoint abbots and new bishops in the Holy Roman Empire. d. doctrine of indulgences and the misunderstandings that arose from that doctrine. e. sale of church offices by the papacy. D 427 2 II, B, 2 Applying 12. Luther’s doctrine of the “priesthood of all believers” argued that: a. everyone, even priests, were equal before God. b. all Christians should be monks or nuns. c. devotion should no longer be communal but private. d. whatever the majority of Christians believed should become Church doctrine. e. church teachings and Scripture were unimportant in the formulation of doctrine. A 427 1 II, B, 3 13. Luther’s religious reforms included all of the following EXCEPT: a. reducing the number of sacraments from seven to two. b. denying that Christ was truly present at the Lord’s Supper. c. changing the language used for worship in Germany from Latin to German. d. allowing priests to marry. e. belief in the absolute authority of Scripture. B 427 1 II, B, 3 Applying 14. Luther believed that priests could marry because: a. Jesus had been married. b. Augustine had argued priests should be married. c. there was no spiritual distinction between the laity and the clergy. d. God had said “be fruitful and multiply.” e. ancient canon law suggested that in the earliest days of the Church, priests had been married. C 430 1 II, B, 3 15. One reason why Luther was able to win great public support for his position was the introduction of: a. new sacraments into his religious worship. b. printed pamphlets to disseminate his ews. c. married clergy. d. additional feast days into the religious calendar. e. redistribution of Church lands to the peasants. B 430 1 II, C, 1 Applying 16. Although Luther’s disputes with the Church generally dealt with matters of doctrine, he also had disputes with the papacy itself over: a. the lifestyles of the popes themselves. b. the means by which popes were chosen. c. the pope’s process for choosing bishops within the Germanic states. d. his not being chosen for a bishopric in Mainz. e. the pope’s refusal to speak definitively for or against controversial doctrines. A 430 1 II, C, 2 Applying 17. Many graduates of universities in Germany became supporters of Luther because: a. they were taught Lutheran principles during their degree. b. they wanted to support the religious movement of one of their countrymen. c. their local lord had asked them to support Luther. d. Luther had been their instructor during their training. e. German graduates rarely found employment with the Catholic Church and so were not disposed to support it. E 430 1 II, C, 3 18. Lutheranism would not have surved and flourished without the support of: a. Luther’s wife, Katharina von Bora. b. some German princes. c. the papacy. d. the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. e. the bishop of Magdeburg, Albert of Hohenzollern. B 430 1 II, D, 1 19. Lutheranism was attractive to many princes in Germany because: a. they shared Luther’s religious beliefs absolutely. b. they had a deep respect for Luther’s bravery in the face of intense criticism from the papacy. c. they believed that the new faith would give them more control over religious policies, personnel, and wealth in their territories. d. they believed that economic production in their territories would increase due to the Protestant work ethic. e. the Holy Roman Emperor had adopted the faith. C s 431–432 1 II, D, 1, b Applying 20. Aside from religious motivations, many free cities in the Holy Roman Empire found Lutheranism appealing because: a. free cities possessed enough military power to ignore the dictates of local princes and the Holy Roman Emperor. b. Lutherans supported the construction of new monasteries, which enhanced the wealth and prestige of the merchant class. c. town councils and guild masters could use reforms as a way to oppose local aristocrats and bishops. d. Catholic dogma had never been too appealing to educated urban elites. e. Lutheranism taught the same basic beliefs as the merchants of the free cities did in their guilds. C 434 1 II, D, 2 Applying 21. The German Peasants’ Revolt of 1525: a. was initially supported by Martin Luther, until it became too olent. b. was supported by Martin Luther thoroughly until its successful conclusion in November 1525. c. did not have any impact on the religious evolution of Germany because it was not motivated by religious issues. d. was ruthlessly suppressed by the emperor Charles V. e. cemented the alliance of Lutheranism with state power. E 434 1 II, D, 3 22. In Switzerland, Protestant reforms were usually imposed by: a. popular vote. d. the lesser nobility. b. leading citizens. e. the peasants threatening rebellion. c. territorial princes. B 434 2 III, A Applying 23. For Zwingli, the Eucharist: a. offered Christ’s real presence through the communion elements. b. was an important commemoration of Christ’s historical sacrifice on the cross. c. was the one Roman Catholic sacrament that did not need to be reformed. d. was a corrupt rite that no longer needed to be celebrated in Christian churches. e. was a sacrament that had no basis in Scripture. B 435 2 III, A, 1 24. In contrast to Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calnists, Anabaptists: a. believed that only adults should be baptized, not children. b. believed that everyone should belong to a single, universal church. c. supported religious revolution, through olence if necessary. d. believed that all seven traditional sacraments of the Church should be maintained. e. maintained a celibate priesthood. A 435 2 III, A, 2 25. After 1534, Anabaptists were greatly feared by secular authorities in Europe because they: a. were associated with extremist groups that threatened the social order. b. converted to Catholicism and joined in the persecution of Protestants. c. adopted the pacifism of Menno Simons. d. emphasized personal faith over good works. e. were closely allied with the orthodox Byzantines. A 435 2 III, A, 2 Applying 26. The Mennonites had their most immediate theological origins in: a. Roman Catholicism. d. Calnism. b. Lutheranism. e. Zwinglism. c. Anabaptism. C 435 2 III, A, 2 27. The most definitive statement of Protestant theology can be found in: a. Luther’s Ninety-five Theses. b. Luther’s To the Christian Nobility. c. Erasmus’s The Praise of Folly. d. Caln’s Institutes of the Christian Religion. e. Caln’s On the Christian Life. D 435 2 III, A, 3, a 28. Caln’s theology emphasized first and foremost: a. the absolute obedience owed to the Consistory. b. membership in the Calnist church. c. the importance of proper conduct in the world. d. the paradox that some are predestined to heaven and others to hell. e. the sovereignty and omnipotence of God. E 436 2 III, A, 3 Understanding 29. With respect to salvation, Caln argued: a. God alone chose who was saved and who was damned and one’s fate could not be changed. b. good works could allow a person to merit salvation. c. anyone who believed in God would be saved. d. God determined who was saved and who was damned but one’s fate could be changed. e. all members of the Calnist Church would be saved. A 436 2 III, A, 3 Applying 30. In comparison to Lutheranism, Calnism was much more: a. hierarchical in its structures of church government. b. emotional in its piety. c. passive toward the world and its problems. d. authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality. e. relaxed in its imposition of morality on indiduals. D 436 2 III, A, 3, b Applying 31. Under Caln’s guidance, Geneva’s government can best be described as a(n): a. theocracy. d. republic. b. democracy. e. oligarchy. c. dictatorship. A 437 2 III, A, 3, b 32. The main function of the Calnist Consistory of Geneva was to: a. superse the churches of Geneva. b. superse public and private morals. c. enforce laws against crime. d. organize the city’s defenses against its enemies. e. run the secular government while Caln looked to the spiritual and moral needs of people. B 437 2 III, A, 3, b 33. The settlement reached a the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 was that: a. Germany would remain Catholic as the Holy Roman Emperor was Catholic. b. Germany would adopt the Lutheran faith against the Holy Roman Emperor’s wishes. c. the cities of Germany would have both Lutheran and Catholic churches. d. each indidual person in the Holy Roman Empire could choose to be either Lutheran or Catholic. e. each German prince would rule a territory that was Catholic or Lutheran based on his own choice of faith. E 437 1 III, B Applying 34. After 1525, Protestantism was “domesticated” by becoming more politically conservative and by focusing on: a. the reform of monastic institutions. b. educational opportunities for women and children. c. the patriarchal family as the central institution of reformed life. d. a compromise with Anabaptist leaders and believers. e. doctrinal matters to ensure all denominations followed the same sacraments. C 438 3 III, C, 3 35. Protestantism began as a dissent against the Church and had many radical manifestations, but it eventually became “domesticated” due to: a. the fact that all radical movements eventually lose their radicalism and . b. the changing character of its leadership when the initial leaders died. c. a dependence of Protestant leaders on local political leaders. d. the teachings of John Knox, the Scottish Calnist leader. e. the co-option of the movement by the Catholic Counter-Reformation. C 438 1 | 2 III, C Applying 36. Protestant authority figures from fathers to secular rulers had a responsibility to discipline those under their control because Protestant belief taught that: a. those in positions of authority were directly responsible for the salvation of others. b. obedience to authority had to be taught from an early age. c. regular discipline was required to open one’s mind to God’s will. d. undisciplined people tended toward doing el and could thus destroy human society. e. undisciplined people failed to respect the natural social hierarchy. D 438 3 III, C, 1 Applying 37. Protestantism introduced a new exemplar of female holiness, the: a. goodwife. d. mystic. b. nurse. e. missionary. c. nun. A 440 3 III, C, 3, a 38. By the sixteenth century, both Protestant and Catholic cities were: a. instituting policies that encouraged late marriages. b. instituting strict governmental supersion of morality. c. founding brothels that were administered by city officials. d. instituting rules that required believers to attend at least one church serce a week. e. founding churches of both faiths within their walls. B 440 3 III, C, 3, b Applying 39. By insisting marriage was not a sacrament and could be regulated by secular authorities, Protestantism allowed for: a. increased parental control over marriages. b. decreased parental control over marriages. c. increased taxation on marriage ceremonies. d. more elopements. e. more marriages based on the mutual consent of bride and groom. A 440 3 III, C, 3, c 40. Why would Clement not permit King Henry I of England to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn? a. Because the Catholic Church does not permit divorce and remarriage under any circumstance whatsoever. b. Because the pope believed Henry’s marriage to Catherine was valid. c. Because the pope wanted the Tudor dynasty to come to an end. d. Because Catherine’s nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome at the time and disapproved of Henry’s request for an annulment. e. Because the pope believed such a union would be sinful as Anne was Catherine’s sister. D 440 4 IV, A, 1 Applying 41. The first English monarch to enforce Protestant theology in the English church was: a. King Henry I. d. Queen Mary. b. King Edward . e. Queen Elizabeth I. c. Lady Jane Grey. B 442 3 IV, B 42. In attempting to restore Catholicism in England, Queen Mary did all of the following EXCEPT: a. burn Protestant leaders at the stake. b. prohibit priests from marrying. c. restore the Latin Mass. d. connce Parliament to accept papal authority over the Church of England. e. restore the property of monasteries and convents. E 443 3 IV, C 43. Although Elizabeth I began her reign by striking a balance between Catholic and Protestant doctrines and practices, England became more Protestant during her rule because: a. Elizabeth herself became more connced of the truth of Protestant doctrines. b. the few Catholics who had remained in England after Mary’s death left England. c. Protestant belief became an integral part of English national identity. d. an important center for Protestant theology was founded at Oxford. e. Elizabeth allowed Protestant Huguenots exiled from France to take refuge in England. C 444 4 IV, D, 2 Applying 44. The Counter-Reformation drew its inspiration primarily from: a. the Society of Jesus. d. laypeople. b. Christian humanism. e. the papacy. c. monastic reformers. E 444 5 V 45. The popes of the Counter-Reformation period were noted for their: a. ability to administer the Church ably. b. ineffectiveness against Protestantism. c. inability to find able administrators. d. self-indulgent lifestyles. e. austere withdrawal from worldly affairs. A s 445–446 5 V 46. At the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church: a. modified many of its doctrines to make them more for Protestants to attack. b. reaffirmed almost all of the doctrinal claims that Protestants criticized. c. condemned the doctrine of indulgences. d. declared the supremacy of a general council over even the pope. e. reaffirmed the doctrines of indulgences and papal supremacy, but rejected most of the doctrines to which Protestants had objected. B 446 5 V, A Applying 47. Prior to founding the Society of Jesus, Ignatius Loyola was: a. a Benedictine monk. d. a mercenary soldier. b. a lawyer. e. the bishop of Granada. c. a merchant. D 448 5 V, B, 1 48. Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises offers an interesting contrast to Luther’s writings because in Loyola’s work: a. it is not possible to discern sinful behaor from moral behaor. b. the pope, not Jesus Christ, is the central focus of meditation. c. Christians must accept their limited abilities and rely on God’s grace. d. Christians can master their will and work toward their salvation. e. Christians should remove themselves completely from the world and devote their lives to meditation. D 448 5 V, B, 1 Applying 49. The primary actities of the new Jesuit Order were: a. studying theology and preaching in the cities of Europe. b. learning canon law and staffing the Inquisitions in the New World. c. founding schools and being missionaries. d. private devotion and prayers for the common good. e. being parish priests and hearing confessions. C 448 5 V, B, 2 Applying 50. One of the most famous mystics who aided in the reform of the Church in the sixteenth century was: a. Teresa of Ala. d. Teresa of the Andes. b. Hildegard of Bingen. e. Katharina von Bora. c. Francis Xaer. A 448 5 V, C, 1 TRUE/FALSE 1. The term Reformation is a misleading one for the religious movement begun by Luther. T 425 | 432 1 I NOT: Although Luther initially intended to encourage reform from inside the Roman Catholic Church, by 1521 members of the Diet of Worms declared Luther a heretic and an outlaw due to his theological positions. Those who followed Luther were also considered to be outside the Church. Luther's teachings thus created a new sect of Christianity-it did not reform the existing Catholic Church. 2. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V’s holdings were so vast that he was willing to let local officials decide whether a particular territory would practice Catholicism or Lutheranism. F s 430–431 1 II, C, 3 Applying NOT: Charles V's territory was extremely large, stretching from Spain to southern Italy to the Holy Roman Empire. While Charles recognized the diversity in his empire and where possible ruled it through local officials and institutions, he thought a unified belief in Catholicism was fundamental to his ability to hold his empire together. 3. Luther wrote in his On Temporal Authority that all rulers must be obeyed, even tyrants. T 434 1 II, D, 1 NOT: Luther argued that tyranny was to be endured, not resisted. 4. In Calnism, the Eucharist rather than the sermon was the center of worship. F 437 2 III, A, 3 NOT: The sermon was the centerpiece of the serce. 5. In Calnist Geneva, inns were the only places citizens were allowed to eat or drink without saying grace or to stay up after nine o’clock in the evening. F 437 2 III, A, 3, b Applying NOT: In Calnist Geneva, public and private morality were highly regulated. To help regulate morality, innkeepers were instructed not to allow anyone to consume food or drink without saying grace, nor to let patron stay up after nine o'clock. 6. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) created both tolerance and intolerance of religion. T 437 1 III, B Applying NOT: The Peace of Augsburg's governing principle of "as the ruler, so the religion" created religious tolerance within the whole of the Holy Roman Empire, for each territorial lord could choose whether he and his subjects would practice Lutheranism or Calnism. However, the Peace also created intolerance in that it promoted the principle that no sovereign state can tolerate religious diversity within itself. 7. Luther believed every Christian should be able to read the Bible in his or her language. T 438 3 III, C, 1 NOT: Because Luther believed that Scripture was the highest form of authority, every person ought to be able to read it. Thus, schooling became a particularly Protestant preoccupation. 8. Protestants believed that people were naturally good. F 438 3 III, C, 1 NOT: Based on the teachings of Saint Augustine, Protestants believed that people would inetably turn out badly unless they were compelled to be good. 9. Luther allegedly believed that nunneries should be closed because they were places where illicit sexual behaor was inetable. T 440 3 III, C, 3, a NOT: Luther believed it was impossible for women to remain chaste, so sequestering them in nunneries simply made illicit behaor inetable. For this reason he advocated the marriage of all women, preferably at a young age. 10. Protestantism emphasized the necessity of obedience to authority figures. T 440 3 III, C, 1, 3 Applying NOT: Just as Protestant rulers were responsible for ensuring the moral behaor of their citizens for the good of all humanity, so the patriarchs of families were responsible for controlling the behaor of their wives, children, and household staff. 11. England became a Protestant country under Henry I. F 442 4 IV, A, 2 NOT: While Henry became the head of the English Church in 1536, England did not become Protestant immediately. The English Church under Henry remained essentially Catholic in terms of its organization, teachings, and rituals. 12. At the Council of Trent, Church prelates confirmed that the Bible was the only source of Christian truth. F 446 5 V, A NOT: Clerics at the Council of Trent affirmed that the Bible, in its imperfect Vulgate form, along with the traditions of apostolic teachings, were equal authorities as potential sources for Christian truth. 13. The Index of Prohibited Books included works by the Catholic humanist Erasmus. T 447 5 V, A NOT: Even though Erasmus's works had been used against Luther, they were deemed too sympathetic to Protestant ideas forty years later. 14. The Jesuits were not only missionaries but also soldiers who fought secular wars on behalf of the papacy. F 448 5 V, B, 2 NOT: The Jesuits were soldiers of Christ who fought with eloquence and persuasion, not bullets. They fought a spiritual war, not a secular one. 15. Although most Christian humanists remained Catholic, humanist thought fell out of favor with most Catholic thinkers during the Catholic Reformation. T 447 | 449 5 V, C, 2 Applying NOT: The toleration of various perspectives that came out of humanist classical and textual training was considered problematic by the Catholic Church. Even the works of Erasmus, which had been used to refute Luther's positions, were deemed inappropriate for Catholic readers and were among the first books to be put on the Index of Prohibited Books. 1. Is the term Reformation a suitable one to describe the religious movement led by Luther? 2. What was the outcome of the confrontation with Tetzel, and what was the impact on Luther’s ideals of reformation? 3. Why were Luther’s ideas particularly appealing to Germany? 4. In what ways was the relationship between Luther and the German princes a symbiotic one? 5. What was the role of predestination in Calnism? 6. What roles were available to women of the Protestant faith? 7. Why was Queen Mary’s attempt at a Counter-Reformation unsuccessful? 8. How was the question of national religion in England resolved? 9. What were the outcomes of the Council of Trent? 10. How were the Jesuits used as a tool for fighting Protestantism? CHAPTER 14: Europe in the Atlantic World, 1550–1660 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Protestant rulers targeted the North American coast for colonization because: a. Spanish and Portuguese holds on the Caribbean and South America were firm. b. the Treaty of Tordesillas had agreed that Central and South America would be split between Spain and Portugal. c. Protestant countries were generally northern European, so the North American climate suited them better. d. there were fewer pirates in northern waters. e. they mistakenly believed there were no inhabitants on the North American coast. A 455 1 II, A 2. The extraordinary movement of peoples, plants, animals, goods, cultures, and diseases in the sixteenth century is called the: a. American Exchange. d. New World Interchange. b. Columbian Exchange. e. Eco-diversity Movement. c. Cortesian Exchange. B 455 1 II, B 3. While many diseases traveled from Europe to the New World, _________ appears to have been introduced to Europe from the Americas. a. measles d. syphilis b. typhoid e. gonorrhea c. the common cold D 457 1 II, B 4. While more than 7 million slaves were taken from Africa to the Americas, the number of European colonists who came to the Americas before 1700 was approximately: a. 800,000. d. 2,000,000. b. 1,000,000. e. 2,500,000. c. 1,500,000. C 457 2 II, C 5. The population of early North American colonies grew because: a. European governments offered free land to new colonists. b. settlers in the colonies bought slaves in large numbers. c. groups of indigenous people occasionally chose to join the colonies. d. settlers in North American colonies tended to have very large families. e. indentured servants came over in large numbers to work in the colonies. E 458 2 II, C, 2 6. Social relations in the Spanish colonies of Central and South America were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. frequent intermarriage with native people. b. a complex system of racial and class categories. c. the uprooting and resettlement of large numbers of native people. d. cultural assimilation between the Spanish colonists and the native population. e. the enslavement of large numbers of the native population. C 458 1 II, D Applying 7. Much of the wealth derived from colonies in the Americas came from: a. sugar. d. furs. b. cotton. e. tobacco. c. gold. A 458 1 II, E 8. On a typical merchant run along the “triangle trade” route, a British ship would sail from England with manufactured goods, trade the goods for slaves in Africa, and then: a. return to Europe to sell the slaves to farm or factory owners. b. trade the slaves for rum in New England. c. trade the slaves for tobacco in rginia. d. trade the slaves for cotton in Brazil. e. trade the slaves for cotton in the southern British colonies. C 459 1 II, E 9. All of the following were forms used to resist slave owners in the sixteenth century EXCEPT: a. revolts. d. infanticides. b. underground railroads. e. escapes. c. suicides. B 461 2 II, E, 1, b Applying 10. The primary problem caused by the Price Revolution of the late sixteenth century was: a. depression. d. inflation. b. recession. e. prosperity. c. stagflation. D 461 4 III, A, 1 Applying 11. The dring cause of the inflation experienced in Europe during the last half of the sixteenth century was: a. a stable food supply and growing population. b. a growing food supply and decreasing population. c. rising wages. d. an influx of gold on the Spanish market. e. an influx of silver on the Spanish market. E s 462–463 4 III, A, 1, b Applying 12. Which groups in European society benefited most from the Price Revolution? a. wage laborers d. merchants and large farmers b. peasants e. aristocracy c. manufacturers D 463 4 III, A, 1, c 13. European monarchs were forced to raise taxes precipitously in the sixteenth century because taxes collected in an inflationary period yielded less actual wealth and because: a. the cost of waging war was becoming increasingly expensive. b. the building programs of European monarchs in this period were notoriously expensive. c. monarchs were ging regular subsidies to colonies in the New World. d. major infrastructure renewal was occurring across Europe, especially the rebuilding of old Roman roads. e. the cost of maintaining a professional bureaucracy rose substantially in this period. A 463 4 III, A, 1, c 14. Most French Protestants were: a. Calnists. d. Anabaptists. b. Lutherans. e. Presbyterians. c. Zwinglians. A 463 4 III, B, 1 15. To broker a truce between Catholic and Protestant factions in France during the sixteenth century, the French royal family: a. promised that Protestants would be able to openly practice their faith. b. declared the south of France autonomous Protestant territory. c. inted Protestants to join New World colonies. d. arranged a marriage between a powerful Protestant prince and the Catholic daughter of the reigning king of France. e. massacred the elite of Protestant Society on St. Bartholomew’s Day 1572. D 463 4 III, B, 2 Applying 16. The truce between Catholics and Protestants brokered by the marriage of Henry of Navarre into the French royal family was broken because: a. the marriage never took place. b. olence broke out between the religious factions within a year of the marriage. c. there was an organized slaughter of Protestant aristocratic wedding guests on the morning of the wedding. d. Henry III of France invaded Navarre hoping to annex the territory to France. e. the pope declared the marriage invalid. C s 463–464 4 III, B, 3 Applying 17. The Edict of Nantes: a. guaranteed religious and political freedoms to Protestants throughout France. b. recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France but allowed Protestants certain rights. c. recognized Protestantism as the official religion of France but allowed Catholics certain rights. d. banned all Huguenots from universities. e. allowed Catholics admission to all professions and universities. B 464 4 III, B, 3 18. During the first half of the sixteenth century, northern Europe’s leading commercial and financial center was: a. Paris. d. Antwerp. b. London. e. enna. c. Amsterdam. D 464 3 III, C, 1 19. The Dutch revolt was sparked by: a. olence erupting between Catholic and Protestant factions in the Netherlands. b. an influx of Huguenot refugees from France. c. food prices rising exponentially. d. independent Dutch cities annexing territory from the countryside. e. Philip II attempting to tighten his control of the Dutch cities. E 464 4 III, C Understanding 20. William of Orange fought during the religious wars to free the Netherlands from: a. Anabaptist rule under the Mennonites. d. Catholic rule under the Spanish. b. Protestant rule under the Spanish. e. Catholic rule under the Germans. c. Protestant rule under the English. D 465 4 III, C 21. The Dutch West India Company dominated the _________ trade after 1521. a. spice d. slave b. sugar e. cod c. tobacco D 465 1 III, C, 1, b 22. To finance investment in colonial enterprises, the Dutch pioneered: a. joint-stock companies. d. royal monopolies. b. credit banking. e. antitrust laws. c. investors’ insurance. A 465 3 III, C, 1, b, i 23. The Irish Rebellion of 1565 was supported by: a. France. d. Scotland. b. Austria-Hungary. e. the Netherlands. c. Spain. C 466 4 III, D, 1 24. England challenged Spanish supremacy in the Atlantic by: a. attacking Spanish cities in the New World. b. attacking Spanish ships that were sailing from their colonies to Spain. c. attacking Spanish coastal cities. d. waging large naval battles against the Spanish armada. e. founding rival colonies close to Spanish territory in the New World. B 466 3 III, E 25. The Thirty Years’ War began when: a. a Protestant German prince attempted to claim the Spanish throne. b. France, a Catholic country, went to war against the Protestant princes of Germany. c. Sweden, a Protestant country, went to war against the Catholic princes of Germany. d. a Catholic prince became the ruler of a Protestant territory. e. a Protestant prince became the ruler of a Catholic territory. D 468 4 IV, A, 1 Applying 26. Alliances in the latter half of the Thirty Years’ War were largely based on: a. religious identity. d. economic considerations. b. familial and dynastic connections. e. ethnic and linguistic identities. c. current political needs. C 471 4 IV, B Applying 27. From an international perspective, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) marked the: a. emergence of Germany as a European “great power.” b. emergence of France as the dominant power in Europe, eclipsing Spain. c. end of Habsburg influence in central Europe. d. emergence of Germany as a Protestant country. e. emergence of Austria as the dominant power in Europe, eclipsing France. B 472 3 V 28. To promote the economic development of France, Henry IV did all of the following EXCEPT: a. improve the transportation system. b. finance exploratory expeditions to the New World. c. build factories and encourage new industries. d. open up new silver mines within France. e. support the growth of the textile industry in France. D 472 3 V, B Applying 29. The primary goal of Cardinal Richelieu’s government was to: a. increase and centralize royal power over France. b. expand French colonies in North America. c. extend Catholicism into Protestant territories inside and outside France. d. raise ling standards for the French people, so as to prode “a chicken in every pot” on Sundays. e. make France a universally Catholic country once again. A 473 3 V, B, 1 30. The Fronde was a: a. peasant rebellion prompted by a series of bad harvests between 1648 and 1653. b. series of Protestant revolts against the French government. c. series of aristocratic and popular revolts against the French government. d. rebellion by people in the south of France against centralizing royal authority. e. peasant rebellion against Louis XII. C 473 3 V, B, 2 Applying 31. All of the following led to tensions in England during the reign of James I EXCEPT: a. hostilities between the component parts of a composite kingdom. b. religious hostilities between different kinds of Protestants. c. the deep debt of the royal government. d. a fiscal system increasingly ineffective at keeping up with the cost of government. e. a highly centralized monarchy and a disaffected aristocracy with no power. E 474 4 , A Applying 32. What forced Charles I to summon a new parliament, after he had ruled without one for eleven years? a. an invasion force from Scotland b. a shortage of tax funds, which made ruling c. a peasant revolt that demanded the reinstatement of Parliament d. Parliament’s renewed interest in fighting the Scots e. an Irish rebellion A 474 4 , B, 1 33. In response to Charles I’s arrest of parliamentary leaders, the English Parliament: a. refused to meet to agree to let Charles raises taxes. b. voted to raise taxes to muster an army for itself. c. met, but refused to pass legislation that allowed Charles to raise taxes. d. was dissolved. e. withdrew to Scotland. B 475 4 , B, 1 34. Oliver Cromwell rose to power in England as: a. a well-known Puritan preacher. b. the parliamentary leader of the opposition to King Charles I. c. the leader of a Presbyterian alliance between the Scots and the English. d. the leader of the parliamentary army. e. the king’s military commander against the parliamentary forces. D 476 4 , C 35. Charles I’s death sent shockwaves through Europe because: a. he was killed by Cromwell in a particularly brutal way. b. he was assassinated after he had surrendered to the parliamentary army. c. it was the first time a reigning king had been legally tried and executed for treason by his subjects. d. it was the first time a reigning king had been killed by his subjects. e. he was killed by his own forces. C 476 4 , B, 2 Applying 36. Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate was a: a. dictatorship. d. plutocracy. b. democracy. e. meritocracy. c. monarchy. A 477 4 , C Applying 37. The agreement by which Charles II became king of England: a. weakened the power of Parliament. b. strengthened the power of Parliament. c. strengthened Puritan influence in England. d. strengthened Presbyterian influence in England. e. strengthened Catholic influence in England. B 477 4 , D, 1 Applying 38. The English Cil War affected English colonies in the New World by: a. taxing them healy to support the parliamentary army. b. increasing their populations dramatically with English refugees from the Cil War. c. allowing them a large degree of independence by ignoring them. d. bankrupting them because the Cil War disrupted the transportation of goods between the colonies and England. e. taxing them healy to support the royal army. C 477 1 , E, 1 39. A primary theme of artistic production between 1550 and 1650 was: a. the glory of the Roman Empire. d. Arthurian legends. b. the glory of God and his saints. e. uncertainties about the Atlantic world. c. the impossibility of love. E 479 5 40. The doubt and uncertainty caused by the discovery and European colonization in the New World were expressed in Europe by all of these EXCEPT: a. the witch craze. b. the production of plays that raised questions about relative morality like Shakespeare’s The Tempest. c. the increasing prevalence of the idea that no political or religious system was flawless. d. a Europe-wide movement of rebels who refused to recognize any state authority. e. increasing exploration of political theories of absolutism. D s 478–479 | s 481–482 5 Applying 41. Jean Bodin’s Six Books of the Commonwealth was the first fully developed statement of: a. republicanism. d. religious toleration. b. absolutist sovereignty. e. theocratic government. c. dine right of kings. B 482 5 , C, 1, a 42. In the theory of absolutism found in Thomas Hobbes’s Leathan, people give up liberties to the sovereign state which, in turn is obligated to: a. protect people’s property. b. preserve people’s lives. c. aggressively expand the state. d. protect the religious liberty of all people. e. ensure equality within the state. B 482 5 , C, 1, b 43. The medium most likely to help shape public opinion in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries was; a. books. d. broadsheets. b. sermons. e. gossip. c. plays. C 482 5 , D Applying 44. The Elizabethan author of Doctor Faustus was: a. William Shakespeare. d. Ben Jonson. b. John Milton. e. Guy Fawkes c. Christopher Marlowe. C 482 5 , D, 1 45. The sixteenth-century writer who portrayed lower-class people in a very favorable light was: a. Ben Jonson. d. William Shakespeare. b. Christopher Marlowe. e. Miguel de Cervantes. c. John Milton. A 482 5 , D Applying 46. Shakespeare’s plays feature all of these themes EXCEPT: a. England’s medieval past. b. the problems of identity, honor, and love. c. the meaning of human existence. d. the abuse of power. e. the perfection of the Catholic faith. E 483 5 , D, 2 Applying 47. Baroque style is known for its: a. simple and sparsely detailed style. b. elaborate and highly detailed style. c. dramatic and sparsely detailed style. d. emphasis on the lower class as a subject. e. emphasis on the natural world. B 484 5 , E 48. The architect of the Baroque noted for his Hellenistic-inspired style was: a. El Greco. d. Caravaggio. b. Tintoretto. e. Michelangelo. c. Bernini. C 484 5 , E, 2 49. Art in the Golden Age was sometimes used as a form of political critique as seen in Pieter Bruegel’s piece entitled: a. The Massacre of the Innocents. d. The Harvesters. b. Peasant Wedding. e. The Horror of War. c. The Maids of Honor. A 485 5 , F, 1 50. The uncertainty and crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries over time produced: a. weaker states in which regional differences dominated. b. more strongly centralized states. c. a new kind of governance in Europe, dominated by independent city-states. d. more democratic forms of government. e. less independence in the colonies. B 489 3 I TRUE/FALSE 1. Many agricultural commodities moved successfully from one ecosystem to another in the early modern Columbian exchange. T 457 1 II, B NOT: Many foods moved across the Atlantic Ocean so successfully that they became ingredients in iconic national dishes when they were not native to the area or even to the continent. 2. Encomiendas were large tracts of land entrusted to elite of Spanish descent in the colonies of New Spain. F 458 1 II, C, 1 NOT: Encomiendas were sometimes held by Spanish elite, but also sometimes by Aztec or Inca elites. For instance, the daughters of the Aztec emperor Montezuma were given encomiendas. 3. The slave trade was a venture carried forward by a few unscrupulous men. F s 459–460 2 II, E, 1 NOT: Almost all branches of the European economy were closely linked to the slave trade. The slave trade was critical to the creation of wealth in early modern Europe. 4. The mortality rate for new slaves was around 60 percent. T s 460–461 2 II, E, 1, a NOT: Although the mortality rate of slaves on the long, brutal Atlantic crossing was perhaps only 10 percent, the six-month forced march to the coast of Angola killed approximately 36 percent of newly captured slaves and another 12 percent would die in prison on the coast awaiting transport. Combined with the high mortality rate of new slaves once they reached the American colonies, the mortality rate of new slaves, within two years of capture, was as high as 60 percent. 5. The “price revolution” was driven by a huge influx of silver from the New World and a declining population in Europe. F s 461–462 4 III, A, 1, b NOT: The "price revolution" was driven by a huge influx of silver from the New World and a growing population in Europe. 6. The “price revolution” forced many peasants to become unfree laborers in American colonies. T 463 2 III, A, 1, c Applying NOT: Many peasants in Europe were forced off their land by their debt burdens and became indentured servants who worked in the fields and homes of the American colonies. 7. Once the seven northern pronces of the Netherlands became independent, they became wholly Lutheran. F 465 3 III, C, 1 NOT: In 1609, the seven northern pronces became the independent Dutch Republic and were wholly Calnist. People in the Netherlands had adopted Calnism which had spread from France. 8. Intermarriage between natives and Africans was quite common in the New World, as were Native/English marriages, though African/English marriages were banned. F 468 1 III, E NOT: Marriages between English colonists and native people were extremely uncommon. 9. As a result of the actions of its king during the Thirty Years’ War, Sweden became one of Europe’s great powers. T 471 3 IV, B, 1 NOT: Sweden's king, Gustavus Adolphus, was an expert tactician, and his army became the best-trained and best-equipped army of the era. Before his death in 1632, Gustavus had used his army to conquer so much territory that Sweden rivaled Spain and Russia in size and prestige. 10. Unlike Spain, which was able to feed itself, France had to import most of its food. F 472 3 IV, C, 1, b NOT: Spain had to import food, while France benefited from excellent agricultural areas. 11. Whereas the French tended to colonize North America along the Atlantic coastline, the English founded forts and colonies in the interior. F 472 1 V, A NOT: It was the English who colonized the coastlines of the Atlantic, while the French set out to dominate the interior of the continent. 12. The Petition of Right declared all taxes not voted upon by Parliament to be the property of the Church to stop the revenues from benefiting the king. F 474 4 , B, 1 NOT: The petition declared all taxes not voted upon by Parliament to be illegal. 13. During the English Cil War, the parliamentary forces consisted mainly of small landholders and artisans, while the nobility supported the king. T 475 4 , B, 1 NOT: The royalist supporters were known as the Cavaliers, a reference to their noble status, while the parliamentary forces were called Roundheads because some of these forces cut their hair short out of contempt for the then fashionable style of wearing curls. 14. Roughly half of those accused of witchcraft in the early seventeenth century were men. F 481 4 , A NOT: Tens of thousands of accused witches were executed, the vast majority of whom were women. 15. The work of Jean Bodin and Thomas Hobbes are early examples of the discipline of political science. T 482 5 , C, 1, a NOT: Although Bodin and Hobbes reflect different political philosophies, both ground their work in empirical observations and analyses of the political and social events of the time. This emphasis on empirical knowledge rather than theoretical argument makes them early examples of the new discipline of political science. 16. Bruegel, Rubens, and Rembrandt were painters with similar styles who explored the topics of man’s wretchedness and greatness to the fullest. F s 485–487 5 , F Applying NOT: They were artists who had very different styles but who shared a love of these themes. 1. What were the effects of the Columbian Exchange? 2. What were the effects of the Price Revolution on Europe? 3. How did the Thirty Years’ War illustrate the complexities of religion and statehood? 4. What factors led to the decline of Spain? 5. How did the policies of Cardinal Richelieu help to strengthen French power? 6. How did England transform itself into a limited monarchy? 7. Compare and contrast the various European national approaches to colonization in the Americas. 8. How did fears of witchcraft reflect the concerns of early modern society? 9. How did cil and religious wars shape the philosophy of the period? 10. How did the events of early modern Europe impact early modern literature and art? CHAPTER 15: European Monarchies and Absolutism, 1660–1725 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Louis XIV asserted his authority over the Marquis of Canillac and other nobles who acted independently by: a. trying and concting them in courts of law. b. capturing and imprisoning them. c. killing them. d. insisting that their presence was perpetually needed in Paris. e. declaring war against them. A 491 1 I 2. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, absolutism was a political theory that: a. encouraged rulers to turn over control of their governments to Parliament. b. allowed rulers to govern by dine right and according to their own will. c. discouraged military and economic competition among European states. d. built on the democratic ideals of early Renaissance republics. e. allowed countries, regardless of their form of government, to assume authority over its citizens. B 492 1 I Applying 3. The theory of absolutism became popular in the seventeenth century in response to: a. public distrust of the constitutional monarchy in England. b. the desire of the lower classes to be responsible directly to the king rather than to local lords. c. a desire for order after the chaos and war of the preous century. d. public distrust of the republican governance in the Dutch Republic. e. growing public concern about brigands and criminals that required a strong centralized government to control. C 492 1 I 4. Absolute monarchs developed all of the following institutions to enhance their power EXCEPT: a. armies. d. representative legislative bodies. b. systems to collect taxes. e. customs controls. c. systems of collecting tariffs on trade. D 492 1 I 5. Which European government developed into an autocracy in the early modern period? a. England d. Russia b. France e. Austria c. Sweden D 492 1 I 6. To achieve the goal of absolutist rule, _________ was an absolute necessity. a. a groundswell of popular support from the peasants b. a well-oiled propaganda machine c. a court school dedicated to teaching absolutist theory d. the support of every noble in the realm e. a strong, centralized, loyal bureaucracy E 493 1 II, A Understanding 7. The most important opponents of royal absolutism were: a. churchmen. d. merchants. b. peasants. e. soldiers. c. nobles. C 493 1 II, B, 1 8. Louis XIV used the palace of Versailles to: a. demonstrate the grandeur of his rule and to control the French nobility. b. create touring artistic exhibitions that would benefit all Frenchmen. c. withdraw from public life and spend time with close friends and family. d. practice military tactics and train France’s elite fighting force. e. create a place that all French people would feel comfortable siting. A 493 | 496 1 III, A Applying 9. Louis XIV endeavored to control potential rebellions among the noble class by: a. maintaining garrisons in the lands of all potentially subversive nobles. b. arresting any noble suspected of fomenting revolt. c. insisting that all nobles spend part of the year with Louis at Versailles. d. hang spies infiltrate the households of powerful nobles. e. according the nobles of France their traditional rights. C 496 1 III, A Applying 10. The court culture at Versailles was ordered by: a. a general desire to please the king. b. incredibly detailed rules of etiquette. c. the daily rhythm of Catholic canonical hours. d. the whim of the king. e. the king’s love of hunting. B 496 1 III, A 11. Louis XIV recruited members of the _________ to work as royal intendants. a. educated peasant class d. bourgeoisie b. nobility e. clergy c. military D 497 1 III, B 12. The government of France under Louis XIV would be best described as: a. highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king. b. highly decentralized: Louis appointed able people and left them to do their jobs. c. chaotic, with no clear lines of authority or responsibility. d. uneven, as every government official simply tried to do what he thought the king wanted. e. a constitutional monarchy, with a system of checks and balances between the different branches. A s 497–498 1 III, B Applying 13. In general, the religious policies of Louis XIV aimed to: a. grant religious toleration to the Arsonists and Quietists. b. grant religious toleration to all French people. c. impose religious unity upon all French people. d. suppress the work of Catholic Jesuits. e. prode some rights to Protestants ling in France. C 499 1 III, C 14. Louis XIV persecuted some Catholic sects in France because some, like the: a. Jesuits, challenged absolutism in university settings. b. Romanists, looked to Rome, rather than Paris, for political guidance. c. Gallicans, desired an independent French church. d. Quietists and Jansenists, diminished the role of priests as mediators of the faith. e. Huguenots, challenged Catholic doctrine. D 499 1 III, C Applying 15. The royal finance minister who increased revenues in France during the reign of Louis XIV was: a. Cardinal Richelieu. d. John Locke. b. Jean-Baptiste Colbert. e. François Marie Arouet. c. Cornelius Jansen. B 499 1 III, D 16. Louis XIV’s finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, was a confirmed mercantilist who believed that France’s wealth would increase if it: a. only traded with its colonies. b. adopted policies that encouraged free trade. c. closed its borders to trade. d. reduced its exports and increased its imports. e. reduced its imports and increased its exports. E 499 2 III, D 17. The wars of Louis XIV: a. were fought to eradicate the Huguenots and Jansenists. b. allowed Louis to construct his palace at Versailles. c. led to the defeat of Spain in the War of the Spanish Succession. d. were an enormous drain on the treasury of France. e. were enormously successful and extended French power throughout Europe. D 499 1 III, D Applying 18. Under the reign of Louis XIV, French colonies dominated the: a. slave trade. d. rum trade. b. tobacco trade. e. firearms trade. c. sugar trade. C 499 1 III, E 19. The most profitable French colonies were located in: a. the Caribbean. d. India. b. North America. e. islands off the coast of Southern Africa. c. West Africa. A s 499–500 1 III, E Applying 20. Slaves working on sugar plantations in the French Caribbean accounted for the livelihoods of approximately _________ of the French population. a. 1/10th d. 1/50th b. 1/25th e. 1/60th c. 1/30th B 501 1 III, E 21. In England, Charles II triggered a crisis not unlike that produced by his father’s rule when he: a. reformed court life to match Puritan sensibilities. b. began modeling his kingship on the absolutism of Louis XIV. c. established a family and produced several heirs to the throne. d. created the Whig Party and used it to increase his influence in Parliament. e. disbanded Parliament and ruled absolutely. B 502 3 IV, A, 1, a 22. The popular name for those who opposed Charles II’s move toward absolutism was: a. Tories. d. Whigs. b. Dissenters. e. Unionists. c. Quietists. D 502 3 IV, A, 1, a 23. James II of England angered his critics and set off a national crisis when he: a. and his second wife, Mary of Modena, had a son: a Catholic heir to the throne. b. banned Roman Catholics from all political offices. c. formed an alliance with William and Mary of Holland. d. publicly converted to Catholicism after becoming king and advanced the Catholic cause. e. took the army to Ireland to put down a Catholic rebellion. A 502 3 IV, A, 1, b 24. The Act of Toleration of 1689 granted: a. Jews the right to worship freely in England. b. English citizens the right to peacefully oppose parliamentary policies. c. English citizens the right to peacefully oppose the king’s policies. d. Catholics the right to worship freely in England. e. Protestant dissenters the right to worship freely in England. E 502 3 IV, A, 2 25. During the Glorious Revolution, olence broke out to protest: a. James II’s support of Catholicism. b. James II’s moves toward absolutist government. c. James II’s support of Catholicism and his absolutist policies. d. James II’s secret alliance with France. e. James II’s cowardice in fleeing to France after the invasion of William of Orange. C 503 3 IV, A, 2, a Applying 26. England’s Glorious Revolution created the necessary climate to increase the power of the: a. king. d. peasant farmers. b. lower class and wage laborers. e. clerics of the Anglican Church. c. commercial classes. C 503 3 IV, A, 2, a 27. In his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argued that: a. no group of people has the right to dissolve cil society. b. wealth should be distributed equally among all members of society. c. kings should rule society absolutely, as fathers rule households. d. legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual. e. the theory upholding the absolute, dine right of kings was unassailable. D 504 3 IV, B, 1 Understanding 28. The governmental system used by the United Pronces in the Netherlands throughout the seventeenth century was a(n): a. absolutist monarchy. d. republic. b. limited monarchy. e. constitutional democracy. c. oligarchy. D s 504–505 3 IV, C 29. The real political authority in the Dutch Republic lay with: a. the stadtholder. d. Calnist consistories. b. powerful merchants. e. the governments of independent towns. c. powerful aristocrats. B 505 3 IV, C 30. The new diplomatic goal that emerged in western and central Europe in the mid-seventeenth century was: a. balance of power politics. b. resolng disputes through diplomacy, not war. c. promoting religious tolerance across western and central Europe. d. creating a free trade zone across western and central Europe. e. becoming as isolationist as possible. A 506 4 V Applying 31. The War of the Spanish Succession broke out when: a. William of Orange’s daughter succeeded to the Spanish throne. b. the Austrian king, Leopold I, succeeded to the Spanish throne. c. Louis XIV’s grandson succeeded to the Spanish throne. d. the named heir of the Spanish throne, Philip V, renounced his claim. e. Leopold I’s nephew succeeded to the Spanish throne. C 506 4 V, A 32. The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) altered the balance of power in Europe by: a. ging France desirable British territory in North America and the income from those colonies. b. increasing the power of Spain beyond that of France and Great Britain. c. placing France and Spain under the same ruler. d. making Holland the dominant sea power in the New World. e. ging Great Britain trading rights and desirable French territory in the New World. E 507 4 V, B Applying 33. The outcomes of the War of the Spanish Succession made clear that military dominance in Europe lay with the: a. French Army. d. English Army. b. French Navy. e. Spanish Navy. c. English Navy C 507 4 V, B 34. The balance of power in central and eastern Europe was reshaped at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries because of the loss of power of: a. Prussia. d. France. b. Austria. e. the Ottoman empire. c. Russia. E 507 4 , A, 1 Applying 35. Absolutism was for the Habsburgs to achieve in the Holy Roman Empire because: a. the Habsburgs produced a series of ill and weakened monarchs in the seventeenth century. b. a powerful middle-class resistance to absolutism emerged in the Holy Roman Empire. c. controlling the Austrian colonies abroad took all the military power the Habsburg had, so they could not fulfill their ambitions of absolutism in the Holy Roman Empire. d. the Holy Roman Empire was made up of many indidual states that ruled in their own interests. e. the Austrian Hapsburgs were not able to harness propaganda to their advantage enough to connce the nobles of the Holy Roman Empire to accept absolutist rule. D 508 4 , A Applying 36. Ottoman power in southeastern Europe declined rapidly after the Ottom a. failed to capture the Habsburg capital of enna. b. failed to conquer Poland. c. lost control of Crete and Rhodes. d. failed to conquer Russia. e. lost their naval dominance on the Black Sea. A 509 4 , A, 1 37. After the collapse of the Ottoman empire, Austria’s main rival in central Europe was: a. Russia. d. Venice. b. Saxony. e. Brandenburg-Prussia. c. Bavaria. E 509 4 , B 38. Frederick William I made Prussia strong by: a. emphasizing religious toleration. b. scoring ctories against the armies of Louis XIV. c. exerting prudent financial leadership and building a large army. d. establishing a lash palace in Berlin and constructing a “theater” of absolutism. e. allying himself with, and receing military aid from, Great Britain. C 509 4 , B Applying 39. In general, the centralization of state power in eastern Europe came at the expense of the: a. autonomy of the Church. d. freedom of peasants. b. political autonomy of the free cities. e. political power of the aristocracy. c. power of merchants to avoid taxation. D 510 4 Applying 40. Peter the Great’s authority to rule Russia was threatened during the early part of his reign by: a. a peasant rebellion. b. an attempt to depose him and place his half sister on the throne. c. an assassination attempt. d. questions about his paternity. e. a long childhood illness. B 511 1 , A, 1 Applying 41. In general, the policies of Peter the Great of Russia included: a. the introduction of Western ideas and customs. b. reducing the tax burden on the peasantry, so that they could be more productive. c. abolishing serfdom and ging the freed serfs land. d. rebuilding the power of the Duma, Russia’s national assembly. e. invading the Ottoman empire to secure Constantinople as a Russian port. A 511 | 513 4 , A, 2, a Applying 42. The Russian Table of Ranks reordered the class system in Russia to be, from lowest to highest: a. military, administrative, landlord. d. administrative, landlord, military. b. administrative, military, landlord. e. landlord, military, administrative. c. landlord, administrative, military. C 513 4 , A, 2, b 43. The purpose of reorganizing class structure in Russia by creating the Table of Ranks was to: a. encourage competition among Russian nobles. b. take away the traditional rights of the landholding aristocracy. c. break the traditional hold of the administrative class on Russian bureaucracy. d. emphasize the importance of holding land for Russian nobles. e. strengthen the war machine in Russia by luring nobles into military serce. E 513 4 , A, 2, b Applying 44. Russian peasants were: a. politically free. b. legally the property of their landlords. c. quite well off in terms of general European standards of ling in the eighteenth century. d. free to pursue nonagricultural economic ventures. e. able to vote as a class in the Russian Duma. B 513 4 , A, 2 45. The goal of Peter the Great’s foreign policy was to: a. annex Prussia. d. open up a land route to Asia. b. secure year-round ports for Russia. e. conquer the Ottoman empire. c. secure territories in the New World. B 513 4 , A, 3 46. Under the reign of Peter the Great, Russian colonization efforts were directed toward: a. the Indian subcontinent. d. Central Asia. b. Southeast Asia. e. Central America. c. the Middle East. D 514 1 , A, 3, a 47. After securing a foothold on the Gulf of Finland, Peter the Great built a capital there named: a. Riga. d. Moscow. b. Tallinn. e. Saint Petersburg. c. Omsk. E 515 1 , A, 3, b 48. Peter the Great’s ctory against Sweden in the Great Northern War resulted in Russian ports on the: a. Black Sea, which facilitated a lucrative silk trade. b. North Sea, which facilitated a lucrative fur trade. c. Baltic Sea, which facilitated a lucrative grain trade. d. Caspian Sea, which facilitated a lucrative salt trade. e. White Sea, which facilitated a lucrative, fish trade. C 515 4 , A, 3, b 49. The balance of power in eastern Europe was realigned in 1721 with the Peace of: a. Livonia. d. Estonia. b. Nystad. e. Versailles. c. Utrecht. B 515 4 , A, 3 50. The newly efficient taxation systems in many European realms of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries paid for many expenses, but by far the most expensive expenditure made by states was: a. war. d. infrastructure renewal. b. patronage of the arts. e. construction of royal residences. c. public building programs. A 515 1 I Applying TRUE/FALSE 1. In the late seventeenth century, European wars almost always had a colonial aspect. T 492 4 I Applying NOT: Rivalry to control trade often led to wars between colonial powers that occupied European states and their colonies. 2. The absolute monarchs ruled only with the consent of their nobles and people. T 492 1 I NOT: When serious opposition occurred, the absolutists always had to back down. 3. French intendants usually served in the region in which they were born. F s 497–498 1 III, B NOT: To ensure that loyalty to the state and not local loyalties prevailed, intendants most often served outside the region where they were born. 4. The Estates-General in France never met during the reign of Louis XIV. T 498 1 III, B NOT: The French representative assembly did not meet at all between 1614 and 1789. 5. While Louis XIV persecuted Huguenots in his realm mercilessly, all Catholics enjoyed similar rights and freedoms. F 499 1 III, C Applying NOT: Louis did persecute Huguenots in France, but he also attacked some sects of Catholicism, particularly the Quietists and Jansenists whose philosophies challenged the traditional hierarchy of the Catholic Church. 6. In spite of Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s efforts, Louis XIV left France’s finances in ruins. T 499 1 III, D Applying NOT: Louis XIV pursued expensive wars without paying the slightest heed to how much money was in the state coffers. By the end of his reign, France's finances had been shattered by the unsustainable costs of his wars. 7. French colonies in North America were largely self-sustaining. F s 500–501 1 III, E NOT: North American French colonies were always dependent on France to prode wages and supplies to the outposts, which were conceived more as military outpost and trade centers than as settlements. 8. All governments in Europe strove to be absolutist over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. F 501 2 IV Applying NOT: In this period, various nonabsolutist models of government existed throughout Europe, including in Venice, Poland-Lithuania, the Dutch Republic, and England. 9. “Tories” was a nickname for the supporters of King Charles II. T 502 3 IV, A, 1, a NOT: Tories, named after a popular nickname for Irish Catholic bandits, supported King Charles II, while the Whigs were his opponents. 10. The Glorious Revolution occurred completely without bloodshed. F 503 3 IV, A, 2 NOT: Contrary to popular perception, olence did break out during the accession of William and Mary of Orange to the English throne. olence between Catholics and Protestants and between Whigs and Tories erupted in many places in England, Scotland, and Ireland during the Glorious Revolution. 11. Unlike many places in Europe during the seventeenth century, there was a high degree of religious tolerance in the Dutch Republic. T 505 3 IV, C Applying NOT: During the seventeenth century the Dutch Republic was home to Jews, Huguenots, Quakers, and other Protestant dissenters and dissidents, along with Catholics and Calnists. The toleration of the Dutch Republic was not limitless, however: Jewish people were forbidden from joining guilds, and there were always tensions between the Catholics and the Calnists. 12. The League of Augsburg united Holland, England, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, the Rhine, the Palatinate, and the Austrian Habsburgs against Louis XIV. T 505 4 V NOT: It was organized by William of Orange in response to the threat of Louis's wars of conquest. 13. The “Junkers” were a group of enserfed peasants in Prussia. F 509 4 , B NOT: Junkers were powerful nobles in Prussia. 14. The Rurik dynasty ruled Russia after the death of Ivan the Terrible. F 510 1 , A, 3 NOT: It was the Romanov dynasty. 15. The degree of social mobility in all absolutist states was extremely low. F s 497–498 | 513 1 III, B | , A, 2, b Applying NOT: In Russia, the Table of the Ranks encouraged a high degree of social mobility based on merit. In France, there was less possibility of social mobility, but Louis XIV's use of the upper bourgeoisie as a recruiting ground for his intendants and administrators meant some people could gain power and noble status in serce to the king. 1. How did absolute monarchs overcome the obstacles of the Church and the nobility? 2. What was the role of theater and image in the success of absolutism? 3. How did the French colonies assist Louis XIV’s absolutist project? 4. What were the effects of the Glorious Revolution on English society and government? 5. What was the role of nature in Locke’s ideal government? 6. How were changes in the government structure of the Dutch government related to changes in Dutch power? 7. What was the role of the Treaty of Utrecht in redefining the balance of power? 8. What was the role of the army in the formation of the Prussian state? 9. In what ways can it be said that Peter the Great made Russia a great power? 10. What was the role of the peasant in Russian society and government? CHAPTER 16: The New Science of the Seventeenth Century MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. “Science” entails all of the following EXCEPT: a. a body of knowledge. b. a community of practitioners. c. a system of inquiry. d. institutions to support the practitioners. e. an adoption of a secular rather than religious worldew. E 520 1 I Understanding 2. Although logic and geometry had played a role in the medieval worldew, _________ would assume a much more central role in the “New Science.” a. semantics d. mathematics b. optics e. theology c. the dialectic D 521 1 II Applying 3. The _________ argued that nature was the way in which God revealed himself to humanity. a. humanists d. Baconists b. Neoplatonists e. Galileans c. Copernicans B 521 2 II 4. The dispersal of ancient texts by the humanists of the late Renaissance that served to encourage study and debate was facilitated by: a. new translations from the Islamic world. b. the discovery of the New World. c. the discovery in the late sixteenth century of the complete works of Plato. d. the removal of the works of Aristotle from the Index of Forbidden Works. e. the widespread use of the printing press. E s 522–523 2 II, A, 1 Understanding 5. Throughout the Middle Ages, the most important classical authorities on natural philosophy were _________ and _________. a. Plato; Aristotle d. Aristotle; Ptolemy b. Plato; Ptolemy e. Galen; Ptolemy c. Aristotle; Galen D 523 2 III, A 6. Copernicus’s work on the problem of the Ptolemaic system was commissioned by: a. the Polish royal family. b. Tycho Brahe’s observatory. c. the Roman Catholic Church. d. Galileo Galilei and the University of Padua. e. the tsar of Russia. C 523 4 III, B Applying 7. Europeans believed, generally, in the geocentric theory of the universe, even though this model was contradicted well over a thousand years before Copernicus by: a. Aristarchus. d. Aristotle. b. Ptolemy. e. Plato. c. Archimedes. A 523 4 II, B, 1 8. Nicholas Copernicus hesitated to publish his De Revolutionibus because: a. the implications of his theory of heliocentricity greatly troubled him. b. he feared a Lutheran reaction would produce social unrest in Poland. c. he had been ordered by the Inquisition not to express his theories in any form. d. he was a slow worker who was never satisfied with his writings. e. he was a methodical researcher who was always looking for more data. A 524 4 III, B Understanding 9. Copernicus calculated the earth to be _________miles from the sun. a. 6 million d. 90 million b. 16 million e. 160 million c. 60 million A 524 4 III, B 10. _________ made the first challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe. a. Isaac Newton d. Galileo Galilei b. Johannes Kepler e. Nicholas Copernicus c. Tycho Brahe E 524 4 III, A & B 11. Tycho Brahe differed from Copernicus in that: a. he openly opposed the Church. b. he believed theory, not observation, was the tool to unlock the secrets of the universe. c. he did not believe the earth orbited the sun. d. he had powerful patrons. e. his work was sponsored by the Church. C 524 4 IV Understanding 12. Which of the following best describes Johannes Kepler’s intellectual foundations? a. mysticism, astrology, and mathematics b. humanism, Augustinianism, and Cartesians c. Aristotelians, Cartesians, and mathematics d. mysticism, empiricism, and Augustinians e. mysticism, Cartesians, and Augustinians A 524 2 IV Understanding 13. Kepler believed _________ was God’s language. a. science d. music b. astronomy e. poetry c. mathematics C 524 1 IV 14. Johannes Kepler built on the work of his mentor, Tycho Brahe, to: a. discover the undreamed galaxy. b. become the first court astrologer to Christiana of Sweden. c. become the first court astronomer to the Holy Roman Emperor. d. correct two of Copernicus’s assumptions concerning planetary motion. e. correct Galileo’s first law of motion. D 524 3 IV Applying 15. _________ was the “new scientist” whose work laid the foundation for Sir Isaac Newton’s Law of Universal Gratation. a. Johannes Kepler d. Robert Boyle b. Johannes Muller e. Tycho Brahe c. Robert Hooke A 524 3 IV Understanding 16. The term heliocentric me a. god-centered. d. sun-centered. b. sky-centered. e. human-centered. c. gas-centered. D 520 4 V, A 17. Many Roman Catholic churchmen ewed the “New Science,” especially as typified by Copernican theory: a. as completely compatible with Church doctrine. b. with some skepticism but as being overall acceptable. c. as a valuable tool, as long as the scientists were Catholic. d. as a direct threat to Church doctrine. e. with great suspicion, even though they could find nothing specific that challenged Catholic doctrine. D 528 2 V Applying 18. In 1616, Galileo Galilei was urged by his supporters to stop promulgating Copernican ideas, when the Catholic Church: a. placed Copernicus’s work on the Index of Forbidden Books. b. threatened him with excommunication. c. inducted him into the Knights of Malta. d. named his good friend, Cardinal Barberini, as Pope Urban I. e. established the Vatican observatory under Jesuit control. A 528 4 V, C Applying 19. Galileo hoped for support from his friend Maffeo Barberini who became: a. the doge of Venice. d. the king of France. b. the head of the Medici family. e. the Holy Roman Emperor. c. pope. C 529 4 V 20. Galileo concluded that the Copernican hypothesis was correct after obserng: a. the rings of Saturn. d. the moons of Jupiter. b. the phases of the Moon. e. a comet. c. irregular, dark markings on Mars. D 526 4 V, A Understanding 21. Galileo Galilei was brought to trial by the Inquisition because he: a. failed to prove Copernican ideas to Cardinal Baronius. b. promoted Copernican ideas and had insulted his old patron, Cardinal Barberini, who was now Pope Urban I. c. refused to accept the truth of Christianity; he remained an avowed Muslim. d. made too good an impression on his Medici patrons. e. refused to publish the results of his observations refuting Copernicus. B s 529–530 4 V, C Applying 22. The trial of Galileo by the Inquisition resulted in all of the following EXCEPT: a. the cessation of his scientific work. b. the spread of a “new philosophy” based on Galileo’s work in northwest Europe. c. his imprisonment. d. his work being placed on the Index. e. a rift between religion and science that he had wanted to avoid. A 530 3 II, A Applying 23. One result of Galileo’s trial was that: a. the Church accepted his findings on mechanics but refused to accept Copernicanism. b. De Revolutionibus was removed from the Index of Forbidden Books. c. he left Italy for England and became a member of the Royal Society. d. the New Science flourished in northwest Europe. e. scientists in Italy publicly rallied to Galileo’s cause. D 530 3 V, D Understanding 24. The ew that progress in scientific knowledge requires the cooperative effort of experimentalists and researchers who would draw inferences and develop practical applications was made by Francis Bacon in his fable: a. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. b. The Discourse on Method. c. Novum Organum. d. The New Atlantis. e. Two New Sciences. D 533 5 , A, 2 Understanding 25. A method of reasoning that goes from the specific to the general was developed by: a. René Descartes. d. Blaise Pascal. b. Francis Bacon. e. Baruch Spinoza. c. Isaac Newton. B 534 5 , A, 1 Understanding 26. The bulk of the philosophy of René Descartes may be summed up by which statement? a. “But still, it moves!” b. “I think, therefore I am.” c. “Tell us how to go to heaven, not how heaven goes.” d. “I frame no hypotheses.” e. “Dare to think!” B 534 5 , B Understanding 27. The primary target of Descartes’s philosophical method was: a. Neoplatonism. d. existentialism. b. Catholicism. e. systematic doubt. c. skepticism. C 534 5 , B Applying 28. René Descartes believed he had proven the existence of God through his use of systematic doubt in his book: a. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. b. The Discourse on Method. c. Novum Organum. d. The New Atlantis. e. Two New Sciences. B s 534–535 5 , B, 1 Understanding 29. All of the following contributed greatly to the development of astronomy during the Scientific Revolution EXCEPT: a. Tycho Brahe. d. Galileo Galilei. b. Robert Boyle. e. Nicholas Copernicus. c. Johannes Kepler. B 534 3 IV & V Applying 30. The deductive method of inquiry was formulated by: a. René Descartes. d. Blaise Pascal. b. Francis Bacon. e. Baruch Spinoza. c. Isaac Newton. A 532 | 534 5 , B, 2 Understanding 31. All of the following can be said about mechanism EXCEPT: a. It was a ew of the universe shared by Descartes, Bacon, and Galileo. b. It considered nature as a machine. c. It rejected Aristotelian distinctions between the works of man and those of God. d. It taught that the works of nature were of a higher order than those of humans. e. It held that all motion was subject to the same laws. D 534 5 , B, 3 Understanding 32. Science undermined a belief in God through: a. the use of microscopes and telescopes, which revealed useless worlds far beyond the range of human senses, irrelevant to humanity, the supposed culmination of God’s Creation. b. mechanical philosophy, which eliminated a need for dine action in the universe. c. the revelation of the needless complexity of objects and systems, which seemed incompatible with the design of an intelligent Creator. d. an application of geometry and ethics to prove the single substance of the universe that was nature. e. There is no edence to suggest that scientific discoveries in the seventeenth century actually undermined religious faith. For many, these discoveries proded new edence of God’s existence. E 534 | 535 5 , C Applying 33. Which English natural philosopher discovered the cellular structure of plants? a. William Harvey d. Robert Hooke b. Isaac Newton e. Robert Boyle c. Edmund Halley D 534 3 , C 34. One of the founders of modern chemistry was the Englishman: a. William Harvey. d. Robert Boyle. b. Francis Bacon. e. John Locke. c. Robert Hooke. D 534 3 , C 35. Although René Descartes believed he had proven the existence of God, _________ believed he had proven that the universe was a single substance that was both God and nature. a. Christian Huygens d. Galileo Galilei b. Baruch Spinoza e. Isaac Newton c. Blaise Pascal B 534 1 , C Understanding 36. In European states, the New Science: a. was not discovered outside of Poland and Italy until the eighteenth century. b. was encouraged in England and other countries through the establishment of royal societies. c. triggered a rebirth of faith throughout the continent. d. was suppressed in all Catholic countries, especially in France. e. was privately welcomed but not supported by any national state. B 535 1 , C, 1 Applying 37. The new scientific societies did all of the following EXCEPT: a. gave natural philosophers a common sense of purpose. b. proded a system to reach agreement and establish “matters of fact.” c. separated scientific research from politics and religion. d. helped restore a sense of order and consensus in society. e. challenged the mystical basis of monarchical authority. E 535 1 , C, 1 Applying 38. The second national scholarly academy to be established by the reigning monarch was in: a. England. d. France. b. Scotland. e. Spain. c. Italy. D 537 1 , C, 1 39. The first woman to receive a doctorate degree in philosophy in Italy was: a. Maria Winkelmann. d. Maria Sibylla Merian. b. Margaret Cavendish. e. Laura Bassi. c. Elena Cornaro Piscopia. C 537 1 , C, 2 40. Although science during this period was primarily the domain of men, many women also made their mark, such as the astronomer Maria Winkelmann and the entomologist: a. Margaret Cavendish. d. Maria von Weber. b. Margaret Tudor. e. Elizabeth Stuart. c. Maria Sibylla Merian. C 538 3 , C, 2 41. One of the leading German astronomers of the seventeenth century was: a. Maria Winkelmann. d. Hildegard von Bingen. b. Gottfried Leibniz. e. Christian Huygens. c. Franz Kirch. A 538 3 , C, 2 Understanding 42. Although it was the norm with European academic societies to not admit women, one exception to this was: a. Maria Winkelmann. d. Margaret Cavendish. b. Elena Cornaro Piscopia. e. Laura Bassi. c. Maria Sibylla Merian. E 537 3 , C, 2 43. While many men and women wrote during the seventeenth century concerning the ability of women to fully participate in the scientific realm, none wrote quite so passionately as _________, who wrote of the “ ‘tyrannical government’ of men over women.” a. Maria Winkelmann d. Elena Cornaro Piscopia b. Margaret Cavendish e. Laura Bassi c. Maria Sibylla Merian B s 537–538 1 , C, 2 Understanding 44. As a leader of the “scientific revolution,” Isaac Newton was: a. an affable, public figure who enjoyed London society. b. a recluse who spent his time in Cambridge. c. a public figure who gave open lectures at Oxford. d. a recluse who spent his time at Oxford. e. a public figure who took an active role in the scientific community of the Continent. B 539 3 Understanding 45. Isaac Newton’s best-known work today was his research conducted on: a. light. d. refraction. b. graty. e. electricity. c. mathematics. B 539 3 Analyzing 46. Galileo had made improvements on the lens developed by the Dutch for use in telescopes, but some of the earliest work on the nature of how humans see was done by: a. Isaac Newton. d. John Locke. b. Christian Huygens. e. Dad Hume. c. Galileo Galilei. A 539 3 Applying 47. Sir Isaac Newton published Principia Mathematica to answer critiques of his theories coming primarily from: a. Robert Hooke. d. the Church. b. John Locke. e. Robert Boyle. c. Edmund Halley. A 540 3 Applying 48. One effect of the work of Isaac Newton was to: a. demonstrate the value of persistent, dogged work toward a single goal. b. show that even someone from a poor family could, with ability, rise to the heights of political life. c. show the value of religious belief when pursuing a career in science. d. demonstrate the ability of mathematics to explain the workings of the universe. e. show the value of meditation and prayer in solng the most persistent scientific problems. D 540 3 Applying 49. From the seventeenth century on, there existed a fundamental shift in the ew of the world by the Western world: to be considered “modern,” one now approached the world through: a. philosophy. d. science. b. mysticism. e. the humanities. c. religion. D 541 1 , A Understanding 50. Which of the following best describes Sir Isaac Newton’s attitude toward Christianity? a. Religion is nothing more than the “opiate of the masses.” b. All religions must be rejected because they are contrary to human reason. c. All worldly concerns must be rejected in order for the soul to be saved. d. Science and faith are compatible and mutually supporting. e. Christianity is a superstition that ought to be rejected when tested by science. D s 542–543 1 Applying TRUE/FALSE 1. The scientific revolution stood apart from other social, religious, and cultural transformations. F 520 1 II Understanding NOT: It was very much a part and product of these transformations and movements. 2. The “prime mover” was the force that put into place the motions of the celestial bodies and was interpreted as being the Christian God. T 523 2 III, A NOT: This united Aristotelian physics with Christian belief. 3. The “Ptolemaic system” was the first system to question whether planets moved in a circular path around a stationary earth. F 523 4 III, A Understanding NOT: It was the model on which the circular orbit theory centered. Copernicus was the first to challenge the belief. 4. Tycho Brahe’s greatest contribution to astronomy was his building of the first observatory on a small island granted to him by the Danish king. F 524 3 IV Understanding NOT: His accomplishment was a set of the finest astronomical data in Europe. 5. Galileo argued that one could not be both a sincere Copernican and a Catholic. F 528 4 V Understanding NOT: He saw no challenge to faith in his findings. 6. “Simplicio” (Simpleton) was a character in Galileo’s Dialogue who represented the new science. F 529 4 V, B NOT: Simplicio was a character who represented the supporters of the old Ptolemaic system. 7. Galileo’s work apparently had no support from within the Catholic Church. F s 528–530 4 V, C Applying NOT: He was at least opposed by the pope, the Inquisition, and the Dominicans. | Before being elected pope as Urban I, Barberini admired Galileo's work. 8. Galileo’s works were widely read and raised awareness of changes in natural philosophy across Europe. T 530 3 V, B Understanding NOT: Unlike Kepler's works, Galileo's were far more widely disseminated. 9. Galileo’s work was smuggled out of Italy and published in England. F 530 3 V, C NOT: It was published in Holland. 10. Descartes introduced a new method for understanding called deductive reasoning, which relied on proceeding logically from one certainty to another. T 534 5 , B, 2 Understanding NOT: This was the opposite of inductive reasoning proposed by Bacon. 11. Baruch Spinoza applied geometry to ethics and deduced that the universe was made of a single substance that was both God and nature in one. T 534 5 Understanding NOT: Taking Descartes's theories, Spinoza went farther to prove that science and God were not mutually exclusive. 12. While the French scholastic societies reserved science as “a gentlemanly pursuit,” English societies freely admitted women. F 535 1 , C, 1 Understanding NOT: Although no formal rules existed to allow such, women were excluded from most all societies; only Italy admitted women to any academy. 13. For Newton, science, if properly conducted, could always uncover the causes of phenomena. F 540 5 Understanding NOT: Newton realized the limits of science and asserted that it could describe natural phenomena but not always discover its causes. 14. Newton realized his work was groundbreaking, but he proved to be an egotistical recluse who did not credit his predecessors’ work in laying a foundation for his own, bringing upon himself the censure of his peers. F 540 3 Understanding NOT: Newton famously said his greatness was only due to the work of his predecessors: "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." 15. Science was slow to work its way into people’s understanding because it undermined religion, which was the foundation block of Western society. F 542 1 , A Applying NOT: Scientists believed that science did not necessarily undermine religion nor did it set out to do so. 1. What changes did the scientific revolution entail? 2. Was the scientific revolution a revolution? 3. What did the scientific revolution owe to the Middle Ages? 4. What impact did the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration have on the scientific revolution? 5. Why was Copernicus chosen by the Church as an astronomer, and how were his findings understood by the Church? 6. How did Kepler’s work differ from that of other astronomers? 7. Why were Galileo’s ideas considered so dangerous? 8. In what ways did Bacon and his followers aid the separation of scientific investigation from philosophical argument? 9. What was the role of women in the scientific revolution? 10. What were Newton’s contributions to the scientific revolution? CHAPTER 17: Europe during the Enlightenment MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Voltaire’s attitude toward injustice, fanaticism, and intolerance was solidified due to a murder case tried in 1762; the defendant in the case was: a. Jean Le Rond. d. Cesare Beccaria. b. François Arouet. e. Giovanni co. c. Jean Calas. C 547 2 I 2. The Enlightenment was tally concerned with each of the following EXCEPT the: a. danger of arbitrary and unchecked authority. b. value of religious toleration. c. overriding importance of law. d. importance of reason in all affairs. e. need to subordinate sensual pleasure to the disciplined, rational mind. E 548 2 I Applying 3. The genesis of the Enlightenment may be found in the: a. Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. b. Catholic Reformation of the seventeenth century. c. scientific revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. d. writings of Voltaire and Rousseau. e. art of the High Renaissance. C 551 2 II, C Applying 4. Although most Enlightenment thinkers did challenge certain central tenets of eighteenth-century culture and politics, a few held truly radical ews. Among this radical group was: a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. d. Maria Theresa. b. René Descartes. e. John Locke c. Edmund Burke. A 562 2 , A Understanding 5. A cornerstone of Enlightenment thinking was skepticism, as developed by the Scottish philosopher: a. Immanuel Kant. d. Dad Hume. b. Robert Hooke. e. John Cabot. c. Isaac Newton. D 551 2 II, C, 1 Applying 6. John Locke is best known today as a political philosopher, but in the eighteenth century he was better known for his studies of: a. thermodynamics. b. sociology. c. human knowledge. d. morals and ethics. e. medicine. C s 551–552 2 II, C, 3 Understanding 7. For the philosophers, an important implication of John Locke’s tabula rasa was: a. that all human beings are equal in natural and all other rights. b. its emphasis on political and economic liberalism. c. that private property was the foundation of all legitimate government. d. that enronment determines all social progress. e. that human beings were set in their behaor from birth. D 552 2 II, C, 3 Applying 8. The motto of the Enlightenment “Dare to know!” was coined by: a. Immanuel Kant. d. Dad Hume. b. Baron de Montesquieu. e. Voltaire. c. Isaac Newton. A 551 2 II, C, 2 9. The end that Enlightenment thinkers sought was summarized by Alexander Pope in his Essay on Man when he wrote, “the science of human nature [may be] like all other sciences reduced to: a. sound and fury signifying nothing.” d. a single equation.” b. a few clear points.” e. terms understandable to all.” c. theology.” B 552 2 II, C, 4 Understanding 10. A philosophe may be defined as an indidual who was a[n]: a. free thinker. d. member of the nobility. b. trained philosopher. e. philosopher by avocation. c. ordained cleric. A 553 2 III Understanding 11. The philosophes of the Enlightenment, as exemplified by Voltaire, particularly admired England because of: a. the deistic position taken by the Church of England. b. the literary genius of Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Fielding. c. its constitutional monarchy and policy of religious toleration. d. the continued success and expansion of its mercantile empire. e. the support by the Church of scholarly research at Oxford and Cambridge. C 553 2 III, A Applying 12. Although much admired in many segments of the population, Voltaire’s forthrightness kept him in trouble and even got him a short stay in prison in the: a. Fontainebleau. d. Louvre. b. Bastille. e. le Havre. c. Frontenac. B 553 2 III, A 13. The Enlightenment battle cry of “Écrasez l’infâme” best represents the ideas of: a. Denis Diderot. d. François Marie Arouet (Voltaire). b. Immanuel Kant. e. John Locke. c. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. D 554 2 III, A Understanding 14. In The Spirit of the Laws, Baron de Montesquieu argued: a. that all political institutions ought to conform to enronmental conditions. b. that Christianity was solely responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire. c. that the government that governs least governs best of all. d. in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government. e. in favor of a strong monarchy balanced by a strong nobility. D 554 2 III, B Understanding 15. One of the most remarkable publications of prerevolutionary France was Denis Diderot’s: a. The Spirit of the Laws. d. Encyclopedia. b. Philosophical Letters. e. Candide. c. Nathan the Wise. D 555 2 III, C Understanding 16. The life and career of Cesare Beccaria was dedicated to the idea that: a. the only legitimate rationale for punishment was to maintain the social order. b. the philosophes should become, following Plato, the rulers of the world. c. the philosophes were atheists and should be persecuted as heretics. d. human progress would result from a completely new scientific method. e. the laws ought to be reformed to protect middle-class private property. A 556 2 IV, B, 1 Understanding 17. Deism, the “religion” of the Enlightenment, expressed the belief that: a. there is no God. b. humankind is predestined to either heaven or hell. c. God created the universe, but no longer took any active interest in it. d. Catholicism had become too liberal and a return to true Christianity was needed. e. humankind can know God only through nature. C 556 2 IV, B Applying 18. Of the few Enlightenment thinkers who were atheists, the most famous was: a. Voltaire. d. Baron de Montesquieu. b. Moses Mendelssohn. e. Paul Henri d’Holbach. c. Gotthold Lessing. E 556 2 IV, B, 2 19. In general, the philosophes considered Judaism and Islam: a. as religions in need of rational reform. b. to be enlightened partners in human progress. c. superstitious and backward religions. d. the objects of necessary persecutions. e. the equal of Christianity as all were religions “of the Book.” C 556 2 IV, B Understanding 20. Although the majority of the philosophes held relatively disparaging ews of Judaism, _________, a German philosopher, was a notable exception. a. Felix Mendelssohn d. Immanuel Kant b. Gotthold Lessing e. Paul Henri d’Holbach c. Alexander von Humboldt B 556 2 IV, B, 3 21. _________ was a Jewish philosopher who argued that religion should be voluntary, that secular states should promote tolerance, and that progress for everyone would come through humanitarianism. a. Baruch Espinoza d. Alexander von Humboldt b. Moses Mendelssohn e. Felix Mendelssohn c. Nathan Lessing B 557 2 IV, B, 4 22. Unlike the French physiocrats who believed that the wealth of a nation came from the land and agricultural production, Adam Smith believed that the wealth of a nation came from its: a. gold and silver. d. trade. b. labor. e. slaves. c. natural resources. B 557 2 IV, B, 5 Understanding 23. The “insible hand” of Adam Smith’s theory could best guide economic actity because: a. state-owned manufacturing signified the wealth of a nation. b. it controlled middle-class entrepreneurs with legislative restrictions on trade. c. it made all mercantilist interests legitimate functions of government. d. all humans are rational and are the best judges of their own interests. e. Smith believed that economics was controlled by something beyond human understanding. D s 556–557 2 IV, C Applying 24. According to the Abbé Guillaume Thomas François Raynal, the one event that had a profound impact on Europeans was the: a. legal decision in the Calas case. d. fall of the Roman Empire. b. discovery of the New World. e. publication of Copernicus’s theory. c. trial of Galileo Galilei. B 558 4 V, A Applying 25. Which of the following statements best expresses the philosophes’ attitude toward slavery? a. Slavery corrupted its ctims, and so slaves were not ready for freedom. b. Slavery was compatible only with a society based on paternalism and deference. c. All slavery is inhuman, and governments ought to take steps to eradicate it immediately. d. Slavery was uneconomical and contrary to laissez-faire principles. e. Slavery was justified by ancient practice and by the Bible and should, therefore, be allowed everywhere Europeans ruled. A s 559–560 4 V, B Applying 26. One philosophe organization, founded by Warlle de Brissot, which called for the abolition of slavery was the: a. Association for the Advancement of Colored People. b. International League of Abolitionists. c. League for the Union of all Humanity. d. Society of Friends of Blacks. e. Society of the Friends of Slaves. D 560 4 V, B 27. Although the philosophes condemned slavery, they did not argue for its immediate abolition and used many different means of avoiding the issue. One of their number, _________, exposed the hypocrisy of this approach by wondering how the Europeans would ew slavery if they themselves were being enslaved. a. Baron de Montesquieu d. Jean Calas b. Denis Diderot e. Moses Mendelssohn c. Voltaire C 559 4 V, B 28. The South Pacific region was explored extensively by both the French and the English. The French explorer, Louis-Antoine de Bougainlle, searched the South Pacific in search of a new route to China. He was soon followed by the English explorer: a. Robert Boyle. d. James Cook. b. Robert Hooke. e. John Cabot. c. James Calle. D 561 4 V, C, 2 29. The South Pacific island of Tahiti was first discovered for the Europeans by: a. James Cook. d. Alexander von Humboldt. b. Louis-Antoine de Bougainlle. e. Sydney Parkinson. c. Ferdinand Magellan. B 561 4 V, C, 1 30. Closely following voyages of discovery, many Enlightenment thinkers such as Denis Diderot believed that the Tahitians best represented humanity: a. as Europeans ought to attempt to emulate. b. in its natural state. c. in its degenerate state. d. as innocent yet corrupted by Europeans. e. as corrupt but possible to be saved through conversion to Christianity. B 561 4 V, C Understanding 31. Although much exploration was carried out by the French and the English, people from many other nations participated in the exploration of the New World. One of these, _________, was hailed by Charles Darwin as “the greatest scientific traveler who ever lived.” a. Moses Mendelssohn d. Gotthold Lessing b. Paul Henri d’Holbach e. Alexander von Humboldt c. Immanuel Kant E 561 4 V, C, 3 32. Although not well understood when first published in the eighteenth century, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s book, _________, would become very influential during the French Revolution later in the same century. a. The Social Contract d. La Nouvelle Helios b. Julie e. Meditations on a First Philosophy c. Emile A 564 2 , A, 1 Understanding 33. According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, freedom meant: a. the worst corruption of the “social contract.” b. equal citizens obeying the laws they had made themselves. c. the total absence of any restraints within a society. d. the ability of human beings to think on their own. e. hang nothing left to lose. B 564 2 , A, 1 Understanding 34. In his novel Emile, Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that: a. children are by nature good and are equal in their capacity to learn. b. children should be taught to use reason very early in life. c. women ought to have the same education as men. d. the state should be responsible for creating an elaborate system of public education. e. children are selfish by nature and need to be restrained and taught by rote. A 565 2 , A, 2 Applying 35. Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s somewhat conflicting ews of female nature illustrate: a. the shifting meaning of “nature” by the middle of the eighteenth century. b. his belief that women have the same natural rights as men. c. the idea that men and women should receive an identical education. d. the general ew that women were little more than creatures of lust and passion. e. that intellectuals of the eighteenth century had y admitting they thought women inferior. A 565 2 , A Applying 36. Which of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s books sold especially well among women? a. Julie d. Sense and Sensibility b. Emile e. Meditations on a First Philosophy c. The Social Contract A s 565–566 2 , A, 3 37. In her ndication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that: a. republicanism was an ill-conceived idea dedicated to the olent disruption of society. b. there was no such thing as a natural dision of labor in any human society. c. women were deserng of the protection of men since they were the weaker sex. d. rtue ought to mean different things to men and women. e. all men and women share a common humanity. E s 566–568 2 , B 38. Mary Wollstonecraft believed that equality laid the basis for rtue and thus argued that society ought to seek “the perfection of our nature and capability of: a. order.” d. happiness.” b. affection.” e. peace.” c. redemption.” D 566 2 , B, 2 Understanding 39. With the rise in literacy and the book business in the eighteenth century, censorship was: a. surprisingly nonexistent. b. institutional throughout Europe. c. uneven in its implementation. d. left to the Roman Catholic Church. e. applied only to books for children. C 568 3 , A, 2 Applying 40. The eighteenth-century Enlightenment produced an elite or high culture that was typified by: a. inclusiveness. d. its cosmopolitan nature. b. exclusiveness. e. its narrowness of interests. c. its parochial nature. D 569 3 , B, 1 Applying 41. The general culture that developed from the eighteenth-century Enlightenment was: a. artistic. d. nationalistic. b. focused exclusively on science. e. literary. c. anti-intellectual. E s 569–570 3 Applying 42. The philosophes of the eighteenth century used people’s houses in which to meet and converse on a more informal basis than that proded by the royal academies. These informal meetings were known as: a. salons. d. teahouses. b. lodges. e. coffeehouses. c. aeries. A 569 3 , B, 2 Understanding 43. The eighteenth century saw the birth of a new literary genre, the novel, and the growing acceptance of women as authors. The most famous woman from this period, as recognized today, was the English novelist: a. George Eliot. d. Jane Austen. b. George Sand. e. Mary Ann Evans. c. Moll Flanders. D 571 3 , C Applying 44. Although the majority of people possessed few books, at most a Bible and one or two other religious works, it appears now that literacy rates were much higher than had preously been believed, perhaps as high as _________ percent for men and _________ percent for women in European urban centers. a. 85; 60 d. 40; 20 b. 70; 30 e. 20; 10 c. 55; 25 A 571 3 , D Understanding 45. Even with the literacy rate that Europe enjoyed, formal schooling remained an unattained goal. For example, by the end of the eighteenth century in Russia, only _________ out of a population of 40 million had attended any kind of school. a. 12,000 d. 42,000 b. 22,000 e. 62,000 c. 32,000 B 571 3 , D Understanding 46. Catherine the Great’s effort to codify Russian Law along enlightened models was abandoned after: a. the Russian nobility threatened to revolt. b. her husband, Peter III, was assassinated. c. the Ottomans suddenly invaded. d. a massive peasant revolt intervened. e. Catherine herself decided to pursue enlightened reforms through the more efficient means of royal decree. D 574 3 I, A, 4 Understanding 47. All of the following describe attitudes or policies of Frederick the Great EXCEPT: a. started the most professional and efficient bureaucracy in Europe. b. opposed to capital punishment and judicial torture. c. encouraged religious tolerations of Jews. d. dependent on a foreign policy of diplomacy in the serce of maintaining peace with his neighbors. e. dedicated to agricultural innovation and improvement. D s 573–574 3 I, A, 3 Applying 48. Poland suffered repeated losses of its territory to which countries? a. Lithuania, Russia, Hungary b. Hungary, Prussia, Austria c. Ottoman Empire, Denmark, Prussia d. Russia, Denmark, Austria e. Russia, Austria, Prussia E s 574–575 3 I, A Understanding 49. In the war against its American colonists, Britain found itself opposed also by: a. France and Russia. d. Russia, France, and Spain. b. France and Spain. e. France, Spain, and the Netherlands. c. the Netherlands and Spain. E s 576–577 3 I, B Understanding 50. Which of the following rulers did not attempt at least some enlightened reforms inspired by the philosophes? a. Maria-Theresa d. Louis XV b. Catherine the Great e. Frederick the Great c. Joseph II D 573 | 575 5 I, A Understanding TRUE/FALSE 1. Of all thinkers from the scientific revolution, John Locke had the widest-ranging impact on Enlightenment scholars. T s 551–552 2 II, C, 3 Applying NOT: His works on human knowledge became the basis for a discussion of human rights and the goodness of humanity. 2. Tabula rasa means “human mind.” F 552 2 II, C, 3 Understanding NOT: It means "blank slate," which is the state of the human mind at birth, according to John Locke. 3. Voltaire’s reputation stemmed not from his philosophy, but from his effectiveness as an advocate. T 548 2 III, A Understanding NOT: He was able to reach a wide audience and promote the Enlightenment project. 4. Unlike the writers of the scientific revolution, the Enlightenment writers wrote for large audiences. T 548 | s 570–571 1 Applying NOT: Using plays, essays, letters, and novels, the thinkers of the Enlightenment tried to reach as many people of all classes as possible. 5. The Dictionnaire was the greatest achievement of the philosophes, bringing an understanding of language and its history to the common people. F 555 2 III, C NOT: It was the Encyclopedia that was their greatest achievement in cataloging knowledge. 6. The Enlightenment was not only a western European trend in thinking, it was also found in central and southern Europe. T 552 | s 572–575 3 IV Understanding NOT: Prussia and even Russia promoted and sheltered Enlightenment thinkers. 7. Due to the high regard the philosophes such as Voltaire had for England, English became the language of the Enlightenment. F 552 4 IV Understanding NOT: It was French, due to the large number of French writers. 8. According to Lessing, religion is authentic or true only insofar as it makes the believer rtuous. T 557 2 IV, C Understanding NOT: This was illustrated by his play Nathan the Wise (1779). 9. Laissez-faire economics originated in the writings of the Scottish economist Adam Smith who argued against state monopolies and for the encouragement of indidual interests in the economy. F 557 2 IV, C Understanding NOT: Although his work, The Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, puts forth an argument for an "insible hand" to guide the economy instead of state interference, the idea originated with the physiocrats. 10. Captain Cook was killed by cannibals in New Zealand, adding to the ferocity of the Western image of the Maori. F 561 4 V, C, 2 NOT: He was killed in Hawaii while attempting to negotiate with a few natives to return with him to Europe. 11. Rousseau argued that men and women should receive the same education to enable them to be and create good citizens. F 568 2 , A Understanding NOT: Rousseau believed woman's education should be relative to the pleasure of men. 12. The first daily newspaper was printed in London. T 568 3 , A, 1 NOT: It was made relatively more expensive by the stamp tax, but by 1780 almost forty cities in Britain had their own newspapers. 13. Among the fastest growing group of readers in the eighteenth century was the female middle class. T 570 3 , C Understanding NOT: The rise of salons and the availability of books made it possible for more women to learn to read. 14. Literacy rates were highest in the country where industry was slower and communities were closer to enable education and the borrowing of books. F 571 3 , D Understanding NOT: Literacy was higher in the cities. 15. France entered into war with Britain on behalf of the American colonies following the battles at Lexington and Concord. F 576 3 I, B Understanding NOT: France entered the war three years later, in 1778, after the Battle of Saratoga. 1. What was the Enlightenment, and what role did the scientific revolution play in its creation? 2. What was the impact of John Locke’s theories on the thinkers of the Enlightenment? 3. What impact did the Enlightenment have on government in the eighteenth century? 4. How did the writers and thinkers of the Enlightenment deal with the topic of slavery? 5. What was the impact of the exploration of the Pacific world on Europe? 6. Define Rousseau’s argument for legitimate authority. 7. How did Mary Wollstonecraft challenge the position of women in the Enlightenment? 8. What was the effect of print culture on the eighteenth century? 9. What new “learned societies” were formed in the eighteenth century, and what was their role in Enlightenment society and government? 10. How did the Enlightenment affect the lower classes of Europe? CHAPTER 18: The French Revolution MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. For many people, the event that is the epitome of the French Revolution, which occurred on July 14, 1789, was: a. the storming of the Bastille. b. the expulsion of all foreign armies from French soil. c. the Declaration of the Rights of Man. d. the abdication of Louis X. e. the execution of Louis X. A 581 1 II, C, 1 2. “French Revolution” refers to: a. a complex series of events from 1789 to 1799. b. the series of French upheavals between 1789 and 1871. c. the events that took place from 1789 to 1815. d. the radical changes Napoleon made in the French legal system after 1800. e. the three stages of rebellion in France in 1789, 1830, and 1848. A 583 1 II Understanding 3. The wars Napoleon waged to build his empire may be ewed: a. as textbook examples of how to win wars with very little loss of life. b. as a patchwork of defeats from which Napoleon managed to ultimately emerge ctorious. c. as an example of the idea of “total war.” d. in a manner similar to how Americans ewed their own Revolutionary War. e. as a senseless waste of life since Napoleon continually lost his battles. C 583 1 III, C Understanding 4. French society in the eighteenth century was influenced by a new, emerging group composed of: a. the aristocracy and merchants. b. clergy, merchants, and the aristocracy. c. officeholders, merchants, philosophes, and the clergy. d. officeholders, professionals, merchants, and the aristocracy. e. the aristocracy, merchants, and professionals. D 583 1 II, A, 2 Understanding 5. The authors state that “ideas did not cause the revolution,” but they did: a. play a critical role in articulating grievances by the French people. b. allow people to vent their problems and thus forestall the revolution for decades. c. give the peasantry a voice in the electing of delegates to the Estates-General. d. cause the philosophes to gain the upper hand in negotiations in the Estates-General. e. cause Louis X to be connced by the arguments made by the Third Estate for reform. A 584 1 II, A, 3 6. By the time of the French Revolution, the line between noble and non-noble was quite blurred due to many families purchasing their titles. A good example of this change in the aristocracy is the family of the maverick noble: a. Baron de Montesquieu. d. Comte de Mirabeau. b. Marquis de Lafayette. e. Baron Louis du Bourbon. c. scount Louis de Capet. D 588 1 II, B Understanding 7. Those who urged the French government to reform its economic policies were known as the: a. economists. d. mercantilists. b. physiocrats. e. Second Estate. c. philosophes. B 585 1 II, A, 4 8. Peasants in prerevolutionary France paid a disproportionate share of the taxes, such as the corvée and the tithe to the Church, but the most onerous of these was the tax on: a. wine. d. truffles. b. wheat. e. meat. c. salt. C 585 1 II, A, 4 9. The French financial system was brought to the brink of collapse because of Louis X’s support of: a. his many mistresses and their large, extended families. b. a free market economy urged by his finance minister and based on Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations. c. the English colonists in North America in their war of independence from Great Britain. d. the parlements in their struggle for power against the central, national government. e. Genevan financiers. C 585 1 II, A, 4 Understanding 10. Louis X wanted to better the lot of the French people by enacting reforms. Unfortunately, his plans were not completely successful. The improvements that he failed to enact included all of the following EXCEPT: a. abolishing torture. b. revamping the administrative system. c. shifting the tax burden from the poor to the rich. d. restructuring the tax system. e. strengthening the system of regional parlements. E 586 1 II, A, 5 11. The lists of grievances drawn up by the delegates of the three Estates were called the: a. Cahiers de Doléances. d. Levée en masse. b. Enrages. e. Sans-culottes. c. Assignats. A 587 2 II, B, 1 12. In 1789, Louis X called a meeting of the Estates-General, which had not met since 1614, because: a. Marie Antoinette wanted to throw a ball for the entire country to attend. b. France faced severe economic hardship and financial chaos. c. he decided to democratize France and believed a popular legislature was needed. d. a surplus in the country’s treasury needed to be disbursed equitably. e. he needed a vote of the assembly to authorize supporting the United States in its revolution. B 587 1 II, B Understanding 13. The meeting of the Estates-General was radicalized from the beginning because of the positions taken by the members of the Third Estate and also because of the published popular ews of _________, a member of the First Estate. a. Comte de Mirabeau d. Abbé Emmanuel Sieyès b. Marquis de Lafayette e. scount Louis de Capet c. Baron de Montesquieu D s 587–588 2 II, B, 1 Understanding 14. The event that marked the beginning of the French Revolution was the: a. September Massacre. b. passage of the Constitution of 1791. c. Oath of the Tennis Court. d. drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. e. execution of Louis X. C 588 2 II, B, 2 15. When the Third Estate renamed itself the National Assembly and was locked out of the Estates-General meeting hall at Versailles, it and sympathetic members of the First and Second Estates met at another site at Versailles and swore what was known as the _________ not to separate until a constitution for France had been drafted. a. Hippocratic Oath d. Oath of the Gardens b. Oath of the Stables e. Oath of the Tennis Court c. Oath of Versailles E 588 2 II, B, 2 16. The “October Days” of 1789 were caused by: a. the disbanding of the Jacobin political clubs by the National Assembly. b. the king’s triumphal return to Paris from Versailles at the head of his subjects. c. a continuing economic crisis sparked by the price of bread. d. fears of an aristocratic counterrevolution in the pronces. e. the invasion of France by Austrian and Prussian armies. C 588 1 II, C, 1 Understanding 17. The most notable action of the “October Days” in 1789 was the: a. march on Versailles by the women of Paris. b. revolt of the army, which caused the king to abdicate. c. seizure of power by Napoleon Bonaparte. d. publication of the French National Constitution. e. abdication of the king in favor of his son. A 588 2 II, C, 1 Understanding 18. The Fall of the Bastille, the “Great Fear,” and the “October Days” were all important because they: a. precipitated war with various European nations, but primarily Austria. b. signaled the shift from the stage of the revolution to the radical. c. were all popular uprisings initiated by the Jacobins during the summer of 1789. d. reflected the depth of discontent on the part of the French people in 1789. e. led directly to the declaration of the French Republic. D 588 2 II, C, 1 Applying 19. On August 4, 1789, the French National Assembly: a. broke with the past completely by abolishing the last remnants of feudalism. b. abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. c. urged the people of Paris to march on the king at Versailles. d. declared the French Revolution to be successfully completed. e. outlawed slavery throughout French lands. A 589 2 II, C 20. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen: a. was never accepted by Louis X and thus never went into effect. b. was renounced two years later in favor of the Constitution of 1791. c. gave equal political and social rights to all men and women. d. was a moral document specifying the natural rights of human beings. e. was written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and formed the basis for the French Revolution. D 589 2 II, C, 1 Understanding 21. Olympe de Gouges is best known as the: a. author of Frankenstein. b. writer of pamphlets advancing the rights of women. c. author of the pamphlet, What Is the Third Estate? d. assassin of Jean-Paul Marat. e. only female member of the Estates-General. B 590 2 II, C, 2 Understanding 22. A declaration by some European states in 1791 that restoring the rights of the French monarchy was a matter of “common interest to all sovereigns of Europe” led to the: a. National Assembly’s declaration of war against Austria and Prussia. b. September Massacres. c. Continental System. d. creation of the Committee of Public Safety. e. declaration of war against France by all the countries of Europe. A 594 3 II, D, 1 Understanding 23. In the book Reflections on the Revolution in France, the English author _________ reversed his position on revolutions, after hang supported the American revolutionaries the decade before. a. William Pitt d. Arthur Wellesley b. Frederick, Lord North e. William Godwin c. Edmund Burke C 594 3 II, D, 1 Understanding 24. The summer of 1792 was when: a. the Paris Commune was abolished by the National Assembly. b. the French Revolution entered the radical stage of its history. c. Louis X was executed by the National Assembly as a common criminal. d. French forces defeated the allied armies of Prussia and Austria. e. the Directory seized control of France and ended the “Terror.” B s 595–596 3 II, D Applying 25. In the French revolutionary calendar, September 22, 1792, marked the: a. execution of Louis X. d. Festival of Reason. b. birth of the republic. e. end of the “Terror.” c. trial of Louis X. B 597 3 II, D, 3 Understanding 26. Who was a member of the French Committee of Public Safety? a. Thomas Paine b. Charlotte Corday c. Samuel Adams d. Georges Danton e. Paul La Fayette D 597 3 II, D, 3, a 27. In general, it can be stated that Maximilien Robespierre was: a. entirely responsible for originating the idea of the “Terror.” b. a fervent disciple of Rousseau’s concept of “the general will.” c. a selfish, bloodthirsty madman. d. never a member of the National Convention. e. a minor character in the revolution who fought against the “Terror.” B 598 3 II, D, 4, a Understanding 28. Jean Paul Marat was an early leader of the revolution and editor of the popular news sheet: a. Common Sense. d. The Friend of the People. b. Le monde. e. The Secrets of the Revolution. c. Révolution dans le révolution? D 598 3 II, D, 4, a 29. Of the “Terror,” it can be stated that: a. all of those executed were concted before a revolutionary tribunal and a jury of their peers. b. more than 500,000 people were executed. c. the majority of its ctims were peasants and laborers. d. only members of the royal family were executed during the “Terror.” e. it was mostly the creation of the enemies of the revolution as fewer than one thousand people died. C 598 3 II, D, 4, b Understanding 30. In the second stage of the French Revolution, the Terror, the vast majority of those executed were members of the: a. aristocracy. d. foreign diplomatic corps. b. clergy. e. bourgeoisie. c. peasantry. C 598 3 IV, D, 2 Understanding 31. The radical stage of the French Revolution was destructive for many reasons; among these reasons was the weakening of all of the following traditional institutions EXCEPT the: a. Church. d. family. b. guild. e. army. c. parish. E 599 3 II, D, 4 Applying 32. When the Committee of Public Safety fell from power in 1794, it was replaced by a more group known as the: a. Commissariat. d. Directory. b. Jacobins. e. Girondins. c. Mountain. D 599 3 II, E 33. The Eighteenth Brumaire is important because it: a. was the day that Napoleon was declared a “temporary consul.” b. was the day that Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself king. c. represented the ctory of the Directory over the National Convention. d. abolished the French republic. e. was the day the First Republic was declared. A 600 4 II, E Understanding 34. Although the French government had been ruled by one committee or another since the revolution began in 1789, this came to an end in 1799 when Napoleon Bonaparte assumed the title of: a. caesar. d. kaiser. b. temporary consul. e. first consul. c. emperor. E 600 4 III, A 35. In 1798, the French under Napoleon Bonaparte’s command attempted to defeat the British by attacking: a. its Egyptian and Near Eastern colonies. b. its North American colonies. c. the British Isles. d. its Indian colonies. e. its Chinese colony of Hong Kong. A 600 4 II, E Understanding 36. Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the establishment of _________ in every major town to train government officials. a. enrages d. academies b. lycées e. collèges c. assignats B 604 4 III, B, 2 37. The Concordat of 1801: a. returned authority over all matters concerning the Catholic Church to the pope. b. was an intensification of principles established by the Cil Constitution of the Clergy. c. renewed the hostilities between the French state and the Catholic Church. d. returned all Church lands appropriated by the revolution. e. did not revoke the principle of religious freedom established by the revolution. E 604 4 III, B, 3 38. Napoleon’s foreign minister who continued to serve the monarchy after the restoration was: a. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. d. Georges Danton. b. François Marie Arouet. e. Louis Antoine St. Just. c. Baron de Montesquieu. A 604 4 III, B, 3 39. The changes Napoleon made in French society gave rise to a new elite composed of all of the following EXCEPT: a. bankers. d. businessmen. b. merchants. e. affluent artisans. c. landowners. E 604 4 III, B, 3 Understanding 40. The French policy in Italy, referred to by the Italians as “liberty and requisitions,” concerned: a. allowing the local people to rule themselves. b. requiring locals to support the French military and to serve in the army. c. the Roman Catholic Church and the French control over all priests in Italy. d. allowing the Roman Catholic Church to regain control over church affairs. e. exempting locals from serng in the French army, but levying a special tax to support the army. B s 606–607 4 III, C Understanding 41. The economic system created by Napoleon Bonaparte to starve British trade was known as the: a. Napoleonic System. d. European System. b. Continental System. e. French System. c. Anti-English Union. B 607 4 III, C, 1 42. The naval battle in 1805 between the French and British naval forces was won by: a. Admiral Francisco Goya. d. Comte de Mirabeau. b. scount Arthur Wellesley. e. ce Admiral Maximilien Robespierre. c. Admiral Horatio Nelson. C 607 4 III, D 43. The Russian campaign of 1812 was marked by minor fighting until the Russians made a stand just outside Moscow at: a. Jaffa. d. Borodino. b. Pushkin. e. Saint Petersburg. c. Wagram. D 609 4 III, D, 2 44. The battle that broke French naval power in the Mediterranean was fought at: a. Abukar. d. Leipzig. b. Wagram. e. Borodino. c. Trafalgar. C 608 4 III, D 45. The war fought in Spain was significant because it: a. proved once and for all the inncibility of Napoleon’s battlefield tactics. b. indicated that Napoleon could be defeated on the battlefield. c. finally allowed Spain and Portugal to be reunified into a single country. d. was the means to forge the Fourth Coalition to finally defeat Napoleon. e. showed the superiority of French rifles and artillery over that of the Spanish. B 608 4 III, D, 2 Understanding 46. At the Battle of the Nations, fought near Leipzig: a. Russia surrendered to Napoleon’s armies. b. Napoleon won his greatest ctory against the Fourth Coalition. c. Napoleon surrendered and was sent to Waterloo in exile. d. Britain defeated the French army. e. the allies dealt the French a resounding defeat. E 609 4 III, D Understanding 47. Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated for the last time in Belgium at the battle of: a. Waterloo. d. Leipzig. b. Arnheim. e. Amiens. c. Liège. A 610 4 III, D 48. The leader of the Haitian Revolution, who did not live to see independence, was: a. Toussaint L’Ouverture. d. François Babeuf. b. Jean-Jacques Dessalines. e. ncent Ogé. c. Marie-Louis Gouze. A 613 5 III, D, 3, b 49. The Haitian Revolution was important because it: a. served as a training ground for Napoleon’s armies. b. showed that Napoleon had a liberal/philosophical side and a military side. c. anticipated the more stage of the French Revolution to come. d. carried on the French monarchy in its fight against the revolution. e. was the only successful slave revolt in history. E 613 5 III, D, 3, c Applying 50. One of the most important legacies of the French Revolution was the new term: a. “nation.” d. “assembly.” b. “citizen.” e. “comrade.” c. “patriotism.” A 615 2 IV Understanding TRUE/FALSE 1. England was the most densely populated country in Europe by the close of the eighteenth century. F 582 1 I NOT: France was the most populated, holding one-fifth of Europe's population. 2. After the defeat of Napoleon, the Bourbon family was restored to the throne, though briefly. T 583 4 III, C, 2 NOT: It was the Bourbon family. 3. French society was legally dided into the Three Estates: an upper (First Estate), middle (Second Estate), and lower (Third Estate) class. F 583 1 II, A Understanding NOT: The Three Estates corresponded to the clergy, the aristocracy, and everyone else. 4. By order of the king, the Estates-General was replaced by the National Assembly, which asserted the right to remake government in the name of the people. T 588 1 II, B, 1 Applying NOT: The king ordered all delegates of the Estates-General to join the National Assembly. 5. The Cil Constitution of the Clergy demanded the clergy serve France, rather than Rome. T 591 2 II, C, 3 Applying NOT: The new law forced all bishops and priests to swear allegiance to the state. The goal was to make the Catholic Church of France a national institution, free from interference from Rome. 6. Louis X was condemned to death not by a unanimous vote, but by a very narrow margin in the convention. T 596 3 II, D, 3 NOT: Not all were in favor of a olent end to the monarchy. 7. The September Massacres only killed seven prisoners, five of whom were petty criminals and two who were mentally incompetent. F 596 3 II, D, 3 Understanding NOT: The Bastille held these seven prisoners. The massacres killed over 1,000 people. 8. Most ctims of the “Reign of Terror” were aristocrats, nobility, or wealthy merchants and artisans. F 598 3 II, D, 4, b Understanding NOT: Most ctims were peasants or laborers accused of hoarding or treason. 9. In 1799, Napoleon assumed the title Pater Patriae and governed in the name of the republic. F 601 4 III, A Understanding NOT: He assumed the title of first consul. 10. According to the Napoleonic Code, fathers could imprison their children without cause. T 601 | 604 4 III, B, 1 Understanding NOT: Authority was the chief aim of the law code. 11. In December 1804, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I in Notre Dame in Paris. T 604 4 III, B NOT: It was a ceremony that evoked medieval kingship and Bourbon absolutism. 12. One of the most important discoveries made in Napoleon’s excursion to Egypt was the Rosetta Stone. T 605 4 III, C, 1 Understanding NOT: This stone unlocked the language of hieroglyphics. 13. Napoleon was interested in rebuilding and beautifying his own country, and ordered work to be undertaken to restore the ruins of Rome and to make the Prado Palace in Madrid into a museum. T 605 4 III, C, 1 Understanding NOT: Napoleon was obsessed with ancient and medieval power and images of prestige. 14. When fighting the Russians in Moscow, Napoleon torched the city, leang no place for the Russians to shelter. F 609 4 III, D, 2 NOT: The Russians burned the city to deprive Napoleon's troops of any shelter. 15. The Haitian slave rebellion broke out when the National Assembly in Paris refused to seat a delegation from Saint-Domingue. T 612 5 III, D, 3, a Understanding NOT: Free people of color sent a delegation to Paris asking to be seated, underscoring that they were men of property and, in many cases, of European ancestry. The assembly refused. 1. Why is it inaccurate to ew the causes of the French Revolution as a struggle between the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy? What were the reasons for the revolution? 2. How did the popular uprisings from 1789 to 1792 shape royal policy? 3. Who were included or excluded in the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and what does this reveal about French society on the eve of revolution? 4. What factors account for the rising levels of olence and radicalism in the French Revolution? 5. How did the Convention differ in its purpose from the First Revolution? 6. What was the impact of the Second French Revolution (1792–1794) on French society? 7. In what ways did Napoleon’s state mark the transition from absolute government to the modern state? 8. Why was the formation of a law code important to Napoleon, and how did his differ from preous attempts to establish a national law? 9. Why were Napoleon’s armies so successful? 10. What worldwide effects did the Haitian Revolution have? CHAPTER 19: The Industrial Revolution and Nineteenth-Century Society MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which statement best describes the Industrial Revolution? a. It was centrally planned in Europe and developed evenly across the continent. b. It took place with amazing speed throughout Europe within the course of a single generation. c. Steam engines were very quickly adopted in the chemical, textile, and iron industries. d. It was largely a planned event, building on centuries of technological accomplishments. e. It was unplanned and affected different industries in different countries at different rates of speed. E 618 1 I Understanding 2. One of the most important preconditions of industrialization that was best established in Great Britain was: a. an extensive system of paved highways maintained by the government. b. a small urban population. c. its widespread railway system wholly owned by the government. d. a commercialized system of agriculture. e. a small rural population. D 619 1 II Understanding 3. One explanation for Britain’s lead in the Industrial Revolution was that: a. the majority of its entrepreneurs were from the aristocracy. b. the government subsidized all rural industry. c. the pursuit of wealth was perceived as a worthy goal in life. d. Oxford and Cambridge produced a surplus of engineers. e. Britain had been untouched by the Napoleonic Wars. C s 619–621 1 II Understanding 4. Great Britain’s small size in the early stages of industrialization: a. encouraged the development of a well-integrated domestic market. b. severely hampered the development of a market economy. c. aided in the establishment of foreign business monopolies in Great Britain. d. caused Great Britain to lag behind continental Europe in developing industry. e. allowed foreign investors to take over most English heavy industry. A 620 1 II Understanding 5. There were many inventions that improved textile manufacturing in the 1700s, but the first of these was the “flying shuttle,” which was invented by: a. Samuel Compton. d. James Watt. b. James Hargreaves. e. Matthew Boulton. c. John Kay. C 621 2 II, A 6. Which pairing is correct? a. Matthew Boulton—spinning jenny d. George Stephenson—flying shuttle b. Richard Arkwright—water frame e. Richard Corey—cotton gin c. James Hargreaves—steam engine B 621 2 II, A 7. Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the cotton gin: a. had little effect on the process of cotton textile manufacture. b. produced sixteen threads at once. c. combined the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame. d. mechanically separated the seeds from the cotton fibers. e. did the work of fifteen men. D 621 2 II, A Understanding 8. The rapid expansion of the textile industry in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had at least one unintended consequence: a revolution in: a. marketing. d. shipping. b. clothing. e. canal building. c. shopping. B 622 4 II, A Understanding 9. What did the British poet William Blake describe as “these dark satanic mills?” a. linen factories d. textile mills b. railroad terminals e. shipyards c. grain mills D 622 3 II, A Understanding 10. The British government, concerned with working conditions in the early 1800s, held a series of hearings and upon learning of conditions that existed in British factories: a. immediately passed a set of labor laws that greatly improved the working conditions and wages of workers in 1830. b. expressed sympathy but declared that because of British regulations protecting free market capitalism, nothing could be done. c. suggested that workers organize themselves and appeal to the Church of England for relief. d. realized the controversial nature of any move to regulate labor, but nevertheless passed several pieces of legislation to prohibit hiring children under the age of nine and to limit the hours worked by those under the age of eighteen. e. passed the Reform Bill of 1832, which extended the franchise to all males and most women; the new Parliament elected outlawed child labor and set a minimum, livable wage. D 622 3 II Understanding 11. The mining industry in England expanded rapidly with industrialization due to the increased demand for: a. steel. d. coal. b. iron. e. copper. c. coke. D 622 1 II, B Understanding 12. One of the developments that hastened the Industrial Revolution was the steam engine, originally developed to remove water from mines by: a. Thomas Newcomen. d. James Watt. b. James Hargreaves. e. John Kay. c. Matthew Boulton. A s 622–623 2 II, B, 1 13. The development of the steam engine decisively transformed the nineteenth-century world. _________ was one of its many applications. a. Mining pumps d. Automobiles b. Railroad locomotives e. Electrical generators c. Factory looms B 623 2 II, B, 2 14. The British “naves” were: a. feminists who argued for “equal pay for equal work.” b. the construction workers who built the railways. c. sailors of Her Majesty’s navy serng in India. d. the construction workers who built factories throughout the British empire. e. natives who worked for British companies in the colonies. B 624 3 II, B, 2 15. Even with the interconnectedness of industry, wherein an improvement in one area led to improvements in other areas, there was one dual foundation on which the rest was built; that foundation was: a. steel and iron. d. capital and land. b. wheat and potatoes. e. corn and land. c. steam and speed. C 625 3 II, B, 1 Understanding 16. A central difference in the development of industrialization in Great Britain and the United States on the one hand and continental Europe on the other was the involvement of: a. private companies in Europe and the exclusive involvement of government in Great Britain. b. the Roman Catholic Church to the exclusion of government and private companies in Europe. c. government through subsidies, incentives, and direct development in Europe. d. foreign investors only in Great Britain and a mix of foreign and national investors in Europe. e. the peasantry who moved to the urban centers and proded the needed labor on the Continent. C s 627–628 2 III Applying 17. The Crédit Mobilier, founded in 1852, was: a. a society created to monitor the price of European coal. b. responsible for importing British textile technology to Europe. c. the first credit union to be founded in the world. d. the name given to a trade union of ironworkers. e. one of the first joint-stock investment banks. E 628 2 III Understanding 18. Continental Europe lagged behind Great Britain in industrializing due primarily to: a. a lack of natural resources and capital to finance factories. b. the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. c. an inexplicable decline in the birthrate throughout Europe. d. a lack of interest in mong from the countryside to cities. e. a change in climate that prompted massive immigration from Europe. B 628 2 III Applying 19. The nineteenth-century banking revolution was accompanied by scandal; the greatest of the banks involved was the Péreire brothers’ bank, the: a. Belgian Société Générale. d. Crédit Mobilier. b. Austrian Creditanstalt. e. Crédit Agricole. c. Banque de Paris. D 628 2 III 20. The domination of the world by European industry was, in general, a result of: a. the use of military force and financial agreements. b. the Protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism. c. patented improvements in the iron industry. d. the abolition of the European peasantry through enclosure. e. the patents held by Europeans for the machinery needed to industrialize. A 629 4 III, B Understanding 21. Most of the labor force in Russia was made up of _________, who remained bound to the land and did not profit from their labor until 1861. a. serfs d. women b. children e. men c. peasants A 629 2 III, A Understanding 22. Great Britain began to lose its lead in the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the nineteenth century due to new industries being developed by other countries, such as: a. explosives and iron. d. iron and communications. b. chemical processes and energy. e. transportation and communications. c. transportation and energy. B 629 2 III, A Understanding 23. Fully one and a half centuries after industrialization began in Great Britain, the largest single occupational category was that of _________ workers. a. iron d. textile b. agricultural e. office c. railroad B 629 3 III, A Understanding 24. By the late nineteenth century, the core industrial countries of Europe included: a. Great Britain, France, and Greece. d. Great Britain, Germany, and Russia. b. France, Russia, and Italy. e. Germany, Italy, and Switzerland. c. Bulgaria, Russia, and Greece. E 629 2 III, A Understanding 25. The internal combustion engine was developed by: a. Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler. b. Henry Ford and Carl Benz. c. Edouard Michelin and James de Rothschild. d. Harvey Firestone and Edouard Michelin. e. Alfred Nobel and Andrew Ure. A 629 2 III, A 26. Direct communication between the United States and Europe was not possible until: a. 1825. d. 1883. b. 1848. e. 1900. c. 1865. C 629 2 III, A 27. By the mid-nineteenth century, the world economy had dided into two major groups: a. the producers of fine, luxury goods and those who produced ordinary consumer goods. b. those who produced manufactured goods and those who supplied the necessary raw materials. c. countries that proded the financing for industrialization and those who produced. d. wealthier countries and the rest of the world which the first group supported through grants. e. those who produced the goods and those who consumed them. B 631 3 III, B Understanding 28. The Great Famine of 1845–1849: a. took place during a period when the Irish population was naturally declining. b. affected only the Irish: it did not occur anywhere else in Europe. c. was responsible for the deaths of at least 1 million Irish. d. led to open class war between Irish peasants and their English landlords. e. rtually wiped out the Irish population, allowing the English to take over the country as a colony. C 634 4 IV, A, 2 Understanding 29. Farmers and agricultural workers in England in the 1820s burned barns and haystacks under the banner of their mythical leader, Captain Swing, to protest the: a. low prices they were receing on the commodity exchanges in Europe. b. importation of cheap wheat from the Far East, which destroyed the British wheat market. c. skyrocketing prices of land, which forced many of them to continue ling with their parents. d. introduction of threshing machines, a symbol of the new commercial agriculture. e. passage of new laws increasing the number of capital crimes. D 636 4 IV, A, 1 Understanding 30. One of the greatest obstacles to freely buying and selling land and the commercialization of agriculture in nineteenth-century Europe was: a. antiquated record keeping procedures present in most countries. b. the continued effects of serfdom. c. continuing warfare between France and the rest of Europe. d. the famine that swept across Europe from Ireland. e. the unwillingness of the aristocracy to part with their lands. B 636 4 IV, A, 3 Understanding 31. The rapid growth of European cities such as Manchester, Birmingham, and Essen was due to: a. their situation above large coal fields, which required large numbers of miners to extract. b. the growth of the textile industry, located as they were in the cotton-growing area of southern Europe. c. the expansion of the porcelain industry in the Netherlands and Belgium. d. the expansion of local cultural centers that drew performers and audiences from across Europe. e. the expansion of manufacturing and mining in the areas surrounding these places. E 637 4 IV, B Understanding 32. One consequence of the industrialization of Europe was its detrimental effect on the enronment. This was first noted in its effect on air quality, as typified by Coketown, the fictional city in the novel Hard Times by: a. Charles Dickens. d. ctor Hugo. b. George Eliot. e. George Sand. c. Honoré de Balzac. A 639 4 IV, B 33. The many enronmental changes caused by the Industrial Revolution included all of the following EXCEPT: a. air pollution caused by industries. b. water pollution caused by population increases in urban centers. c. air pollution caused by home heating with wood. d. water pollution caused by mining detritus. e. diminishing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. E s 639–640 4 IV, C Understanding 34. Working people had an advocate for their plight in the writings of: a. Honoré de Balzac. d. Guy de Maupassant. b. ctor Hugo. e. Walter Scott. c. George Sand. B 640 4 IV, D 35. In the nineteenth century, middle-class success stories were mostly a myth since: a. the nineteenth century remained very stagnant as far as social mobility was concerned. b. no one from the middle class ever broke through into the upper class; class distinctions were rigidly enforced by law. c. they were entirely the creation of the popular novelists of the day. d. Europe had, by that time, developed a truly classless society based on merit. e. those that occurred were from the middle class itself, the sons of well-off farmers or professionals. E 642 5 V Understanding 36. Samuel Smiles is best known for advancing the middle-class ethic of: a. the “angel in the house.” d. self-help. b. state intervention. e. the welfare state. c. “separate spheres.” D 642 5 V, A 37. Middle-class “respectability” required: a. hard work, character, and financial independence. b. an education at Oxford or Cambridge. c. a household containing at least five servants. d. owning one’s own business. e. a professional vocation. A 642 5 V, A Understanding 38. In nineteenth-century society, the “middle class” was unified by similar or common: a. income. d. values. b. material possessions. e. family ties. c. religion. D 642 5 V, A Understanding 39. The “angel in the house” referred to: a. any domestic servant. b. prostitutes who worked in the area of Parliament. c. middle-class women of ctorian England. d. a domestic servant who carried on an affair with the master of the house. e. a governess hired to care for the family’s children. C 643 5 V, B Understanding 40. The ctorian attitude toward gender roles is best summarized by the lines “Man for the field and woman for the hearth; man for the sword and she for the needle. . . . All else is confusion,” written by: a. Jane Austen. d. Alfred, Lord Tennyson. b. Charlotte Brontë. e. George Sand. c. Walter Scott. D 643 5 V, B 41. The French novelist _________ scandalized society by dressing like a man, smoking cigars, and writing about independent women who thwarted convention and unhappy marriages. a. George Eliot d. Charlotte Brontë b. Jane Austen e. George Sand c. George Hanover E 645 5 V, C 42. Queen ctoria of England ascended to the throne in 1837 and became one of the country’s most successful monarchs, in no small measure because she: a. met with her subjects regularly in very informal settings to find out what she could do to help them. b. embodied the traits important to the middle class, whose habits of mind we now call ctorian. c. waged a successful series of wars with rtually every nation in Europe to wipe out the last vestiges of Marxist thought. d. bowed to public pressure and reestablished Roman Catholicism as the state religion of Great Britain. e. returned to the principle of absolutism that had been abandoned by the British monarchy two centuries earlier. B 646 5 V, B Understanding 43. Many nineteenth-century doctors and scientists attributed women’s supposed moral superiority to their: a. advanced capacity for abstract thought. b. total lack of any ability for abstract thought. c. lack of sexual feeling, or passionlessness. d. ability to totally control their passions. e. concentrated attention to spouse and children. C 646 5 V, C Understanding 44. What determined the dision of the working class into subgroups? a. location of workplace d. skills, wages, and gender b. gender e. industry worked in c. skills and workplace D 647 4 V, E 45. The sexuality of working-class women was: a. conditioned by poverty and the absence of privacy. b. nearly identical to that of middle-class women. c. of no concern whatsoever to middle-class reformers. d. much stronger in the cities than in the countryside. e. much stronger in the countryside than in the cities. A 648 4 V, E, 1 Understanding 46. An average house in the United States today contains approximately 1,500 to 2,000 square feet. In Leeds, England, in the 1840s, an average house contained _________ square feet for an entire family. a. 150 d. 1,000 b. 500 e. 1,200 c. 750 A 648 4 V, E 47. Illegitimacy in preindustrial Europe was in the very low single digits but rose significantly—to 25 and 33 percent in some countries—following industrialization. A primary cause of this was: a. simply the increase in population: more people, more illegitimacy. b. a complete collapse of the moral code of Europeans. c. the degeneration of social controls present in llages but missing in urban centers. d. a shift in moral thinking which determined that more workers were needed regardless of parentage. e. a falling away from religion such that very few people were marrying anymore. C 649 4 V, E, 1 Applying 48. Children commonly worked from a very young age; in Britain more than 50,000 worked in: a. shipyards. d. domestic serce. b. textile plants. e. rail yards. c. mines. C 649 4 V, F, 1 Understanding 49. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, people of the nineteenth century ewed one another through the lens of: a. class. d. religion. b. wealth. e. national origin. c. birth. A 650 5 V, F Understanding 50. The Industrial Revolution caused changes in all of the following areas EXCEPT: a. The nature of work. b. The physical landscape of Europe. c. The private lives of people. d. Wealth and poverty. e. The philosophical foundations of scientific culture. E 651 4 Understanding TRUE/FALSE 1. The Industrial Revolution led to the development of a great many capital-intensive enterprises, new ways of organizing people’s labor, and the rapid growth of cities. T 618 3 I Understanding NOT: The Industrial Revolution led to the proliferation of more capital-intensive enterprises, new ways of organizing human labor, and the rapid growth of cities. 2. Of all the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution, perhaps the most revolutionary was in the new forms of energy that were discovered. T 618 2 I Understanding NOT: Steam engines and coal revolutionized industry and life. 3. The Industrial Revolution intensified human labor much more often than it eased it. T 618 3 I Understanding NOT: Carrying water, iron rails, digging trenches, harvesting cotton, sewing by hand, and pounding hides were all jobs that increased during the revolution. 4. Britain’s cotton industry was a direct result of the tariffs protecting the British wool industry, which prohibited imports of Indian cottons. T 621 1 II, A Applying NOT: The raw material was directly imported to Britain where it was manufactured to avoid the tariff. 5. While the spinning mule could make two to three hundred times as much thread as a hand spinner could, the quality of the new thread was weaker and thicker. F 621 2 II, A Understanding NOT: The quality was stronger and thinner from the machine. 6. Only after a series of factory acts was the employment of children in mines and mills under the age of eighteen made illegal. F 622 3 II, A Understanding NOT: They could still be hired, but were limited to ten-hour workdays rather than eighteen. 7. The first modern railway connected Stockton to Manchester to transport coal from the mines. F 623 2 II, B, 2 NOT: It stretched from Stockton to Darlington. 8. Railways were constructed almost entirely without aid of machinery. T 624 3 II, B, 2 Understanding NOT: They were almost all the work of manual labor. 9. In 1860, the largest single occupational category in Great Britain was the agricultural laborer. T 629 3 III, A Understanding NOT: Industrialization was only possible because of strong agricultural progress and yield. 10. Most prostitutes were women who were trying to manage during a period of unemployment, rather than professional sex workers. T 641 4 IV, E Understanding NOT: Prostitution was not a career for most women, but was a way to make ends meet while working at a factory or when unemployed. 11. Balzac believed the changes of the French Revolution and industrialization had merely replaced an old aristocracy with a new one: a materialistic middle class. T 641 5 V Understanding NOT: Old hierarchies gave way to one based on wealth instead of birth. 12. Wealth had the central role in forming a middle-class identity. F 642 5 V, A Understanding NOT: It was the family and home. 13. Middle-class leisure included concerts, parks, bathing spots, museums, and even department stores. T 647 5 V, A Understanding NOT: The railroads made it possible for the middle class to afford vacations in the country, and the new wealth made city life one of cic pride. 14. The new innovation of apartment ling in Paris meant the rich and the poor would often inhabit the same building. T 647 5 V, D Understanding NOT: The rich lived on the lower floors and the poor above. 15. While the housing in the cities did not allow for gardens, families were able to gain access to good, cheap food at city markets, thanks to the increasingly inexpensive transportation systems. F 648 4 V, E Understanding NOT: Food in the city was dangerous and often spoiled or adulterated. 1. What social, economic, and natural preconditions for industrialization made Britain the home of the Industrial Revolution? 2. How did changing textile industry technologies affect society? 3. In what ways did the Continent attempt to reproduce by design what Britain had produced by chance in the Industrial Revolution? 4. What changes occurred in the second phase of the Industrial Revolution? 5. What factors were behind the population growth of the nineteenth century? 6. What was the impact of industrialization on the countryside? 7. What was the effect of industrialization on the city? 8. What was the impact of the ideals behind “the Cult of Domesticity” on women in the nineteenth century? 9. How accurate is the image of “passionless” ctorian sexuality, and why was such an image cultivated? 10. What was the role of working women in the Industrial Revolution, and what impact did it have on their lives? CHAPTER 20: The Age of Ideologies: Europe in the Aftermath of Revolution, 1815–1848 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In the years following the Napoleonic Wars, who fashioned himself as the “liberator” of Europe? a. Prince Klemens von Metternich d. Louis Napoleon b. Benjamin Disraeli e. Emperor Frederick William III c. Tsar Alexander I C 654 1 II 2. Although many nations participated in the Congress of enna, the guiding hand was attached to: a. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. b. Tsar Alexander I. c. Emperor Frederick William III. d. Alexander Ypsilantis. e. Prince Klemens von Metternich. E 654 1 II, A Applying 3. The principal ideology that guided the Congress of enna was: a. the principle of legitimacy. b. the restoration of the French monarchy. c. the creed of economic and political liberalism. d. the utilitarianism of the Benthamites. e. a balance of power. A 655 | 666 1 II, A Understanding 4. After 1815, Poland: a. became an independent state. b. became an independent kingdom under tsarist control. c. was absorbed into the Austro–Hungarian Empire. d. was once again partitioned. e. became a pronce of Prussia. B 656 1 II, A Understanding 5. The “Concert of Europe”: a. excluded Russia, but included France with Prussia and Austria. b. was a movement supporting Greek independence. c. was created in the wake of the revolutions of 1848. d. was another name for the alliance signed by Austria, Prussia, Britain, and Russia. e. was an alliance between Austria, France, and Prussia. D 656 1 II, A Understanding 6. The Troppau Memorandum, which was signed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, called upon the signatories to aid one another: a. in times of economic depression. b. in repelling a foreign invasion. c. in waging an offensive war. d. in suppressing revolution. e. in defending the religious basis of monarchical power. D 656 1 II, B Understanding 7. Some members of the Concert of Europe which allied themselves in the Holy Alliance were: a. France, Prussia, and Austria. d. France, Great Britain, and Austria. b. Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain. e. Austria, Russia, and Prussia. c. Russia, Austria, and France. E 656 1 II, A 8. The revolutions in South America were aided in 1823 when the United States issued the: a. Doctrine of Manifest Destiny. d. Treaty of La Plata. b. Jefferson/Jackson Doctrine. e. Madison Memorandum. c. Monroe Doctrine. C 657 1 II, C Applying 9. The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 was: a. a direct response to the formation of the Third Section. b. initiated by an elite corps of Russian army officers. c. caused by the assassination of Nicholas I. d. caused by a fuel shortage in Saint Petersburg after the death of Alexander I. e. led by army officers obsessed with Jacobin republicanism. B 657 1 II, D Applying 10. In 1830, the ruler of Poland was Tsar Nicholas’ younger brother, _________. a. Alexei d. Dmitri b. Boris e. Constantine c. Peter E 661 1 III, B 11. The Greek war of independence: a. pitted various Greek groups against the Ottoman Turks. b. was both peaceful and bloodless. c. led to the repeal of the London Protocols. d. resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. e. resulted in the capture of Constantinople. A 659 1 II, E Understanding 12. The modern ideologies that were first articulated in the nineteenth century following the defeat of Napoleon included all of the following EXCEPT: a. nationalism. d. liberalism. b. socialism. e. conciliarism. c. conservatism. E 666 3 V Understanding 13. Nineteenth-century liberals were least concerned with the: a. relationship between the indidual and the state. b. economic well-being of the middle classes. c. reform of the legal codes. d. plight of the agricultural laborers. e. well-being of the merchant class. D 668 3 V, B Understanding 14. The writings of the seventeenth-century political philosopher, John Locke, formed the basis for English: a. royalists. d. democrats. b. conservatives. e. republicans. c. liberals. C 668 3 V, B Understanding 15. The basis of nineteenth-century conservatism was a belief in political stability which the conservatives thought would be guaranteed by the: a. monarchy. d. peasantry. b. army. e. middle class. c. workers. A 666 3 V, A Understanding 16. One of the most influential British liberals and author of The Principles of Morals and Legislation was: a. John Stuart Mill. d. Adam Smith. b. Dad Ricardo. e. James Mill. c. Jeremy Bentham. C s 669–670 3 V, B 17. A distinction may be drawn between liberals and republicans on the issue of: a. rates of taxation. d. expanding the franchise. b. public welfare. e. universal education. c. national healthcare. D 670 3 V, C 18. The utopian socialist Robert Owen put his beliefs into practice in his cotton factory in: a. Middlelle, Massachusetts. d. Birmingham, England. b. Fourier, Provence. e. New Lanark, Scotland. c. Cardiff, Wales. E 670 3 V, C 19. In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels: a. argued that the standard of ling had increased for skilled workers. b. gave an empirical report describing the misery of British factory workers. c. described his observations of a textile factory in Essen, Germany. d. offered a philosophical justification for dialectical materialism. e. stated that the workers’ revolution he had predicted earlier would never occur in England. B s 672–673 3 V, C 20. The founder of modern socialism was: a. Karl Marx. d. Friedrich List. b. Friedrich Engels. e. G. W. F. Hegel c. Theodore Herzl. A 672 3 V, C 21. According to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s What Is Property?, property: a. should be held in common by all. d. should be controlled by the state. b. is owned by a state’s monarch. e. is theft. c. is a natural right. E 672 3 V, C, 2 Understanding 22. It is said by some historians that Karl Marx turned G. W. F. Hegel “on his head” because where Marx began with material forces, Hegel started with: a. religion. d. mathematics. b. indiduals. e. physics. c. ideas. C 673 3 V, C Understanding 23. Which of the following philosophers is often considered to be a precursor to the Romantic Movement? a. Denis Diderot d. Jean-Jacques Rousseau b. Immanuel Kant e. René Descartes c. Voltaire D 677 5 Understanding 24. In general, the Romantics would be likely to argue that: a. reason was capable of revealing the world as it existed. b. all poetic imagination must be subject to the laws of knowledge. c. nature reveals nothing, the mind everything. d. truth could be found in the art of the ancient world. e. the philosophes had elevated reason above emotion and spontaneity. E 680 5 Understanding 25. During the nineteenth century, many European economists such as _________ sought to develop national economies and national infrastructures in keeping with the general rise of nationalism. a. Franz Liszt d. Thorstein Veblen b. Friedrich Strassmann e. Friedrich List c. Adam Smith E s 676–677 4 V, D Understanding 26. A Romantic would probably argue that human nature is: a. diverse, and therefore subject to no natural laws. b. incapable of expression in art. c. universal, and therefore subject to investigation. d. necessarily el. e. basically good. A 678 5 Understanding 27. The fiercest critic of British industrial society was the poet: a. William Blake. d. John Keats. b. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. e. Percy Bysshe Shelley. c. John Constable. A 678 5 , A 28. One of the best-known examples of Romantic fiction, Frankenstein, was written by: a. Mary Keats. d. Mary Bysshe. b. Mary Wollstonecraft. e. Mary Byron. c. Mary Shelley. C 678 5 , B 29. Two well-known female French writers of the Romantic Age were Germaine de Staël and: a. George Eliot. d. George Sand. b. Germaine Necker. e. Jane Austen. c. Elizabeth grée-Lebrun. D 679 5 , B 30. Romanticism was exhibited in the paintings of the British artist: a. William Wordsworth. d. Thomas Gainsborough. b. J. M. W. Turner. e. Eugene Delacroix. c. Inigo Jones. B 680 5 , C 31. ctor Hugo wrote: a. plays that extolled the rtues of middle-class respectability. b. Faust and The Raft of the Medusa. c. poems that dwelled on the “imaginative landscape of the mind.” d. novels sympathetic to the plight of the common person. e. courtly romances. D 680 5 , D Understanding 32. Johann von Herder argued in opposition to the philosophes that the character of a nation’s cilization derived from: a. its kings or princes. d. its great artists. b. the aristocracy. e. the common people. c. the educated middle class. E 680 5 , D Understanding 33. Many European countries experienced an increase in nationalistic feelings following the Napoleonic Wars; this feeling in Poland was expressed in the national epic: a. Lech Walechs. b. Pan Tadeusz. c. Karol Józef d. Vlad Dracul. e. B 680 5 , D 34. An example of Italian nationalism can be found in the Rossini opera: a. William Tell. d. Il Trittico. b. Tales of the Brothers Grimm. e. Macbeth. c. Il Travatore. A 680 5 , D 35. Beethoven and Goethe: a. admired Napoleon as a revolutionary hero. b. wanted their art to revolutionize the lowest orders of European society. c. used their art to emulate the “French style.” d. illustrate the y of assigning a single definition to Romanticism. e. were the greatest composer and writer, respectively, of the Neoclassical Age. D 684 5 , F Applying 36. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe influenced the Romantics greatly through his first popular novel: a. The Sorrows of Young Werther. d. Faust. b. Grimm Tales of Germany. e. Das Lied von der Erde. c. William Tell. A 681 5 , F 37. The July Ordinances of 1830 issued by Charles X dissolved the newly elected Chamber of Deputies, imposed strict censorship on the press, and: a. reduced the power of the nobility. d. repealed the Napoleonic legal code. b. called for new elections. e. restricted suffrage. c. restricted the Catholic Church. E 660 1 III, A Understanding 38. One of the best-known images of the revolutions of 1830 is Liberty Leading the People by: a. Francisco Guy. d. Theodore Gericault. b. Jacques-Louis Dad. e. J. M. W. Turner. c. Eugene Delacroix. C 661 1 III, A 39. The revolutions of 1830 and the subsequent reforms that were implemented were ultimately caused by the: a. Six Acts passed by the British Parliament. b. Chartist movement in England. c. Congress of enna. d. publication of The Communist Manifesto. e. creation of the Second Republic. C 660 1 III Understanding 40. The Congress of enna joined the Netherlands and Belgium together as a buffer against France, but the Belgians never accepted this arrangement and they revolted following: a. the Congress of Berlin. d. the French Revolution of 1830. b. Napoleon’s escape from Elba. e. the partition of Poland. c. passage of the July Ordinances. D 661 1 III, B Understanding 41. The Reform Bill of 1832: a. created equal electoral districts. b. passed because the governing class feared a union of the working and middle classes. c. gave the vote to all males except those employed as agricultural workers. d. did not cleanse Parliament of “rotten” or “pocket” boroughs. e. extended the franchise to all adult males and most women. B 662 1 III, C Understanding 42. The British Anti-Corn Law League sought the repeal of laws regulating what commodity? a. potatoes d. soybeans b. wheat e. maize c. corn B 662 1 III, C Understanding 43. As a result of “Peterloo,” Parliament passed the Six Acts, which included: a. restrictions on the rights of public meeting. b. prosions for an eight-hour workday. c. universal manhood suffrage. d. the repeal of the Stamp Act. e. a repeal of the Corn Laws. A s 661–662 1 III, C Understanding 44. Between 1839 and 1848, the leading British voice(s) calling for democracy: a. was the International Workingmen’s Association. b. were the socialists in a great many organizations. c. was the landed aristocracy; they believed they could control the peasants’ votes. d. were the Chartists, who gathered 6 million signatures in support in 1848. e. was the British Communist Party. D 662 1 III, D 45. Slavery was abolished last in: a. Cuba. d. Venezuela. b. the United States. e. Jamaica. c. Brazil. C 666 2 IV, B Understanding 46. In early 1848, in response to unemployment and underemployment, the French government established public works projects in and around Paris under the name: a. Works Progress Administration. d. National Workshops. b. Paris Commune. e. Cilian Conservation Corps. c. National Recovery Agency. D 672 1 V, C 47. The one slave revolt that succeeded in the years following the French Revolution occurred in: a. Jamaica. b. Demerara. c. Barbados. d. Saint-Domingue. e. Guadaloupe. D 664 2 IV, A 48. The spearhead of the abolitionist movement in Britain was: a. Olaudah Equiano. d. Edmund Burke. b. William Wilberforce. e. Jeremy Bentham. c. John Newton. B 664 2 IV, B 49. Karl Marx developed a theory of historical development that substituted a materialist dialectic for the dialectic of ideas earlier formulated by: a. N. Lenin. d. G. W. F. Hegel. b. John Locke. e. Johann von Herder. c. Friedrich Engels. D 673 3 V, C Understanding 50. Europe reached a point of political crisis in: a. 1789. d. 1848. b. 1792. e. 1865. c. 1830. D 685 1 III, E Applying TRUE/FALSE 1. After the fall of Napoleon, France still remained the most powerful continental state due to his efforts to centralize power and his governmental reforms. F 654 1 II Understanding NOT: Russia was the most powerful continental state. 2. Talleyrand surved the French Revolution by fleeing to the United States. T 654 1 II NOT: He returned only after Napoleon had become emperor. 3. The aims of Tsar Alexander’s “Holy Alliance” were to establish justice, Christian charity, and peace. T 656 1 II, A Understanding NOT: This second alliance was ratified by all members, but made them suspicious of Alexander's intentions. 4. After the Congress of enna, a ruler was made legitimate not just by a claim to dine right, but also by international treaties and support. T 656 1 II, A Understanding NOT: This new definition of legitimacy introduced an important practical dimension. 5. Tsar Nicholas sentenced five young members of the elite to be hanged and buried in secret graves in order to stop them from becoming martyrs to the Decembrists’ cause. T 657 1 II, D Understanding NOT: Nicholas continued to rule in a heavy-handed style and set up a secret police to warn him of any future rebellions. 6. On the Italian peninsula, the Carbonari, the term given to the feared secret police, ruthlessly repressed political opposition to the conservative regime emplaced after the Congress of enna. F 656 1 II, B NOT: The Carbonari opposed the international conservative regime represented by the Congress of enna. 7. Liberalism required democracy. F 668 3 V, B Understanding NOT: The right to vote was hotly contested, and many were refused the vote based on gender, social class, and race. 8. The revolutions of 1848 were prompted by the publication of the Communist Manifesto. F s 672–673 3 V, C Understanding NOT: The revolutions took place in the same year, but were not influenced by the work. 9. The national languages of European countries were not always the languages of the majority of citizens. T 677 4 V, D Understanding NOT: In Italy, only 2.5 percent of the population spoke Italian. 10. Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment and classicism. T 677 5 Understanding NOT: It began in France and Britain as part of a movement away from these forces. 11. Ironically, an organized movement to abolish the international slave trade emerged first in Britain, the country that profited most from it. T 664 2 IV, B Applying NOT: Britain was the world's largest purchaser and transporter of African slaves. 12. The Romantics were a conservative force who looked back to religion and history for inspiration. F 680 5 , D Understanding NOT: The Romantics were not a united group; some were conservative, others were revolutionaries. 13. Isaac Newton’s studies of light played an important part in the Romantic painters’ new uses of light. T 680 5 , C Applying NOT: This is especially noticeable in the works of John Constable. 14. Volk refers to the German people to whom Herder attributed a creative genius. T 680 5 , D Understanding NOT: Against the teachings of the Enlightenment, Herder emphasized the power of the common people in fashioning cilization. 15. The second French Revolution prompted rebellion in Spain and Belgium. F 661 1 III, B Understanding NOT: It prompted revolt in Poland and Belgium. 1. Why was restoration not possible in Latin America? 2. Why was the Greek war for independence so attractive to European powers? 3. How did republicanism and socialism differ from liberalism? 4. How was Marx’s socialism different from socialism in general? 5. How was nationalism transformed by the state? 6. How did Romanticism challenge the gender roles of men and women in the nineteenth century? 7. What was Orientalism? 8. What factors contributed to the second French Revolution in 1830? 9. What changes did the new regime in Britain enact in order to avoid revolution? 10. What factors contributed to the abolition of the slave trade and then slavery in the nineteenth century? CHAPTER 21: Revolutions and Nation Building, 1848–1871 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war between: a. Mexico and the United States. d. Mexico and France. b. Spain and Mexico. e. Canada and the United States. c. Spain and the United States. A 688 5 I 2. The widespread unemployment and pressure placed on public relief in Europe in the mid-nineteenth century resulted in what has been labeled the: a. Disgruntled Fifties. d. Decade of the Barricades. b. Age of Anxiety. e. Hungry Forties. c. Year of the Famine. E 689 1 I 3. The French Revolution of 1848 resulted in: a. a series of political dinners being held across the country. b. toppling of the government of King Louis Philippe. c. France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. d. the establishment of the Third Republic. e. toppling of the government of Charles X. B s 691–692 2 II, A Understanding 4. The German Confederation: a. proded a common defense and real executive power. b. was created at the Congress of enna. c. did not include either Austria or Prussia. d. was created by Otto von Bismarck. e. was dominated by Austria and did not include Prussia. B 693 3 II, B Understanding 5. Prussia’s most successful counter to Austrian power was the creation of a customs union that established free trade among the German states and a uniform tariff against the rest of the world. This customs union was called the: a. Tarigewerkschaft. d. Zollschätzen. b. Zollverein. e. Schutstaffel. c. Verbindungsteuer. B 694 3 II, B 6. The 1848 revolution in Germany entered its second stage with the: a. strike by the textile weavers of Silesia. b. appointment of Otto von Bismarck as chancellor. c. resignation of Kaiser Frederick Wilhelm. d. election of the all-German Assembly in Frankfurt. e. assassination of Kaiser Wilhelm I. D 695 3 II, C Understanding 7. The Frankfurt Assembly was plagued by: a. a rulent pamphlet war between liberals and socialists. b. the question of working-class demands for social reform. c. the question of a national religion. d. disunity caused by religious differences. e. the problem of nationality. E s 695–696 3 II, C Understanding 8. The 1848 revolution in Germany saw the creation of many political clubs that admitted, for the first time, women: a. and elected many of them to positions of authority within their organizations. b. and also called for universal suffrage to include women of all classes. c. as well as members of the Junker class in Prussia. d. but refused them the right to speak in their meetings. e. who could join only those clubs to which their husbands belonged. D 697 3 II, B Understanding 9. The Frankfurt Assembly argued two separate configurations for a united Germany: a “Great Germany” to include all Germans and a “Small Germany” to include all Germans with the exception of those: a. in the South German Confederation. d. Germans ling in Poland. b. in the North German Confederation. e. Germans ling in Prussia. c. in the Habsburg empire. C 696 3 II, C Understanding 10. One of the radical demands made by the popular movement of students and artisans to the Austrian Habsburg monarchy in 1848 was: a. proding a separate constitution for the kingdom of Bohemia. b. immediately closing the state university. c. creating a single house of representatives. d. calling for Emperor Francis Joseph I to abdicate. e. remong all fees and tuition for higher education. C 699 3 II, D Understanding 11. Lajos Kossuth: a. sought independence and a parliamentary government for Hungary. b. was a Polish radical. c. became an outspoken critic of pan-Slasm. d. fought for a united Czech nation. e. fought for the unification of Germany. A 698 4 II, D Understanding 12. The idea that the Slac peoples of Europe should be united as one through their unique culture was promoted through the writings of: a. Lajos Kossuth. d. Pan Tadeusz. b. Ján Kollár. e. Hieronymus Palack. c. Salvy Dcera. B 699 4 II, D 13. Passed in March 1848, the March Laws: a. were rejected utterly by Ferdinand I. b. were welcomed by Serbs, Croats, and Romanians ling in Hungary. c. made no prosion for an adjustment in the franchise. d. led to Austrian hegemony being restored in Hungary. e. were welcomed by Magyars in Hungary but rejected by Austrians. D s 699–700 4 II, D 14. Many demands were made of the Austrian empire during the 1848 revolution; one concession made by the government was the: a. inclusion of the Hungarian royal house in the line of succession to the throne. b. establishment of open enrollment for state universities for all citizens. c. establishment of a Parliament with veto power over imperial edicts. d. granting of universal male suffrage. e. abolition of serfdom. E s 699–700 4 II, D Understanding 15. In Austria, the Habsburg emperor referred to the revolution of 1848 as: a. “a fight for the surval of the Austrian people.” b. “the death blow to all European radicals.” c. “the final chapter of the French Revolution.” d. “a holy struggle against anarchy.” e. “a holy war against Russian orthodoxy.” D 700 4 II, E 16. In 1831, Giuseppe Mazzini founded a nationalist group, _________, dedicated to Italian unification. a. the Carbonari d. the Italian Brotherhood b. Young Italy e. the Risorgimento c. the “Thousand” B 701 4 II, E 17. The Italian Romantic nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini: a. held secret meetings with Napoleon III to secure Elba for Italy. b. sought to unite Italy under the leadership of ctor Emmanuel II. c. led a successful invasion of Sicily from Switzerland in 1848. d. detested the Carbonari for its role in advocating labor strikes. e. was on a mission to bring republicanism to the common people of the world. E 701 4 II, E 18. After the failed revolutions of 1848, the hopes of s working for Italian unification no longer centered on popular movements but rather on political moves by: a. Austria. d. the Venetian Republic. b. France. e. the Papal States. c. Piedmont-Sardinia. C 708 4 III, C Understanding 19. Giuseppe Mazzini’s sion of the future for Italy was not shared by all Italians, some of whom, unlike Mazzini, wanted to see an Italy united under: a. Austrian rule. d. French rule. b. a Great Germany. e. the papacy. c. a democratic, Italian government. E 701 | 704 4 II, E Understanding 20. Although he believed in personal power and a strong central government, Napoleon III permitted the creation of: a. a Supreme National Tribunal with veto power over his rule. b. a retalized National Assembly under the control of the socialists. c. strong proncial parlements as a guard against peasant uprisings. d. trade unions and legalized strikes to win favor with workers. e. a National Executive Council to oversee his work as president. D 705 4 III, A Understanding 21. Beginning in the mid-1850s under Napoleon III, much of Paris was rebuilt with both social and political concerns in mind. This reconstruction was directed by: a. Compte de Chateaubriand. d. Baron Arouet. b. Baron Haussmann. e. Compte de Rothschilde. c. Marquis de Lafayette. B s 705–706 4 III, A 22. The British leader who urged increasing the franchise in the hope it would result in more conservative votes was: a. William Gladstone. d. Benjamin Disraeli. b. Edward Elgar. e. Robert Peel. c. Charles Dickens. D 706 4 III, B, 1 Understanding 23. In 1867, the conservative government of Great Britain passed the Great Reform Bill which: a. repealed all taxes on food. b. doubled the franchise by extending the vote, in general, to all skilled workers. c. allowed the British parliament to restrict the franchise in special elections. d. proded for the world’s first pension program for workers. e. repealed the Corn Laws. B 706 4 III, B, 2 Understanding 24. In 1859, the classic defense of liberty, On Liberty, was written by: a. John Stuart Mill. d. William Godwin. b. Jeremy Bentham. e. Benjamin Disraeli. c. Harriet Taylor. A 706 4 III, B 25. In his book The Subjection of Women, John Stuart Mill advocated the: a. right of women to vote. b. subjection of women to men. c. right of women to work as domestic servants. d. right of women to enter religious orders. e. subjection of women to the Church of England. A s 706–707 4 III, B Understanding 26. Italian unification was achieved both on the battlefield and through diplomacy; the diplomatic fight was led by: a. Giuseppe Garibaldi. d. Count Camillo di Cavour. b. Count Giuseppe Mazzini. e. ctor Emmanuel II. c. Baron Giacomo Puccini. D 702 | 708 4 III, C, 2 27. Who led the “Thousand” that set out to liberate Sicily from Bourbon rule in 1860? a. Lajos Kossuth d. Giuseppe Garibaldi b. Camillo Benso di Cavour e. Giuseppe Mazzini c. Francis II of France D 708 4 III, C, 1 28. Following the occupation of Rome in 1870, an attempt was made to solve the problems of relations between the new Italian state and the: a. Carbonari. d. working classes. b. peasantry of southern Italy. e. papacy. c. northern industrialists. E 710 4 III, C, 3 29. One result of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was the: a. freeing of the serfs in Russia. b. unification of the United Pronces in the Netherlands. c. accession of Napoleon III to the throne in France. d. uniting of Venetia with the rest of Italy. e. passage of the Reform Bill of 1867 in Britain. D 711 4 III, C Understanding 30. In the aftermath of the 1848 revolution, Frederick William of Prussia rejected a new constitution. Two years later he accepted a constitution that allowed for the election of a Parliament with voting based on: a. universal male suffrage, although votes were weighted based on taxes paid. b. membership in one of the three estates; the Third Estate received only a partial vote. c. ethnic heritage; only those who could prove German heritage for three generations were allowed to vote. d. land ownership; only those who owned property would be allowed to vote. e. a family’s wealth; only those families with a total wealth of at least 1 million marks could vote. A 711 4 III, D Understanding 31. Although the term Realpolitik was closely associated with Otto von Bismarck, it was coined by the former German revolutionary: a. Friedrich von Schiller. d. Arthur Schopenhauer. b. Ludwig Feuerbach. e. Rosa Luxemburg. c. August Ludwig von Rochau. C 710 4 III, D, 3 32. Bismarck was appointed to the post of minister-president of Prussia in 1862 because: a. Kaiser Wilhelm I needed him to control a liberal Parliament. b. he had vast expertise in the administrative bureaucracy of Prussia. c. he had extreme nationalist aspirations. d. he had experience as a Prussian Junker. e. he was a weak politician Kaiser Wilhelm I could control. A 711 4 III, D, 2 Understanding 33. Bismarck’s policies can best be understood as: a. an extension of the Congress of enna. b. his attempt to bring lasting peace to Europe. c. an example of his desire to restore the monarchy of Prussia. d. an illustration of his desire for power and influence for Prussia. e. an expression of his quest for personal power and wealth. D 711 4 III, D, 2 Understanding 34. Bismarck’s quest for a united Germany required that he: a. placate Austria as much as possible so as not to cause Austria to declare war to stop Prussia. b. use diplomacy as his means of achieng unification as Austria and France remained the military powers in Europe. c. fight short, deliberate wars to achieve limited ends that would eventually lead to unification. d. create a House of Nobles in addition to the legislative assembly to give a voice to the rulers of all the independent German states in exchange for their uniting with Prussia. e. defeat both Austria and Russia in the War of the Austrian Succession in 1870. C s 711–712 4 III, D, 2 Understanding 35. One result of the Seven Weeks’ War in 1866 was that: a. the weakness of the Prussian military was revealed. b. Austria was forced to give up all claims to Schleswig and Holstein. c. the power of the German Confederation was enlarged. d. the Ottomans were finally pushed out of the Crimean Peninsula. e. the Danes became a subject people of the Prussians. B 711 4 III, D Understanding 36. The Franco-Prussian War was waged: a. because Bismarck wanted to annex Schleswig and Holstein. b. in order to destroy the North German Confederation. c. as the final stage in German unification. d. to reduce the power of the Habsburg empire. e. to allow Bismarck to seize power in Prussia. C 711 4 III, D Understanding 37. The incident that began the Franco-Prussian War was: a. the French repression of German student fraternities west of the Rhine. b. a banquet held in honor of Napoleon’s ctory at Jena. c. the assassination of the Prussian ambassador to France. d. a public scandal that implicated Otto von Bismarck. e. an international misunderstanding created by Otto von Bismarck. E 711 4 III, D, 2 Understanding 38. The first emperor of a united Germany was: a. Wilhelm I. d. Otto II. b. Wilhelm II. e. Wilhelm Friedrich II. c. Friedrich Wilhelm I. A s 711–712 4 III, D, 1 39. The decree emancipating 22 million Russian serfs in 1861: a. produced limited change and was to enforce. b. contained no prosion for the compensation of landowners. c. turned a nation of agricultural laborers into a nation of farmers. d. reduced the power of the mir, or peasant commune. e. led to the rapid industrialization of Russia due to the increased number of newly created factory workers. A s 715–718 5 IV, A Understanding 40. In the nineteenth century, both the United States and Russia shared a similar problem in building their respective nations, which was: a. the lack of an extensive rail system to transport goods. b. slavery and serfdom. c. the many competing nationalities ling within their borders. d. lack of a strong central government. e. the rapid expansion of the territory under their control. B 715 5 IV, A & B Understanding 41. Democrats under Andrew Jackson campaigned for: a. expansion of U.S. territory to prode more land for cotton production. b. the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution. c. universal suffrage for white males. d. full integration of Native Americans of the Old South into American society. e. the extension of slavery throughout the United States by repealing the Mason-Dixon Law. C s 718–719 5 IV, A Understanding 42. The term Manifest Destiny was used to express the desire of many to see: a. the United States overspread the continent. b. slavery in the United States continue forever. c. the United States take its rightful place among the European imperial powers. d. Russia expand from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific and from the Arctic to the Indian Ocean. e. the British establish themselves around the world so that the sun would never set on their empire. A 719 5 IV, B, 1 Understanding 43. Central to the Jeffersonian Revolution included all of the following EXCEPT: a. opposition to a national religion. b. opposition to special prilege based on birth. c. a dependency on free, independent farmers. d. territorial expansion. e. stimulation of commerce by establishing central banking institutions. E 718 5 IV, B Understanding 44. The Second Empire in France was founded in 1852: a. after a majority vote of the people. b. after Louis Napoleon seized power. c. immediately following a bloody revolution. d. after the Franco-Prussian War. e. after France invaded Mexico. A 693 2 II, A Understanding 45. Karl Marx summarized the relationship between Napoleon Bonaparte and _________ by stating: “All facts and personages of great importance in world history occur twice . . . the first time as tragedy, the second as farce.” a. N. Lenin d. Louis Napoleon b. Nicholas II of Russia e. Louis XI c. Otto von Bismarck D 692 2 II, A 46. Prussia was to Germany as _________ was to Italy. a. the Roman Republic d. the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies b. Piedmont-Sardinia e. Tuscany c. Venetia B s 708–710 4 III, C Understanding 47. The American Cil War resulted in many changes for the United States, among which were the abolishment of slavery, a rapid expansion of the national economy, and: a. the eradication of deep racial disions, which had split the country. b. a newfound national unity, which crossed class disions. c. the preeminence of the national government over states’ rights. d. its emergence as a world power with its newly won colonies. e. the establishment of the largest standing army in the world. C 688 5 IV, B, 3 Understanding 48. The expression the “Eastern Question” refers to the: a. question of who would benefit as the Ottoman empire lost its grip in southeastern Europe. b. problem of Jewish settlements in the Habsburg empire. c. ongoing conflict between Russia and China. d. relationship between Slavophiles and Russian Westernizers. e. deep suspicion of the French and the British of Russian political goals in the West. A 721 5 V Understanding 49. As a result of the Crimean War: a. Russia gained absolute control over the Balkans. b. Austrian influence in the Balkans was increased. c. Romania lost its independence. d. the Ottoman army was destroyed. e. Russia lost its influence in the Balkans. E 722 5 V Understanding 50. The Crimean War prompted dramatic changes in the British army’s medical serce due to the actions of indiduals such as: a. Clara Barton. d. Alice Cameron. b. Florence Nightingale. e. Jane Austen. c. Julia Ward Howe. B 723 5 V Applying TRUE/FALSE 1. Education was a goal of the Prussian reformers prior to 1848. T 694 3 II, B Understanding NOT: These reformers expanded both primary and secondary educational facilities and founded the University of Berlin. 2. The task of unifying Italy was especially daunting as it had not been a united nation since the height of the Roman Empire almost 1,500 years before the unification movement of 1848. T 700 4 II, E Understanding NOT: Italy had been variously carved up as part of the Holy Roman Empire, France, and the Norman Empire. 3. The massive rebuilding effort in France, financed by Crédit Mobilier, was especially focused on preserng the medieval center of Paris as a symbol of its glorious past. F 705 4 III, A Understanding NOT: The medieval center was razed to the ground to make way for 34,000 new buildings. 4. The resed German system of voting, in which voters were dided into three classes according to how much tax they paid, was a much more representative system than the medieval electoral system of representation by estate. F 710 4 III, D Understanding NOT: This system was just as flawed, as the wealthy had much more representation than the average man-up to one hundred times that of a single worker. 5. Although Prussia had an active and a liberal intelligentsia, an engaged press, and a liberal cil serce, the liberal political movement was not popular enough to win a majority of votes to ever confront the king. F 710 4 III, D Understanding NOT: It won a majority of votes to control the lower house and confront the king. 6. Bismarck supported the monarchy and fiercely opposed the liberal movement, despite being born into the Junker class of the liberal working class. F 710 4 III, D, 2 Understanding NOT: Junkers were the land-owning aristocratic class. 7. Prussian ctories in war weakened liberal opposition to the king and Bismarck’s policies by refocusing the attention of the people on international affairs and positive outcomes. T 711 4 III, D Understanding NOT: In the aftermath of Austrian defeat, liberals gave up their battle over budgets, the military, and constitutional prosions. 8. One of the most powerful forces dring the internal politics of the Austrian empire was ethnic nationalism. T 713 4 III, E Understanding NOT: Ethnic nationalism was a powerful force in the Habsburg monarchy in Austria. 9. The Russian emancipation decree of 1861 revolutionized land holding within Russia, with devastating results for the large-scale landowners. F s 715–716 5 IV, A Understanding NOT: The emancipation did very little, as serfs were granted poor land insufficient to sustain themselves and the landowners vastly inflated their claims for compensation, thus retaining most of their wealth and land. 10. In 1871 the German Empire was proclaimed at Berlin. F 711 4 III, D NOT: It was proclaimed at Versailles at the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War. 11. Nation building in the United States was inextricably linked to the expropriation of Native American lands. T 719 5 IV, B, 1 Understanding NOT: Territorial expansion was key to nation building, and territorial acquisitions whether by war or treaty with other states involved the dispossession of the Native Americans of their lands. 12. The Crimean War was, in essence, a response to the collapse of the Ottoman empire. T 722 5 V Understanding NOT: It was a power struggle to cope with the destabilized East. 13. During the Crimean War, the advances of medicine and improved camp conditions resulted in very few deaths for the French and English troops from diseases such as typhus or cholera, which usually took as many lives as the actual battles. F s 721–722 5 V Understanding NOT: The mismanagement of supplies and the poor hygiene of the French and English troops resulted in enormous losses to diseases such as typhus and cholera. 14. The disciplined toughness of the English along with superior battle tactics, such as the use of the Light Brigade, earned an English ctory over the Russian troops in 1856. F 722 5 V Understanding NOT: The Light Brigade was a disaster, and the war was concluded by treaty rather than defeat. 15. The great wave of nation building that occurred in the period 1848 to 1871 largely followed the democratic ideals and political principles laid out by the liberal revolutionaries of 1848. F s 724–725 4 Understanding NOT: The democratic and nationalistic goals proclaimed in the revolutions of 1848 largely failed; national unification and state building were usually achieved under the auspices of conservatives. 1. Why did the Frankfurt Assembly not meet with the same success as the French Assembly in 1789? 2. What role did the Dissenters play in the rise of the British Liberal Party and why? 3. Compare and contrast the efforts of Garibaldi and Cavour to establish Italian unity. 4. Why was unification of Italy such a long and process? 5. Was Bismarck the key to success in the building of a German nation-state? 6. Compare and contrast the problems Russia and the United States experienced in their nation building. 7. How did slavery polarize the states, and why did it lead to war? 8. What were the domestic and international effects of the U.S. Cil War? 9. In what ways did the Crimean War change warfare? 10. What made the third quarter of the nineteenth century so transformative for the Western world? CHAPTER 22: Imperialism and Colonialism, 1870–1914 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The British were especially interested in controlling the Suez Canal because it: a. guaranteed their control of Egypt. b. allowed them to control their mandate of Palestine. c. demonstrated their superiority over the French. d. cut the travel time to their colony of India in half. e. allowed them to complete the “Cape-to-Cairo” railroad. D 727 2 I Understanding 2. When Great Britain took control of Egypt in 1870, Lord Evelyn Baring was appointed as the first: a. “royal governor” of the Egyptian colony. b. “urban pasha,” or military governor of Sinai. c. “proconsul,” in a power-sharing arrangement with the Egyptians. d. “demi-pharaoh,” to look after Britain’s interests under an Egyptian ruler. e. “ceroy” of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. C 728 2 I Understanding 3. The “new imperialism” of the late nineteenth century was distinctive in that: a. the technology possessed by Europeans allowed them to conquer vast territories and to dictate terms to colonized peoples. b. it was carried out by increasingly democratic nation-states, thereby simplifying the task of justifying imperial conquest and colonial rule. c. it was motivated by a new spirit of adventure. d. it was concerned with campaigns for moral and social improvement rather than with economic development. e. Europeans assumed that their commerce, science, and technology would bring progress to the rest of the world. E 729 2 II Understanding 4. Ging voice to the supposed “cilizing” aspect of the “new imperialism,” Rudyard Kipling urged both the British and the Americans to: a. engage in joint colonization efforts, primarily in the Far East. b. take up the “White Man’s Burden” of empire. c. form a “Cultural Union of the West” to help educate the backward peoples of the world. d. endeavor to make English the language of all the world’s countries. e. send missionaries and entrepreneurs rather than the military to foreign countries. B 729 | 736 2 II Understanding 5. Historians refer to the form imperialism takes when a country annexed territories outright and subjugated the peoples who lived there as: a. informal imperialism. d. formal imperialism. b. direct rule. e. indirect rule. c. First European empires. B 729 1 II Understanding 6. The British writer J. A. Hobson argued that the “scramble for Africa” was caused by: a. intense racial hatred on the part of the middle classes. b. the growth of democratic institutions at home. c. the outcome of the Franco-Prussian War. d. the interests of a small group of international financiers. e. Christian missionaries vying to convert the Africans. D 730 2 II, A, 1 Understanding 7. Most historians today would agree that late nineteenth-century European imperialism: a. was driven by European capitalist development. b. was the product of an often clashing mix of economic, political, and strategic interests. c. was a completely new phenomenon on the European historical stage. d. served mostly as a means to quiet class conflict at home. e. was guided primarily by European banking and financial interests. B 730 2 II, A, 1 Applying 8. Throughout nineteenth-century Europe, “imperial policy” was usually a matter of: a. long-range planning by the central governments. b. policies developed in the boardrooms of the companies involved. c. a series of quick responses, often improsed, to particular situations. d. policies coordinated through London as Queen ctoria was the matriarch of European royalty. e. haphazard decisions made by politicians with no direct interest in the consequences. C 730 2 II Understanding 9. Prior to the Great Mutiny of 1857, all Indian trade was held as a monopoly by the British: a. East India Company. b. Hudson Bay Company. c. Prime Minister’s office. d. Royal Indian Trade Corporation. e. Foreign Office under the direction of Queen ctoria. A 732 3 III, A, 1 Applying 10. British cultural policy toward its colonies always: a. focused on indirect rule. b. focused on direct rule. c. remained open as they could never agree on a single policy. d. was indifferent: the British simply had no interest in a colony’s culture. e. focused on religious matters over other concerns. C s 732–733 2 III Understanding 11. The Sepoy Rebellion had as its immediate cause the: a. appointment of Queen ctoria’s nephew as head of the East India Company. b. major defeat suffered by the British army at the battle of Mukden. c. East India Company’s policy of refusing to ship opium out of India. d. assassination of the popular Indian leader Raj Mahal in Calcutta. e. refusal of Indian troops to use rifle cartridges greased with pork fat. E 733 3 III, A, 1 Understanding 12. One military solution the British used to end the Sepoy Rebellion was to: a. disband the native Indian military units and send the men home. b. convene a military tribunal to protect the rights of the accused mutineers. c. ship all the mutineers back to England to serve their life imprisonment. d. do nothing with the enlisted men but prode long prison terms for the leaders. e. have the surng mutineers immediately tried and executed. E 733 3 III, A, 1 Understanding 13. Rudyard Kipling’s phrase “the white man’s burden” referred to the: a. cultural disability of a Europe grown old and weary. b. onerous demands placed on colonial peoples by Europeans. c. European and North American cilizing mission. d. sense of collective guilt felt by Europeans about the brutality of colonial rule. e. chronic excess of colonial imports into Europe relative to manufactured exports. C 729 | 736 2 III, A Understanding 14. After “the mutiny,” Britain sought to rule India: a. through the Indian upper class. d. by means of example rather than force. b. through the East India Company. e. under martial law. c. directly. A 735 3 III, A, 2 Understanding 15. Lord Curzon, a prominent nineteenth-century British conservative politician and proponent of empire, believed that the premier colony in the British Empire was: a. Canada. d. Australia. b. Hong Kong. e. India. c. South Africa. E s 735–736 2 III, A, 2 Understanding 16. Although best known for his work to create an independent India, Mohandas Gandhi first gained recognition for his legal work in the British colony of: a. Malta. d. South Africa. b. India. e. Ireland. c. Hong Kong. D 737 3 III, A, 2 17. The Opium Wars began when: a. most European nations prohibited the smoking of opium. b. the United States intensified its expansion into Asia. c. opium prices rose due to a series of bad harvests. d. the Chinese banned opium imports. e. the British decriminalized the use of opium, thus dring prices down. D 738 3 IV, A Understanding 18. The Treaty of Nanking: a. gave the British Hong Kong “in perpetuity.” b. ended British missionary actity in China. c. gave the lucrative opium trade to the Dutch. d. ended British claims to trade with China. e. established the foreign enclaves in Beijing. A 738 3 IV, A 19. The Indian portion of the triangular European/Indian/Chinese economic relationship was comprised of: a. textiles. d. beef. b. rice. e. gold. c. opium. C 737 2 III 20. The T’ai P’ing Rebellion was a conflict between: a. Britain and China. b. the emperors of China and Japan. c. Chinese farmers and industrial workers. d. the Japanese peasantry and the Shogunate. e. radical Christian rebels who challenged the authority of the emperors. E 738 3 IV Understanding 21. One result of the Sino-Japanese War was to secure the independence of: a. Cambodia. d. Manchuria. b. Korea. e. etnam. c. Laos. B 738 3 IV 22. The Boxer Rebellion: a. was caused by French expansion into etnam. b. serves as an example of an anti-imperialist movement. c. was not serious enough to necessitate a response from the Great Powers. d. demonstrated the inncibility of European imperial power. e. led to the expulsion of foreign powers from China. B 741 3 IV, B Understanding 23. The Boxer Rebellion resulted in: a. China being forced to make new trade concessions to foreigners. b. the occupation of the major Chinese cities by Westerners until 1920. c. the end of the monarchy and establishment of a democratic state. d. China being dided into occupation zones by the Western powers. e. China becoming a client state of Japan. A 739 3 IV, B Understanding 24. The expression “the Great Game” referred to the: a. rivalry between the British and the French in developing African client states. b. maneuvering, and occasional open hostilities, between Russia and Japan in the Far East. c. spying, maneuvering, and support of friendly puppet governments by Russia and Britain. d. race between several British corporations to complete the “Cape-to-Cairo” railway. e. rivalry between the British and the Americans in developing colonies in the Pacific. C s 741–742 2 IV, C Understanding 25. In what way was nineteenth-century Russian imperialism different from that of other European countries? a. Russia colonized territories for only a brief time before granting the colonies independence. b. Russia added no territory to its rule at all during the nineteenth century. c. In the nineteenth century, Russia’s only colonies were in North America. d. Russia championed a policy of only annexing lands bordering itself; it had no overseas colonies. e. Russia focused its imperial policy on acquiring land in eastern Europe by conquest beginning with the Crimean War. D 741 2 IV, C Understanding 26. The French colonization effort in Southeast Asia was supported by republicans such as _________, who argued that “. . . the superior races have a right s-à-s the inferior races. . . . They have a right to cilize them.” a. Alfred Dreyfus d. Honoré de Balzac b. Émile Zola e. Jules Ferry c. Jules Verne E 744 2 V, B Understanding 27. The “cilizing mission” of the French: a. demonstrated the alleged greatness of the nation to all French people. b. played no real role in creating a French identity. c. was embraced by French workers only. d. had no support from French popular opinion. e. defined the French character following Napoleon. A 744 2 V Understanding 28. The greatest problem faced by the French in their African colonies was: a. financing. d. labor. b. transportation. e. their colonial officers. c. a lack of natural resources to exploit. D 744 3 V, A Understanding 29. The Berlin Conference of 1884: a. did not involve either Britain or France. b. gave mining rights in the Congo to Portugal. c. established the ground rules for a new phase of European expansion. d. established the rights of citizens ling in the Congo. e. limited British naval tonnage. C 746 2 , B Understanding 30. In reality, the Congo Free State was run by: a. Bismarck. b. an elected body of representatives drawn from the land-owning class. c. a dual monarchy. d. a private company controlled by Leopold II. e. the British West African Company. D 745 2 , A Understanding 31. The most strenuous opposition to the operations of the International Association for the Exploration and Cilization of the Congo came from: a. Germany d. Italy b. France e. Britain c. Portugal C 745 2 , A Understanding 32. Why did Bismarck bring Germany into the “scramble for Africa?” a. to gain national prestige and make Germany a great power b. to satisfy public opinion, which was in favor of extensive territorial expansion c. to add to the kaiser’s personal gain and position d. to find cheaper sources of labor as well as raw materials e. to distract the German people from the severe economic depression A s 745–746 2 , B, 1 Understanding 33. French interest in Africa was focused on: a. colonizing the northern part of the continent across the Mediterranean from France. b. pursuing colonies from the north to the south of Africa. c. acquiring colonies from the west to the east of the continent. d. its colony in the west, French Equatorial Africa. e. seizing the British colony of South Africa for its mineral riches. C 746 2 , B, 2 34. The abuses of the Congo Free State were publicized by European writers such as Joseph Conrad in his book: a. Out of Africa. d. Black Athena. b. The Heart of Darkness. e. The Wretched of the Earth. c. Darkness at Noon. B 745 4 , A 35. Which nation used the symbol of the “Cape-to-Cairo” railway as their goal in Africa? a. Belgium d. Germany b. Britain e. Austria c. France B 746 2 , B, 3, b Understanding 36. By the end of the nineteenth century, the sole major independent kingdom in Africa was: a. Libya. d. Ethiopia. b. The Congo Free State. e. Sudan. c. Egypt. D 746 3 I, B Understanding 37. Who coined the term eugenics to describe the science of improng racial qualities? a. Houston Stewart Chamberlain d. Herbert Spencer b. Charles Darwin e. Cecil Rhodes c. Francis Galton C 751 4 , A 38. Criticism of French colonial administrators for their indifference to the condition of Muslim women in their domains was leveled by: a. Madeleine de Scudery. d. Olympe de Gouges. b. Toussaint L’Ouverture. e. Aurore Dupin Dudevant. c. Hubertine Auclert. C 750 2 Understanding 39. The theory that human beings were composed of three races, the “black,” “yellow,” and “white,” with the “white” being the superior race, was proposed in The Inequality of the Races by: a. Adolf Hitler. d. Charles Darwin. b. Houston Stewart Chamberlain. e. Arthur de Gobineau. c. Francis Galton. E 750 4 , A 40. One cause for much concern by Europeans and colonial authorities dealt with: a. the tension between preserng national traditions and identity in the face of a constantly changing, hybrid colonial culture. b. the surprisingly successful creation of a well-disciplined work force and complete Europeanization of cities in western and southern Africa. c. the inability of the European countries to change the societies they had colonized; it proved very to establish schools and financial institutions. d. the continued rejection of all contact with Europeans by the newly colonized peoples of Africa and Asia; Europeans failed in their effort to fully integrate with the native populations. e. the failure of people in the mother countries to allow any emigration by colonials to Europe and the continued suspicion of those who had served overseas. A 751 4 , C Understanding 41. The London Pan-African Conference of 1900 issued a proclamation, To the Nations of the World, which had an introduction written by the American: a. W. E. B. Du Bois. d. Woodrow Wilson. b. Theodore Roosevelt. e. George Washington Williams. c. Samuel Clemens. A 751 3 , B 42. The Afrikaners, or Boers, were European settlers from: a. Sweden. d. England. b. the Netherlands. e. Denmark. c. Germany. B 755 5 I, C Understanding 43. In 1898, under the leadership of General Horatio Kitchener, the British avenged the death of Charles Gordon and secured the Sudan at the battle of: a. Adowa. d. Zama. b. Omdurman. e. Khartoum. c. Mafking. E 755 5 I, A Understanding 44. The early colonial success Italy realized with Eritrea and parts of Somalia encouraged it to invade: a. Egypt. d. Ethiopia. b. Sudan. e. Libya. c. Uganda. D 755 5 I, B Understanding 45. In 1896, Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia defeated an invading army from: a. Italy. d. Belgium. b. Britain. e. Egypt. c. the Mahdi. A 755 5 I, B Understanding 46. The acquisition of the Philippines by the United States reflected the weakening imperial grip of: a. Japan. d. Britain. b. Spain. e. France. c. Russia. B 758 4 I, D Understanding 47. Concentration camps were first used by the British during the: a. Boer War. d. Sepoy Rebellion. b. Boxer Rebellion. e. Crimean War. c. Opium Wars. A 757 5 I, C Understanding 48. After World War I had come to an end, the Great Powers: a. were more confident of human progress than they had been in the preous century. b. recognized the principle of self-determination for all people. c. resumed their imperialist endeavors. d. abandoned any hope of maintaining the partition of Africa. e. found it impossible to reimpose the conditions of late nineteenth-century imperialism. E 759 5 IX Understanding 49. The crises of Western empires that developed by the turn of the twentieth century created tensions: a. within the various European colonies. b. between the European nations themselves. c. between the colonies of the different European nations. d. between indidual European nations and their colonies. e. that would not be resolved until after World War I. B 753 5 I Understanding 50. The United States became an imperial power following its ctory in the “splendid little war” against: a. Canada. d. Spain. b. Portugal. e. Cuba. c. Mexico. D 759 5 I, D Understanding TRUE/FALSE 1. The Suez Canal linked the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. F 727 1 I Understanding NOT: It linked the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea. 2. By the late nineteenth century, Berlin had replaced London as the banker of the world. F s 727–728 2 II Analyzing NOT: London remained the financial capital of the world. 3. New imperialism brought fierce competition among the nations and was a profoundly destabilizing force. T 729 5 II, A Understanding NOT: It destabilized the old balances of power in Europe. 4. “Imperialism” is the process of extending one state’s control over another. T 729 1 II Understanding NOT: Although this takes many different forms, the seizure of control is central to imperialism. 5. Although the slave trade was outlawed in British and French colonies, new systems of forced labor cropped up to take their place. T 729 2 II Understanding NOT: Little changed between the two systems. 6. In general, nineteenth-century imperialism involved more independent entrepreneurial actity by merchants and traders and less emphasis on settlement and discipline. F 729 2 II, A Understanding NOT: The shift was away from private companies and entrepreneurial actity and toward governmental control. 7. Dad Lingstone’s famous phrase “the white man’s burden” referred to the European mission to cilize the globe. F 729 2 II NOT: It was Rudyard Kipling who introduced the phrase and idea to Europe. 8. The sati was the Indian rite in which a wife immolated herself on her husband’s funeral pyre. T 732 2 III, A NOT: It was outlawed as un-Christian by the English in the nineteenth century. 9. British success in India came primarily from the imposition of a single cultural society that forced English culture upon the Indians, sometimes by force. F s 733–734 2 III, A Understanding NOT: There was never a uniform cultural policy toward India, and many were dided on ideas of tolerance. 10. The Great Rebellion of 1857 was triggered by the discipline of Indian soldiers who refused to use rifle cartridges greased with pork fat. T 733 3 III, A, 1 Understanding NOT: The practice was offensive to both Hindu and Muslim troops. 11. Mohandas Gandhi was representative of a large number of Indians who left India to serve as indentured servants or work as professionals in other areas of the British empire. T s 737–738 3 III, A Understanding NOT: Gandhi came into the public eye as a lawyer in an Indian law firm in South Africa. 12. Although Britain traded with China for luxury goods such as opium, silk, porcelain, and art objects, it was the tea trade that heightened conflicts between the two nations in the early nineteenth century. F 738 3 IV, A Understanding NOT: It was the opium trade that brought the countries to war. 13. Opium was exported from China in the nineteenth century to Britain, India, and the rest of the world for use in medicine and for pleasure. F 737 3 IV, A Understanding NOT: Opium was an export of India. 14. Private investors, such as Cecil Rhodes, played just as large a part in the partitioning of Africa as did indidual countries. T 746 2 , B, 3, a Evaluating NOT: Rhodes's bribery and double-dealing along with careful cultivation of politics made him a powerful force in the unification of British Africa. 15. New military technologies such as the machine gun proved an effective deterrent to armed resistance by native peoples, as seen in their use by the British army in Africa. T 755 3 I, A Understanding NOT: The new gun turned several rebellions into bloodbaths. 1. What was the impact of the Suez Canal on Britain and the West? 2. How do formal and informal imperialism differ? 3. In what ways did the early nineteenth-century European empires differ from those established in the second half of the century? 4. What were the causes of new imperialism? 5. What was the role of the East India Company in British control of India? 6. What were the causes of the Great Rebellion of 1857? 7. What were the causes and effects of the Opium Wars in China? 8. How did the “cilizing missions” of France differ from other attempts at colonialism? 9. How was imperialism reflected in the popular culture of Europe? 10. How did ideas of race serve as justification for imperial conquest in the nineteenth century? CHAPTER 23: Modern Industry and Mass Politics, 1870–1914 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The artistic movement known as futurism was introduced to Europe by: a. M. J. Duchamp. d. Claude Monet. b. ncent van Gogh. e. F. T. Marinetti. c. J. C. Pissarro E 761 1 I 2. Technological advances in Europe, matched by advances in medicine and agriculture, brought about a period of renewed growth in the nineteenth century known as the: a. Era of Good Feelings. d. manufacturing revolution. b. technological revolution. e. information revolution. c. second industrial revolution. C 762 | 765 1 II, A Understanding 3. The first technological innovation of the second industrial revolution was with: a. iron. d. aluminum. b. bronze. e. steel. c. copper. E 762 1 II Understanding 4. Although discovered much earlier, the development of electricity in the late 1800s led to all of the following EXCEPT: a. new techniques in the chemical industry. b. electrification of metropolitan areas. c. improvements in subway systems. d. changes in the ling habits of ordinary people. e. a dramatic improvement in air quality. E 763 1 II Understanding 5. One means by which some nineteenth-century companies attempted to dominate an industry was to control every step of production, from the acquisition of raw materials to the distribution of the final product, in a/an _________ combination. a. organic d. diagonal b. vertical e. transnational c. monopolistic B 766 1 II, C Understanding 6. By 1914, the largest overseas buyer of food commodities was: a. the United States. d. France. b. Great Britain. e. Russia. c. Germany. B 768 1 II, D 7. By the 1860s, _________ were the leading voices for an expanded franchise in many European countries. a. Chartists d. socialist parliamentarians b. Liberals e. communists c. radical capitalists D 768 2 III Understanding 8. Which political party became the model Marxist party in the late nineteenth century? a. German Social Democratic Party b. Independent Labor Party c. Goths Program d. International Workingmen’s Association e. National Socialist Workers’ Party A 769 2 III, A 9. In general, the syndicalists: a. made advances in Britain, but not Italy, France, or Spain. b. like the socialists, had great faith in the political process. c. demanded that workers share in the ownership and control of the means of production. d. argued that the associations and the state could work together. e. became the model for labor organizations in the United States. C 770 2 III Understanding 10. By the early twentieth century, many European socialists were beginning to doubt some of the core assumptions of Marxist doctrine. In Germany, these “resionists” were led by: a. Eduard Bernstein. d. Thurston Veblen. b. Friedrich Engels. e. Friedrich Nietzsche. c. Elmer Bernstein. A 770 2 III, A Understanding 11. European women, hang attained the right to control their own property, ewed _________ as the symbol of full legal personhood. a. equal pay for equal work d. economic freedom b. enfranchisement e. equality under the law c. equal access to employment B 771 3 IV, A Understanding 12. By 1884, Germany, France, and Britain had extended voting rights most broadly, but even in those countries the members of society who continued to be denied the vote as a group were: a. women. d. soldiers. b. workers. e. slaves. c. clerics. A 771 3 IV Understanding 13. In 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst: a. founded the Women’s Social and Political Union. b. was killed when she threw herself under the king’s horse at the Derby. c. delivered a speech before Parliament denouncing the suffragette movement. d. was murdered during a socialist rally in London. e. secured the right to vote for women in Britain by royal decree. A 772 3 IV, A 14. The first country to admit women to medical schools for training as medical doctors was: a. Switzerland. d. Russia. b. Great Britain. e. Italy. c. France. A 773 3 IV, B 15. With the rise of the “New Woman,” conservative women such as Octaa Hill called upon women to: a. “Rise up to defend the British empire by keeping the home fires burning.” b. “Actively seek out those who oppose the traditional station of women and defeat them.” c. “Seek their way in the world independently of their husbands.” d. “Temper this wild struggle for place and power.” e. “Secure the franchise and take control of the political system in Britain.” D 774 3 IV, C Understanding 16. The Paris Commune obtained its greatest support from the: a. middle classes. d. army officer corps. b. workers of Paris. e. soldiers of the Paris barracks. c. peasants of Normandy. B 775 4 V, A, 2 Understanding 17. European liberal politics of the mid-nineteenth century relied for its power on: a. the military. d. the upper class. b. the working class. e. an enlightened monarchy. c. the old aristocracy. D 775 4 V Understanding 18. The Third Republic in France was shaken in 1894 by the “Dreyfus Affair” that saw the rise of _________ in French society. a. socialism d. Dreyfusardism b. republicanism e. militarism c. anti-Semitism C 775 4 V, A, 3 Understanding 19. Alfred Dreyfus received support from many prominent members of the literary community; among them was: a. ctor Hugo. d. Edouard Drumont. b. Émile Zola. e. Aurore Dupin Dudevant. c. Guy de Maupassant. B 775 4 V, A, 3 20. Published in 1903 and 1905, The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion: a. was forged by the Russian secret police and detailed a Jewish plot to dominate the world. b. demonstrated that Jews and Christians could live together in peace. c. was written by Alfred Dreyfus. d. defended the economic interests of the Rothschild banking family. e. set out the Zionists’ proposal to establish a Jewish state. A 776 4 V, A, 3 Understanding 21. Which pairing is correct? a. Edouard Drumont, Germinal b. Georges Sorel, The Communist Manifesto c. Sir James Frazer, The Descent of Man d. Theodor Herzl, The State of the Jews e. George Sand, What Is to Be Done? D 777 4 V, B 22. Bismarck enacted several measures concerning national health legislation because: a. the liberals demanded it. b. his ethical standards were high and he saw legislation as his Christian duty. c. Germany was experiencing a typhoid epidemic. d. reports showed that the German population was seriously undernourished. e. he wanted to win the loyalty of the German working class. E 780 4 V, C Understanding 23. The Kulturkampf of Otto von Bismarck was a campaign waged against the: a. socialists. d. communists. b. Catholics. e. Volksdeutsche. c. Lutherans. B 780 4 V, C Understanding 24. Dad Lloyd George: a. was a conservative member of the House of Lords. b. founded the Independent Labor Party in 1901. c. proposed a controversial budget in 1909 that included a progressive income tax. d. was responsible for passage of the Second Reform Bill. e. blocked consideration of the League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference. C 781 4 V, D Understanding 25. Under the Russian Tsar Nicholas II, Russification: a. extended the language and culture of Greater Russia over all non-Russian subjects. b. was not accomplished by coercion or physical oppression. c. was intended to destroy the populist movement. d. did not involve pogroms. e. was a program the tsar implemented as part of the process to become a naturalized Russian citizen. A 782 4 V, E, 2 Understanding 26. Tsar Alexander II: a. led Russia to ctory in the Crimean War. b. was an enlightened ruler who industrialized Russia. c. was assassinated in spite of freeing the serfs. d. was a repressive ruler who reversed all the reforms of his father. e. was an intellectual who founded the Bolshoi Ballet. C 782 4 V, E Understanding 27. Irish home rule was debated for many years in the British Parliament and had support from the Irish Parliamentary Party in the last decades of the nineteenth century, but by the end of the century, a more radical position calling for full independence was reved by the militant political organization called the: a. Ulster Unionists. d. Ó Clérigh Lughaidh. b. Orangemen. e. Ulster Volunteers. c. Irish Republican Brotherhood. C 781 4 V, D Understanding 28. The revolution of 1905 in Russia was caused by: a. a conflict between Bolsheks and Mensheks. b. the inflammatory writings of Lenin. c. the October Manifesto. d. Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. e. a shortage of bread in Saint Petersburg. D 784 4 V, E, 4 Understanding 29. Until the Russo-Japanese War, ordinary Russians continued to believe that the tsar was their “Little Father” and would do what he could to aid them in their lives. This trust was shaken on January 22, 1905, a date afterward referred to as: a. “Black Thursday.” d. “Father Capon Day.” b. “Shrove Tuesday.” e. “Bloody Sunday.” c. “Maundy Thursday.” E 784 4 V, E, 4 Understanding 30. Marxism came to Russia in two forms: one based on industrial capitalism known as the Social Democratic Party and the other based on the populist appeal to the peasantry known as the: a. Orthodox Socialist Party. d. Marxist Socialist Union. b. Social Revolutionary Party. e. Mensheks. c. Bolsheks. B 782 4 V, E, 3 Understanding 31. As a result of the 1905 revolution, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, which: a. proded for open elections for a legislative body, the Dumas, which paved the way for the peaceful transition to a constitutional monarchy in 1907. b. created the Ocrana, the secret police, which ruthlessly crushed all opposition to the tsar, focusing specifically on the Bolsheks and the Social Revolutionaries. c. completed the work begun by the Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended the Russo-Japanese War, which called for the transfer of territory in the East to Japan. d. guaranteed indidual liberties, more liberal franchise for the election of a Dumas, and veto powers for the Dumas—all of which Nicholas repealed over the next two years. e. freed all the serfs from their ancestral lands. D 784 4 V, E, 4 Understanding 32. In the late nineteenth century, in the midst of the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire, a nationalist movement emerged in Turkey under the guidance of a group calling themselves the “Young Turks,” who successfully forced the sultan to establish a constitutional government in 1908. In the following year they deposed the sultan and placed him with his brother: a. Khalid Hamid IV. d. Mohammed V. b. Ibn al’ Mina V. e. Harun al-Rashid. c. Assur-dan . D 786 4 V, F 33. The most transformative event in French history in the second part of the nineteenth century was the: a. Franco-Prussian War. d. Second Empire. b. 1848 revolution. e. Crimean War. c. Paris Commune. A s 774–775 4 V, A Understanding 34. Charles Darwin completed the fieldwork that served as the basis for his theories during the time he spent as an unpaid naturalist on an around-the-world voyage aboard the ship: a. H.M.S. Beagle. d. R.M.S. ctory. b. R.M.S. Shepherd. e. H.M.S. Hood. c. H.M.S. Bounty. A 788 5 , A, 1 35. In his groundbreaking publication of 1859, Charles Darwin dealt with the natural world and developed his theory of evolution by means of natural selection. That book is entitled: a. Natural Selection and Human Beings. b. The Origin of the Species. c. The Descent of Man. d. On the Theory of Natural Selection. e. The Theory of Evolution & Man. B 788 5 , A Understanding 36. Social scientists of the late nineteenth century often reached experimental results that undermined the very scientific method they employed, since those results generally showed that human beings were: a. rational. d. the product of heredity. b. the product of their enronment. e. a blank slate at birth. c. irrational. C 789 5 , C Understanding 37. Evolutionary theories had existed from the time of the ancient Greeks, but the first modern theory of evolution was developed by: a. Georg Simmel. d. Herbert Spencer. b. Charles Darwin. e. Alfred Wallace. c. Jean Lemarck. B 786 5 , A Understanding 38. The nineteenth-century political theory of liberalism looked to _________ to confirm its tenets. a. politics d. sociology b. science e. philosophy c. religion B 786 5 Understanding 39. The expression “surval of the fittest” was first used by: a. Sir James Frazer. d. Charles Darwin. b. Herbert Spencer. e. Sigmund Freud. c. Thomas Henry Huxley. B 789 5 , B 40. Many educated or middle-class Christians were troubled by the implications of the writings of Charles Darwin because those writings: a. showed that the world was governed by random chance and constant, undirected struggle. b. contradicted the literal interpretation of the Bible. c. flatly denied the existence of a supreme being. d. stated that human beings had evolved, over time, from monkeys. e. held that human beings were no different from any other animal in existence. A 788 5 , A, 1 Understanding 41. “Classical conditioning,” as developed by Ivan Pavlov, became a part of the psychological school of: a. analytical realism. d. Cartesian dualism. b. reflexology. e. conditioned response. c. behaorism. C 789 5 , C, 1 Understanding 42. Sigmund Freud argued that mental disorders are caused by: a. mental images created during our dream states. b. physiological responses to enronmental stimuli. c. chemical imbalances in the brain. d. a conflict between natural drives and cultural restraints. e. a lack of enronmental restraints of people’s actions. D 790 5 , C, 2 Understanding 43. Friedrich Nietzsche believed that human beings must become “supermen” and: a. control their irrational impulses through artistic expression. b. master the world through a “will to faith.” c. achieve mastery over all antisocial behaor. d. reform social, economic, and political organizations. e. transcend the bounds of cultural conformity. E 792 5 , C, 3 44. In response to the growing materialism and free thought in the world, Pope Pius IX issued an encyclical entitled: a. Ecce Homo. d. Syllabus of Errors. b. Mistakes of the Modern World. e. Humanae tae. c. Unum Sanctum. D 792 5 , D Understanding 45. The second half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in literacy in Europe to about: a. 25 percent. d. 65 percent. b. 40 percent. e. 80 percent. c. 50 percent. C 793 5 , E Understanding 46. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, culture entered a new era that has been labeled as: a. Mannerism. d. Modernism. b. Baroque. e. pop art. c. structuralism. D 793 5 , E Understanding 47. Although a few challenges to representational art had occurred earlier, the first significant break emerged in France with the: a. impressionists. d. structuralists. b. surrealists. e. post-impressionists. c. dadaists. A 794 5 , F, 1 Understanding 48. The French painter recognized as the “Father of Modern Art” for his transformation of art into a vehicle for an artist’s self-expression was: a. Pierre-Auguste Renoir. d. Paul Gauguin. b. Claude Monet. e. Paul Cézanne. c. ncent van Gogh. E 795 5 , F, 1 49. After the turn of the twentieth century, futurist artists sought out a response to “end-of-century” malaise by looking: a. toward the machine age using new techniques and mediums. b. inward, making art a reflective and personal refuge from a tired world. c. to the Western classical age, creating a new neoclassical style. d. to so-called primitive cultures in order to tap their primal energy. e. outward, to demonstrate that “art” was dead. A 796 5 , F, 1 Understanding TRUE/FALSE 1. Futurism, as introduced to Italy by F. T. Marinetti, was an aggressive new art movement influenced by technology and the bustle of urban life. T 761 5 , F, 1 Understanding NOT: It celebrated heroic warfare and disparaged liberalism. 2. In Britain, the manufacturing of cheap steel in large quantities allowed it to outstrip German industrialism. F 763 1 II, A Understanding NOT: Germany produced more steel than Britain. 3. Mass consumption was one of the greatest changes in the second industrial revolution as the traditional buying habits of the consumer both within and outside urban areas were quickly changed and society became much less stratified. F 765 1 II, B Understanding NOT: Society remained deeply stratified, and retailers were only able to change the spending habits of most people slowly. 4. In order to mobilize the funds needed for large-scale enterprises, most European countries enacted limited-liability laws that ensured stockholders could lose only the value of their shares in the event of bankruptcy. T 766 1 II, C Understanding NOT: Insured in this way, thousands of middle-class men and women began to invest in promising ventures. 5. The second industrial revolution created a strong demand for technical expertise, which meant that university degrees became more important than on-the-job apprenticeships. T 766 1 II, C Understanding NOT: This contributed to the rise of the white-collar worker. 6. The dominant trend in business during the second industrial revolution was a decreased cooperation between governments and industry. F s 766–767 1 II, C Understanding NOT: Even though some rulers such as Theodore Roosevelt tried to check the power of industry, for the most part, governments worked closely with big industry. 7. The near-universal adoption of the gold standard in currency exchange greatly diminished world trade. F 768 1 II, D Understanding NOT: It facilitated it enormously. 8. A powerful new tool of a general strike of all industrial workers was proposed by the syndicalists, who argued that it would do more to bring down the state than electoral politics. T 770 2 III, A Understanding NOT: This was a prime tool of the syndicalists. 9. The Third Republic of France was created after the fall of the Second Republic during the French-Iberian War. F s 774–775 4 IV, A, 1 Understanding NOT: It fell during the Franco-Prussian War. 10. Zionism was based on the hierarchical principles of the Jewish faith and hoped to establish a homeland in which the caste-like system of the ancient twelve tribes could once again organize Jews into a single, organized people. F 777 4 V, B Understanding NOT: It was based on utopian principles. 11. In spite of all legal hindrances, votes for the Social Democratic Party in Germany quadrupled by 1881, the year Bismarck resigned. T 780 4 V, C Understanding NOT: The movement was stronger than its greatest opponent. 12. Russia under Tsar Alexander II had made many liberal changes such as the freeing of the serfs. All liberal tendencies in the government came to an end with the assassination of the tsar. T 782 4 V, E Understanding NOT: When Alexander II was assassinated, his successor, Alexander III, steered the country sharply to the right. 13. The outbreak of World War I was all that prevented cil war in Ireland in the early twentieth century. T 781 4 V, D Understanding NOT: The Irish question had reached a head that was only delayed by the outbreak of the war. 14. A pogrom is a Russian term for a olent attack on cilians. T 782 4 V, E, 2 Understanding NOT: It was not particular to the oppression of the Jews, but was focused almost entirely on them by the close of the nineteenth century. 15. Lenin regarded revolution as the only answer to Russia’s problems. T 783 4 V, E, 3 Understanding NOT: In his treatise What Is to Be Done? he argues that rebellion is Russia's only means to attaining its special destiny. 1. What innovations typified the second industrial revolution, and what were the effects on European society? 2. What changes did industrialization cause in Europe? 3. Why was Marxism so appealing to both workers and intellectuals across the West? 4. In what ways were traditional ctorian gender roles for women redefined in the latter half of the nineteenth century? 5. What was the impact of the Dreyfus Affair on Europe? 6. What factors made Germany particularly receptive to social democracy? 7. Why did the industrial and social changes of the nineteenth century destabilize Russia? 8. What gains were made by the Russian revolution of 1905? Why were these gains not enough to complete Russia’s transition to a modern nation? 9. How were the theories of Darwinism applied to political objectives? 10. What was modernism, and how did it reflect the changes in society during the late nineteenth century? CHAPTER 24: The First World War MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Although the dual monarchy of Austria–Hungary had ethnic problems within many of its pronces, the most volatile of all proved to be within the pronce of: a. Slovenia. d. Serbia. b. Bosnia. e. Herzegona. c. Croatia. B 800 1 II Applying 2. On June 28, 1914: a. Austria issued an ultimatum to the Serbian government. b. Serbia rejected the Austrian ultimatum. c. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo. d. Russia fully mobilized its armed forces to aid “brother Slavs” in Serbia. e. Germany issued Austria a “blank check” to mobilize against Russia. C 800 1 II, A 3. In the years preceding World War I, Europe was dided into two groups of nation-states united by treaty. Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy were opposed by Russia, France, and Great Britain, who were known collectively as the: a. Three Democracies. d. Triple Threat. b. Triple Alliance. e. Central Powers. c. Triple Entente. C 800 1 II Understanding 4. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand precipitated the “July Crisis” and led to World War I because he was: a. Tsar Nicholas II’s ambassador to Croatia. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II’s youngest son. c. the pope’s ambassador to Serbia. d. heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. e. Queen ctoria’s youngest son. D 800 1 II, A Understanding 5. What was the public motive for Britain’s declaration of war in 1914? a. the Austro–Hungarian attack on Serbia b. the threat posed by German submarines to the world’s shipping lanes c. the German declaration of war on France; that activated the Anglo-French alliance d. the German invasion of neutral Belgium e. the Russian declaration of war on Germany, which required Britain to declare war by treaty D 802 1 II Understanding 6. The nations of Europe, following the assassination at Sarajevo, embarked on five weeks of what has since been characterized as: a. “a tragedy of miscalculation.” d. “a comedy of errors.” b. “a premeditated drive to war.” e. “a blind, blundering mess.” c. “an example of astute diplomacy.” A 802 1 II 7. The German “Schlieffen Plan” ensioned a: a. sweeping attack through Belgium to defeat the French outside Paris. b. naval blockade of the British Isles. c. joint attack with Austria–Hungary to punish Serbia. d. sudden attack on Russia through what is now Poland. e. joint attack with Italy against France. A 803 1 III, A Understanding 8. Military planners preparing for war in 1914 believed that the war would be short, limited, and decisive, basing their success on the twin ideas of: a. careful planning and improsation. d. improsation and speed. b. size and speed. e. careful planning and speed. c. size and careful planning. B 803 1 I 9. In the 1890s Germany had developed a plan to fight a two-front war called the: a. von Hindenburg Plan. d. Teutonic Plan. b. Schlieffen Plan. e. Valkyre Plan. c. Gotha Plan. B 803 1 III, A 10. The action that brought the German plan of attack in the West to an end in September 1914 was the: a. failure by the German quartermaster corps to keep the army supplied. b. First Battle of the Somme. c. First Battle of the Marne. d. First Battle of Ypres. e. German defeat on the Eastern Front by the Russians at Tannenberg. C 806 2 III Understanding 11. The German army, in the early days of the war, won a stunning ctory over the Russians at the battle of: a. Verdun. d. Lutsk. b. the Masurian Lakes. e. Brest-Litovsk. c. the Ice at Lake Peipus. B 806 1 III, B 12. Which of the following best describes the British action at Gallipoli? a. a naval ctory that cleared the Mediterranean Sea of Turkish and German ships b. an effort to defeat the Ottoman Empire from the rear, mong up the Tigris and Euphrates rivers c. an attempt to shore up the defense of Serbia through securing a supply line by sea d. a botched amphibious landing in Turkey that failed to “force” the sea route to Russia e. a campaign plagued by miscalculation and missed opportunities but ultimately allowing the British to capture Istanbul D 807 2 IV Understanding 13. World War I saw the first use of many new weapons. One of these, poison gas, was particularly devastating due to its: a. short- and long-term effects; hang recovered, most ctims had recurring bouts of sickness. b. effects on both those at whom it was directed and those who used it. c. physical and psychological effects. d. effect on the cilian population close to the front. e. effects on the surrounding enronment. C s 810–811 2 V Understanding 14. The bloodiest battles of World War I occurred during 1916–1917, with the first of these being fought at: a. Ypres. d. Verdun. b. Ardennes. e. Tannenberg. c. Somme. D 811 2 V, A Understanding 15. Which weapon was considered the best bet to break the stalemate on the Western Front? a. tank d. airplane b. submarine e. machine gun c. zeppelin A s 812–813 2 IV Understanding 16. Describing the outcome of the major battles of 1916–1917, one Allied veteran stated: a. “Neither side had won, nor could win, the War. The War had won, and would go on winning.” b. “ ’Tis sweet and glorious to die for one’s country, but ctory is the sweetest of all.” c. “We have shown that democracies will always triumph over monarchies. Freedom is the future!” d. “Europe is a graveyard from which cilization will have to struggle to surve.” e. “Europe has become a military laboratory constructed on top of a graveyard.” A 812 2 V Understanding 17. In the five months of the First Battle of the Somme, the total casualties totaled approximately: a. 1,750,000. d. 500,000. b. 1,000,000. e. 250,000. c. 750,000. B 812 2 V, B Applying 18. How did the Balfour Declaration affect the postwar policies of the Middle East? a. It scuttled the efforts to secure Egyptian independence from British rule. b. It staked claims for British interests in the region that excluded France. c. It guaranteed continued British control of Egypt and Trans-Jordan. d. It proposed the terms for diding up the defeated Ottoman Empire. e. It gave British approval to a national home for European Jews in Palestine. E 813 4 Understanding 19. Great Britain fought against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East where the most crucial advantage in its ctory over the Turks was: a. that the Turks were forced to rely on mercenaries to fight since they had no standing army. b. the British superiority in arms: a new repeating rifle that the Turks did not possess. c. the ability to read coded Turkish messages after the British cracked the Turkish military code in 1915. d. the Turkish inability to fight on Saturdays, their holy day when no olent acts could be committed. e. the support of various Arab peoples seeking independence from the Turks. E 813 4 Applying 20. What event galvanized the cause of Irish nationalism during World War I? a. the British government’s blunt refusal to consider “Home Rule” until after the war b. the execution of the leaders of the Easter Rebellion in 1916 c. the founding of the Sinn Fein political party d. the appalling losses among Irish soldiers during the Somme offensive e. the outspoken support for Irish independence by the prince of Wales B 816 3 , A Applying 21. Which of the following was a consequence of the Hindenburg Plan? a. the collapse of efforts to negotiate an early end to the war on the Western Front b. negotiating a political settlement to create a German republic after the Kaiser’s abdication c. placing indidual industrialists in charge of pricing and profits in Germany’s war economy d. the near defeat of British and French forces by a surprise German offensive in March 1918 e. the peace accord reached with the Bolshek government of Russia in 1918 C 817 3 Understanding 22. Many social changes occurred in Europe as a result of World War I. Among them was the emergence of the “New Woman,” an occurrence that was greeted: a. with universal praise since it signaled the end of the dision of labor by sex. b. by all women as a good thing and by every man as a true el. c. by a resounding indifference on the part of most people since it affected so few. d. with mixed reews; many celebrated it while many grumbled about the change. e. with welcome by most people, the notable exception being the clergy. D 818 3 , A Understanding 23. With so much of the male population of European countries in uniform during the war, women increasingly filled industrial positions from which they had heretofore been excluded. In Britain, these women were collectively dubbed: a. Rosie the Riveter. b. Sophie the Armourer. c. Munitionettes. d. Rockettes. e. Angels of the Factories. C 818 3 , A 24. The social changes that were forged during the war were recorded in one of the most famous autobiographies of the period, Testament of Youth, by: a. Vera Brittain. d. Emmeline Pankhurst. b. Marie Stopes. e. Millicent Fawcett. c. Margaret Sanger. A 818 3 , A 25. One of the changes in British society after the war was the availability of birth control when the first birth-control clinic was opened in London in 1921 by: a. Vera Brittain. b. Marie Stopes. c. Margaret Sanger. d. Emmeline Pankhurst. e. Millicent Fawcett. B 818 3 , A 26. Although every country fighting in World War I suffered food shortages at various times during the war, Great Britain was the last to institute control by rationing bread in 1917 primarily because: a. of a poor wheat harvest in Australia. b. English bakers were on strike. c. the entire bread supply went to the army. d. the English people voluntarily had limited their consumption. e. of German submarine success in sinking Allied shipping. E s 821–822 3 , C Understanding 27. Russia had been stunned by early setbacks in 1914, due primarily to problems of equipment, supply, and training. By the end of 1916, it had been brought to the verge of total collapse by: a. the inability of the government to bring production up to the levels needed to pursue the war with Germany. b. a combination of political ineptitude and military defeat. c. the ever-growing political threat posed by the Bolsheks. d. the sudden death of Tsar Nicholas II. e. failed harvests throughout Russia and the ensuing mass starvation, which also contributed to a reduction in industrial capacity. B 823 5 I Understanding 28. All of the following prompted the Russian people to revolt against their tsar in 1917 EXCEPT: a. the horrendous loss of life in World War I. b. ling conditions that had grossly deteriorated. c. lack of food in most areas of the country. d. a complete loss of faith in the government. e. the mistreatment by the tsar’s family of the revered holy man, Grigorii Rasputin. E s 822–823 5 I Understanding 29. What or who were the soets? a. local councils of workers and soldiers throughout Russia b. special committees of the Duma (Russia’s parliament) c. field officers of the Bolshek movement who directed revolutionary forces during 1917 d. non-Russian territories controlled from Moscow during the Russian Revolution e. terrorists who eventually overthrew the tsarist government of Nicholas II A 823 5 I Understanding 30. The abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia in February 1917 was caused by: a. the concerted effort of a small group of revolutionaries led by V. I. Lenin who seized the centers of governmental power in Petrograd. b. a widespread conspiracy headed by Grigorii Rasputin that included many members of the royal family. c. poor health exacerbated by the harsh conditions he experienced at the front lines where he was personally commanding the Russian army. d. a loosely organized march of women demanding food, fuel, and political reform that quickly spiraled into a mass strike which the army joined. e. Russia’s unconditional surrender to Germany following the loss of over 1 million men at the battle of Tannenberg. D 823 5 I, A, 1 Understanding 31. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicated his throne and thus made way for the formation of a transitional government for Russia in what is now known as the: a. February Revolution. d. Women’s Revolution. b. October Revolution. e. Glorious Revolution. c. Peoples’ Revolution. A s 823–824 5 I, A Understanding 32. The Bolsheks under Lenin attempted to gain widespread support during the summer of 1917 under the slogan: a. “Peace and the Romanovs!” d. “All Power to the Dumas!” b. “Hang the Kaiser!” e. “Peace, Land, and Bread, Now!” c. “All Power to the Bolsheks!” E 824 5 I, B, 2, a Understanding 33. Which Bolshek leader made the most notable contribution to Lenin’s efforts during the fall of 1917? a. Bukharin d. Stalin b. Kornilov e. Zemstov c. Trotsky C 825 5 I, B, 2 Understanding 34. The Bolsheks were able to ultimately triumph in October 1917 under the leadership of the young, dedicated revolutionary: a. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. d. Nicholas Alexandrach Romanov. b. Alexander Alexandrach Kerensky. e. Iosep Ilyich Jughashli. c. Lev Denisoch Bronnstein. A 824 5 I, B, 2 35. Opposed to Lenin and his plan for a takeover of the Russian government was another part of the Social Democratic Party: a. the Left Social Revolutionaries. d. the Pushkinites. b. the Bolsheks. e. the Right Social Revolutionaries. c. the Mensheks. C 824 5 I, B, 1 Understanding 36. The second Russian revolution in 1917 was led by the: a. Left Social Revolutionaries. d. Pushkinites. b. Bolsheks. e. Right Social Revolutionaries. c. Mensheks. B 824 5 I, B, 2 Understanding 37. The American journalist John Reed, in covering the Russian Revolution, wrote of the events of October 1917 that they were “ten days that shook the world.” Although many attitudes and things were immediately shaken, it did have a more lasting effect because it: a. was essentially a conservative revolution, which allowed the politically reactionary Social Revolutionary Party to seize power and restore the monarchy. b. was a political transformation that set the agenda for future revolutions and created the political categories for the rest of the century. c. was an utter failure, which caused the worldwide socialist movement to collapse and allowed Germany to declare ctory on the Eastern Front. d. was to serve as a model for the ensuing socialist revolutions in Germany and France, eventually leading to the creation of the European Socialist Union. e. spurred other absolutionist governments to take precautions against similar revolts. B 826 5 I, B Applying 38. Which of the following was NOT a major element in the German collapse of November 1918? a. a naval mutiny against the disastrous plan to attack the combined American and British naes b. the sudden death of Kaiser Wilhelm’s heir c. the declaration of a republic in Bavaria and socialist revolts elsewhere in the country d. scarce food supplies that left some Germans on the verge of starvation e. the surrender of Austria on November 3, 1918 B 827 6 IX Understanding 39. During August 1918, the war changed momentum on the Western Front due to several factors, the most important of which was: a. an increase in the morale of Allied front-line troops. b. new tactics, which were first used by the French. c. the Allies’ material advantage finally coming to bear on the Germans. d. the arrival of fresh American troops at the front in the region of the Somme. e. the near collapse of the German army after a failed attack along the entire front. C s 827–828 2 IX Understanding 40. What was the single greatest U.S. contribution to the defeat of German forces on the battlefield in 1918? a. the number and resilience of U.S. conscripts sent into battle alongside the Allies b. the role of U.S. commanders, notably John Pershing, in desing a new strategy for defeating trench warfare c. the large number of U.S. warships to the blockade of Germany d. massive U.S. production of ships, tanks, and planes for the Allied war effort e. the financial support the country was able to give to the Allies both before its formal entry into the war and afterward A 828 2 IX, B Understanding 41. The entry of the United States into World War I on the side of the Allies was due to several factors; among them were the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by the Germans and the: a. genocide attempted by the Germans on the Eastern Front against the Slavs. b. enormous debt owed U.S. banks by the Allies that needed to be protected. c. discovery of a widespread and powerful German “fifth rank” in the United States. d. ctory of the Bolsheks in Russia and the movement of German troops to the Western Front. e. interception of the “Zimmerman telegram” sent by Germany’s foreign minister to Mexico. E 828 2 IX, B Understanding 42. To what does the term total war refer? a. a commitment to defeating one’s enemies and occupying their land, thus dissolng their right to nationhood b. the willingness to starve out military opponents through the use of blockades c. the willingness to use all military means to secure ctory, regardless of the Geneva Convention d. the intense commitment of a nation’s whole human and material resources to fighting e. synonymously with genocide, the desire to not only defeat an enemy, but to kill every man, woman, and child D 829 2 43. At the Paris Peace Conference beginning in 1919, each of the so-called Big Four was represented by their political leaders, with Italy being represented by: a. Giuseppe Garibaldi. d. Enrico Caruso. b. ctor Emmanuel. e. Giuseppe Mazzini. c. ttorio Orlando. C 829 6 IX, D, 1 44. World War I was finally ended by the: a. Treaty of Paris. d. Treaty of Versailles. b. London Peace Accords. e. Treaty of Westphalia. c. Treaty of Locarno. D 830 6 IX, D, 2 45. Although all countries involved in the war used propaganda to bolster the morale of their cilian population, what was one unintended consequence? a. It increased enlistments too much and strained the abilities of all countries to arm, clothe, and train the new soldiers. b. It pointed out the similarity of all people and caused them to work for a just peace settlement. c. It lowered the morale of the front-line troops who were constantly reminded of home. d. It became more for any country to accept a fair, nonpunitive peace settlement. e. It bolstered the morale of the troops in the field as well as those on the home front. D 831 3 IX, D Understanding 46. Although Germany was subjected to many crippling prosions of the Treaty of Versailles, the most dangerous were the punitive reparations, according to the eminent British economist: a. John Stuart Mill. d. John Maynard Keynes. b. Bertrand, Lord Russell. e. Alan Richard Greenspan. c. Dad Lloyd George. D 831 6 IX, D, 2, a Understanding 47. Who appeared at the Versailles Conference to advocate the rights of colonial peoples? a. Ho Chi Minh d. Woodrow Wilson b. John Maynard Keynes e. Kim Jong-Il c. Albert Schweitzer A 832 6 IX, D, 2, b 48. What were the mandates of the Treaty of Versailles? a. Russian territories under the temporary government of anti-Bolshek forces were recognized by the Allies. b. Territories in the Middle East colonies were to be administered by France and Great Britain. c. Germany and its wartime allies were prohibited from rearming. d. Zones of Allied occupation in Germany were to be demarcated. e. German and Ottoman colonies in the Pacific were to be administered by the United States and Britain. B 832 6 IX, D, 2, b Understanding 49. One of the long-lasting results of World War I was the increasingly sour and suspicious relationship that developed between: a. France and Great Britain. d. Italy and France. b. Russia and western Europe. e. the United States and Great Britain. c. western Europe and the United States. B 832 5 X Understanding 50. Many in Europe recognized that the end of the war had brought about “a new and unfamiliar world,” but no one knew the form this new world was going to take. As Tomas Masaryk stated, “Postwar Europe was a(n): a. brave new world with such wondrous creatures in it.” b. experimental laboratory from which great things were to come.” c. graveyard with little immediate future.” d. laboratory atop a graveyard.” e. wasteland we would now call peace.” D 835 6 X TRUE/FALSE 1. Britain’s involvement in the war was a foregone conclusion due to its pacts with France and its support of Belgium’s neutrality. F 802 1 II, B Understanding NOT: The liberal government opposed entry into the war as neither it nor its colonies were at risk. 2. Italy sided with Germany and Austria before the war and was held to this alliance despite its sympathies with the French and British cause. F 802 1 II, B NOT: Italy initially used a strict reading of its agreement with Germany to remain neutral in the affair after Germany invaded Belgium. Then, in 1915, Italy joined the Allies, persuaded by popular support and promise of financial reparations and territory. 3. In 1914, the military leaders of Europe were confident that the European war, escalated by a scramble for colonies and an arms race between the two systems of alliance, would be quick due to their advanced technologies and large armies. T 803 1 II Understanding NOT: No one expected the stalemate trench warfare would produce. 4. Bankers and financiers were great supporters of the war as they hoped to profit from wartime production and capture colonial markets. F 803 1 II Understanding NOT: They were opposed to the war because they predicted a major war would create financial chaos. 5. The initial German offensive was slowed by the inability of its soldiers and supply trains to keep up with the expected speed of the operation and by the resistance of the Belgians and the intervention of Britain. T 803 2 II, B Understanding NOT: All these factors resulted in terrible losses among the advancing Germans. 6. Although the German naval blockade of Britain destroyed more tonnage, the British blockade against Germany was far more devastating as it put increased demands on the German national economy. T 807 2 IV Understanding NOT: England had fewer demands and obligations than did Germany, which was fighting on several fronts. 7. The term wastage refers to the routine loss of supplies and devastation of land that occurred in trench warfare. F 810 2 V Understanding NOT: The term refers to the seven thousand men who died daily in trench warfare. 8. Verdun was of little strategic importance but was a symbol of France’s strength and morale. T 811 2 V, A Understanding NOT: The Germans thought if they could break Verdun, they could break the French. 9. Propaganda campaigns had been used throughout the war and would make it for any country to accept a nonpunitive peace settlement, as the injustices, motivations, hatreds, and atrocities of the war had been so deeply ingrained in the peoples of Europe. T 819 3 IX, C Understanding NOT: While propaganda had helped keep the peoples of Europe behind the war effort, it made it for them to accept the end of the war settlement. 10. The Allied powers’ extensive borrowing of funds from the British resulted in the hobbling of France as a financial power and the rise of the United Kingdom as a financial power within Europe after the war. F 819 3 , B Understanding NOT: Britain had been forced to borrow from the United States in order to support the Allies and was $4.2 billion in debt at the war's end. 11. The Russian army was not only the largest in Europe, it was the best supplied due to the innovative reforms of Tsar Nicholas. F 823 5 I Understanding NOT: The Russians were the most undersupplied and the poorest equipped army of any army in Europe. Many soldiers were sent into battle without shoes or guns and were told to scavenge for supplies. 12. The aims of the Bolsheks included an end to the war, improvement in working and ling conditions for the workers, and a redistribution of aristocratic land to the peasants. T 824 5 I, B, 2, a Understanding NOT: Increasing numbers of military losses allowed the Bolsheks to gain more support from areas of society that had supported the war preous to 1917. 13. The Bolsheks avoided open cil war in Russia by granting land to the peasants and compensating the former landowners for their losses. However, the landowners largely inflated the loss of land and made profits on the redistribution of lands. F 826 5 I, B, 2, b Understanding NOT: No compensations were made. 14. The United States’ public support of U.S. entry into the war in Europe was so great that over 10 million volunteers signed up for duty. F 828 3 IX, B Understanding NOT: Ten million men were registered through conscription. 15. Woodrow Wilson was the first American president to attend European peace talks while in office. T 828 6 IX, D Understanding NOT: In addition, representatives of over thirty nations came to the peace conference, reflecting the enormous scope of this war. 1. Why was Bosnia so critically important to the outbreak of the First World War? 2. What was the effect of the Gallipoli disaster on the war and society? 3. How did trench warfare differ from traditional means of warfare? 4. What was the role of Europe’s colonies in World War I? 5. How did the war change women’s lives in Europe? 6. The American journalist John Reed described the Russian Revolution as “ten days that shook the world.” What was the impact of the revolution on the rest of Europe? 7. What factors combined to bring about Germany’s defeat? 8. What was meant by the term total war? 9. What was the effect of the war on the minorities of Europe? 10. What were the penalties to be paid by the Germans according to the Treaty of Versailles, and why were they so harsh? CHAPTER 25: Turmoil between the Wars MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The Bolsheks were able to begin consolidating their power in Russia by negotiating a separate peace with the Germans and ending their involvement in the war with the Treaty of: a. Berlin. d. Paris. b. Brest-Litovsk. e. Petrograd. c. Versailles. B 838 1 II 2. The Bolsheks won the cil war due in no small measure to the hierarchical, disciplined military machine of 5 million men created by the new commissar of war: a. Leon Trotsky. d. Iosep Jughashli. b. Nikolai Bukharin. e. V. I. Lenin. c. Josef Stalin. A 839 1 II, A 3. Who were the “Whites?” a. ardently Catholic politicians who supported Mussolini’s rise to power in Italy b. royalist opponents of the revolutionary communists in Russia c. paramilitary opponents of the Weimar Republic in Germany d. the remnants of the Menshek faction in Russia, reformed in opposition to the Bolshek regime e. noncombatants who attempted to care for the sick and wounded during the Russian Cil War B 839 1 II, A Understanding 4. During the Russian Cil War, the communists’ primary opponents were monarchists, but they were also opposed by anarchist peasant groups who opposed all central state power and who were known as the: a. “Reds.” d. “Blues.” b. “Whites.” e. “Blacks.” c. “Greens.” C 839 1 II 5. Although Lenin wanted to establish, for the short term, a state-capitalist economic system in Russia, which resembled the successful European wartime economies, the necessities of the cil war pushed the government to a more radical economic system known as: a. socialism for the masses. d. mercantile communism. b. socialism with a human face. e. war communism. c. peacetime communism. E 839 1 II, A Understanding 6. Which of the following was the most prominent beneficial effect of the New Economic Policy (NEP)? a. the recovery of Russian agriculture to prewar levels of prosperity b. the increase of agricultural goods, especially food, flowing into Russian cities c. greatly increased public faith in the communists’ ability to manage the Soet economy d. the sudden leap forward in Soet industrial production e. the increased support for the communists from the wealthy landowners, the kulaks A 842 1 II, B Understanding 7. Hang sidelined all his opposition within the Bolshek party, Stalin solidified his control in 1929 by remong _________ from the ruling Politburo. a. Iosep Jughashli d. Nikolai Bukharin b. Leon Trotsky e. Gregory Zinoev c. Aktybinsk Kazakhstan D 844 1 II, C Understanding 8. To facilitate his policy of collectization, Stalin moved with particular ciousness against a group of peasants known as: a. streltsy. d. serfs. b. boyars. e. zaporozhsky. c. kulaks. C 845 1 II, C, 1 9. To what does the term gulag refer? a. the first collective farms in the Soet Union b. forced-labor camps populated by political prisoners of Stalin’s government c. Stalin’s institutional replacement for the rural Soets d. the technical term for Stalin’s first Five-Year Plan as it applied to industry e. prisoner-of-war camps for “White” Russian partisans during the Cil War B 845 1 II, C, 2 Understanding 10. The Stalin revolution of the 1920s and 1930s extended even into the families of ordinary Russians with Stalin’s policies of: a. legalization of divorce, homosexuality, religious marriages, and abortion. b. declaring illegal homosexuality, marriage, and abortion. c. legalizing homosexuality but refusing to allow abortions or religious marriages. d. establishing kibbutzim: the means by which children would be raised communally. e. making divorce and abortions illegal except to save the mother’s life. E 848 1 II, C Understanding 11. Which of the following describes a way in which Stalin’s “Great Terror” undermined its own successes? a. The effort to create a more unified socialist country cut the Soet Union off from overseas outlets to spread revolution. b. In trying to take direct control over economic and political life, Stalin managed to eliminate many of his most talented subordinates. c. Speeding up the rate of industrialization created unemployment that even communism could not manage. d. By eliminating his major political opponents, Stalin only increased opposition on the part of minor officials who preously supported him. e. Stalin’s actions galvanized opposition to his rule and led, in 1938, to his overthrow by Nikita Khrushchev. B 848 1 II, C, 3 Understanding 12. Who were the “Red Leagues”? a. the rural organizations of the early Communist party in Russia after 1917 b. paramilitary opponents of the Freikorps in Germany during 1919 and 1920 c. organizations of workers and intellectuals in Western nations formed in support of the Bolshek cause in Russia d. socialist agrarian groups in Italy that attempted to break up large estates and reduce rents e. supporters of Mussolini in Sicily during his rise to power in the 1920s D 849 2 III Understanding 13. What phrase best describes the early membership of Mussolini’s fasci? a. young, ardently nationalist idealists b. disaffected Italian war veterans c. reactionary established merchants and businessmen d. stridently anti-Catholic workers e. dedicated anticommunist, anti-Catholic, anticapitalist anarchists A 849 2 III, A Understanding 14. How did Mussolini manage the Italian state’s long-standing conflict with the Catholic Church? a. by banning Catholic political groups throughout Italy b. by denying diplomatic recognition to the Vatican in 1925 c. by asking prominent Catholic politicians to join the fascist regime d. by staging a public reconciliation with the Church, including independence for the Vatican in 1929 e. by forcibly appointing a new pope, Pius XI, when Benedict XV died in 1929 D s 851–852 2 III, C Understanding 15. Fascism, as a political form of government developed in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s: a. was based solely on the support of the military. b. required that all industry and businesses be controlled by the state. c. rested on the principles of statism, nationalism, militarism, and an economy that fully supports the government while remaining free. d. required that all aspects of a society be totally controlled by the state—from the economy to the military to people’s indidual lives. e. was based on the support of industrialists and the military. C 851 2 III Understanding 16. Following Mussolini’s economic policies of the 1920s, Italy’s plight during the Great Depression was: a. significantly better for Italian farmers, although city dwellers were much worse off. b. significantly better than any other European country during the 1930s. c. no different than any other country in Europe during the 1930s. d. somewhat better for industrial workers but no different for farmers. e. significantly better for urban industrial workers but much worse for farmers. C 852 2 III, B Understanding 17. During the unstable period following the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II, many armed bands grew in number and influence. Among them were the Freikorps, who were: a. militantly pro-democratic. b. anticommunist and pro-Catholic. c. anti-Nazi, anticommunist, and pro-democratic. d. anti-Catholic, anticommunist, and anticapitalist. e. anti-Marxist, anti-Semitic, and antiliberal. E 853 3 IV, A Understanding 18. The 1919 election in the Weimar Republic resulted in a coalition government of: a. communists, Nazis, and social democrats. b. Nazis, liberal democrats, and Catholics. c. socialists, Catholics, and liberal democrats. d. Catholics, social democrats, and communists. e. Catholics, Nazis, and communists. C 853 3 IV, A Understanding 19. What was the Dawes Plan? a. a proposed treaty to begin genuine disarmament among the former Allies b. a diplomatic effort to return the Rhineland to Germany as a demilitarized zone c. the diplomatic effort to fully implement the Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawing war d. an attempt to bring the Soet Union into the League of Nations e. a new system of war reparations for Germany, intended to ease the financial strain E 854 3 IV, A 20. After leading a failed attempt to overthrow the Bavarian state government, Adolf Hitler was sentenced to seven months in prison where he wrote his autobiography-cum-political manifesto entitled: a. Mein Kulturkampf. d. Mein Kampf. b. Mein Katzenjammer. e. Mein Kinderkampf. c. Mein Kauderwelsch. D s 854–855 4 IV, B, 1 21. One reason for the increase in support for the National Socialist Party in Germany in elections in the early 1930s was the work of the party’s propagandist: a. Joseph Goebbels. d. Albert Speer. b. Heinrich Himmler. e. Leni Riefenstahl. c. Hermann Göring. A s 855–856 4 IV, B, 2 Understanding 22. Who was/were the SA? a. the most prominent fascist organization in France, which engaged in acts of cil disobedience b. organized socialist militias that attempted to start a socialist revolution in Germany during 1919 c. the paramilitary arm of the Nazi party, which engaged in intimidating acts of public olence d. militant rural socialists in Russia who rejected the Bolsheks’ brand of communism e. the Société l’agricole, militant rural reformers in France during the 1920s and 1930s C 857 4 IV, B Understanding 23. In elections of the early 1930s, the Nazis drew votes from every segment of German society EXCEPT: a. small property holders. d. handicraft workers. b. the rural middle class. e. domestic workers. c. industrial workers. C 856 4 IV, B Understanding 24. The event in 1933 that led to Hitler being given unlimited power was the: a. collapse of the Deutschmark. b. death of President Paul von Hindenburg. c. Great Depression. d. Reichstag fire. e. occupation of the Rhineland by France. D 856 4 IV, B Understanding 25. What was the Night of the Long Knives? a. a round of brutal street fighting between Nazi and communists gangs immediately after Hitler’s rise to power b. an attack on the Reichstag in Berlin by anarchists c. a nickname for the first round of arrests that sent thousands of German Jews into concentration camps d. a lethal purge of Hitler’s SA in 1934, killing over a thousand officials he considered too radical e. the nickname for the coordinated attacks made on Jewish businesses and synagogues in 1938 D 857 4 IV, B Understanding 26. The Gestapo (the secret police force of the Nazi regime) investigated most of its cases as a result of: a. its agents infiltrating private clubs and societies. b. extensive use of telephone wire taps. c. private citizens voluntarily accusing one another. d. threats made to potential witnesses. e. massive surveillance of most every aspect of German life. C 857 4 V, A Understanding 27. Which of the following statements best describes the way Nazi propagandists tried to portray Hitler? a. a patriotic defender of German businesses and monarchical sentiments b. a capable former soldier who would apply his political and organizing skills to rebuilding German power in Europe and regaining foreign allies c. a charismatic leader with magnetic energy who would act as a bulwark against communism and cultural pollution d. a creative economic thinker who would resolve the material disasters of the Great Depression e. a new Kaiser for a new empire C 857 4 IV, B, 1 | V Understanding 28. In Nazi Germany’s attempt to blur class distinctions in order to infuse a new national spirit in all Germans, they created many organizations such as the _________ for young boys. a. National Labor Serce d. Deutsches Altevolk b. Hitler Youth e. Young Germany c. Bund Deutscher Mädel B 857 4 V, B 29. Nazi Germany stressed its legitimacy by fostering traditional German values such as: a. a strong religious faith by their support of the Lutheran Church and toleration of all other faiths. b. pacifism through the establishment of a government Ministry of Peace. c. education through their support of new scholarships and the creation of several new universities. d. motherhood by their encouragement of women to leave the workplace and assume their proper role as mothers and wives. e. toleration for all peoples by their signing of the Kellogg-Briand Pact. D 857 4 V, C Applying 30. The first racially motivated policy of Nazi Germany was their law regarding: a. the closure of Jewish businesses. b. intermarriage between Jews and Germans. c. Jews holding public office. d. forced sterilization of undesirables. e. banning of all immigration from Africa. D 858 4 V, D Understanding 31. What was the Night of Broken Glass? a. a general attack by the SA against Jewish stores and synagogues across Germany in 1938 b. the Nazis’ nickname for the attack that burned the Reichstag in 1933 c. a show of force by Mussolini’s fasci against communist groups after the march on Rome d. the first, mass public roundup of political prisoners in Stalin’s Great Terror e. a nickname for the first round of arrests that sent thousands of German Jews into concentration camps A 860 4 V, D Understanding 32. During the 1920s, the British government, under the leadership of the Conservative party, pursued a policy of “deflation” in an attempt to: a. break the power of labor unions. b. reduce the influence of the Labor party. c. regain its position in the League of Nations as the preeminent country. d. regain its position as the leading industrial and financial power in the world. e. control the banking industry in Britain and strengthen the Bank of England. D 861 5 , A Applying 33. The Nuremberg Decrees of 1935: a. deprived Jews of Reich citizenship. b. forbade Jews from holding public office. c. prohibited Jews from joining the army. d. allowed Jews to marry non-Jews. e. allowed Jews to teach in national universities. A 860 4 V, D, 2 Understanding 34. Although the collapse of prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929 caused severe problems in the United States, it had immediate and disastrous consequences in Europe because: a. European royalty was the primary source of investment capital on Wall Street. b. the central banks of all European countries had invested healy in American companies. c. the United States had become a primary international creditor during World War I. d. national European exchanges were not large enough to handle the influx of investors. e. European stock exchanges listed the same stocks and therefore crashed with New York. C 861 5 , A Applying 35. The first actions taken by national governments to the threat posed by the Great Depression dealt with: a. foreign policy. d. industrial policy. b. social policy. e. monetary policy. c. military policy. E 861 5 , B Understanding 36. The British economist John Maynard Keynes believed that recovery from the Great Depression required first abandoning the: a. idea of a balanced budget. d. public works projects. b. policy of currency management. e. states to their own fates. c. system of relief programs. A 862 5 , B, 4 Understanding 37. Leon Blum’s coalition government in France was termed the: a. National Socialists. d. Popular Front. b. Phalange. e. Social Democrats. c. Bolsheques. D 862 5 , B, 2 38. As one response to the Great Depression, the United States adopted one idea from Germany, that of: a. nationalization of heavy industry. b. full employment through the institution of military conscription. c. the Social Security system. d. a public works program to build new highways across the country. e. renunciation of all foreign debt. C 863 5 , B, 3 Analyzing 39. The poet _________ presented a philosophy in his poetry that bordered on despair—life is a ling death, to be endured as boredom and frustration. a. W. H. Auden d. T. S. Eliot b. James Joyce e. Marcel Proust c. John Steinbeck D 863 5 , A Understanding 40. Artists of the postwar period pushed conventions to new limits. Some, such as the _________, went so far as to reject the existence of reason. a. impressionists d. dadaists b. expressionists e. post-impressionists c. cubists D 864 5 , B 41. With the Great Depression came a wave of politicized literature in the 1930s notably exemplified by: a. The Wretched of the Earth. d. The Worst of Times. b. The Grapes of Wrath. e. Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry. c. The Darkness at Noon. B 863 5 , A 42. Some artists of the 1920s and 1930s sought to express pain and outrage directly to a mass audience in graphic detail. Most notable among these artists were: a. Diego Rivera and Thomas Hart Benton. b. Reginald Marsh and Emiliano Zapata. c. José Clement Orozco and J. Alfred Prufrock. d. Pancho lla and John J. Pershing. e. Thomas Hart Benton and J. Alfred Prufrock. A 864 5 , B 43. What important theory of physics did Werner Heisenberg propose? a. the “uncertainty principle,” demonstrating that it was impossible to measure both the position and speed of an object b. the earliest explanation of what Einstein later developed into the theory of relatity c. a mathematical proof of physics indicating that the universe had defined limits d. the nuclear structure of atoms that might then be split into their component parts e. the theory that light was emitted in short, independent units he labeled as “quantum” A 865 5 , C Understanding 44. The original work in physics that eventually led to the development of the atomic bomb was done by: a. Otto Hahn. d. Werner Heidelberg. b. Fritz Strassman. e. Max Planck. c. Albert Einstein. C 865 5 , C Understanding 45. Which of the following technological innovations became a major tool of political campaigning during the Great Depression? a. telesion d. motion pictures b. modern highways e. radio c. airplanes E 865 5 , D, 1 46. Fritz Lang, one of the greatest German film directors, is known for his films M and a. Der letzte Mann. d. Triumph of the Will. b. Metropolis. e. Tiefland. c. Jew Suss. B 867 5 , D, 3 47. One of the greatest German film directors, _________, left Germany in 1933 for the United States rather than work for the Nazis. a. George Grosz d. Walter Gropius b. Fritz Lang e. Charlie Chaplin c. Leni Riefenstahl B 869 5 , D, 3 48. What film by Leni Riefenstahl was a sual hymn to the cultural power of the Nazi regime? a. Der letzte Mann d. Metropolis b. Triumph of the Will e. Tiefland c. The Great Dictator B 869 5 , D, 3 49. In 1940, one of the greatest American film personalities, Charlie Chaplin, made The Great Dictator as a: a. great homage to his hero Adolf Hitler. b. parody of Nazi pomposities. c. critique of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. d. tribute to America’s ally, Stalin. e. parody of President Franklin Roosevelt. B 869 5 , D, 3 50. The interwar period may be ewed as a series of failures typified by all of the following EXCEPT the: a. collapse of democracies across Europe. b. failure of capitalism in the Great Depression. c. failure of the League of Nations to deal with totalitarian regimes. d. apprehension and dread with which most people looked to the future. e. failure of new authoritarian regimes to establish a sense of political legitimacy. E 870 5 I Understanding TRUE/FALSE 1. Of all the changes after the war, the widespread presence of democracy was one of the few positive achievements of the conflict. F 838 3 I Understanding NOT: Democracy was rare and in danger of collapse. 2. The Bolsheks won the cil war in Russia because they were better organized than the Whites and others who opposed the socialist state. T 839 1 II, A Understanding NOT: Their ability to quickly mobilize made the socialist state more effective than any alternative. 3. The NEP was primarily successful in the urban centers of Russia, but left the peasants in a position of subsistence ling and frequent food shortages. F 842 1 II, B Understanding NOT: The NEP benefited the peasants, but left the cities without enough food to surve. 4. Stalin had originally been destined for a career in the priesthood before taking up politics. T 842 1 II, C NOT: He received his early education in an Orthodox seminary. 5. The Five-Year Plan resulted in enormous growth in urban population and in industrialization of Russia. T 845 1 II, C, 2 Understanding NOT: The productity of Russia increased over 50 percent in five years, from 1928 to 1932. 6. The Moscow-White Sea Canal was edence of the superior new technology and industrialization of Russia, proding a valuable connection from the Moscow factories to the seaports of the north. F 846 1 II, C, 2 Understanding NOT: It was dug by hand with no machinery and was too shallow to function properly. 7. Italy emerged from the war with the least amount of debt and little loss of life and therefore was one of the few democracies not in distress. F 849 2 III Understanding NOT: Italy was $15 billion in debt and lost over 700,000 lives in the battles. It was most surely a democracy in distress. 8. The Catholic People’s Party rose in Italy as a conservative party, sponsored by the pope, in order to counter the radical socialists who appealed more to the common people. F 849 2 III Understanding NOT: The Catholic People's Party was a leftist and radical group that stood in opposition to the radical right. 9. The term fascio means group or band and derives from the symbol of an ax bundled with sticks that represented the authority of the Roman state. T 851 2 III Understanding NOT: This term and symbol were important in asserting Italian history and dominance as well as camaraderie. 10. The ctory of Mussolini’s “black shirts” was a bloody ordeal that eventually killed more Italians than the wars of unification before the war. F 851 2 III, A Understanding NOT: Not a shot was fired. 11. The Freikorps (free corps) of Germany was made up of veterans from the First World War and other young nationalists who acted as counterrevolutionaries. T 853 3 IV Understanding NOT: These were large groups that were important in putting down the leftist threat. 12. In Mein Kampf, Hitler argues for the popular theory that Germany was betrayed on the inside and that the country needs strong leadership to regain international prominence. T 855 4 IV, B, 1 Understanding NOT: Combining anti-Semitism with anticommunism, the book argued for a strong leader to lead the crusade against Jews, communists, and capitalists. 13. Hitler proclaimed his new government to be the Third Reich, claiming it to be the successor to the First Reich, which was the Roman Empire, and the Second Reich, which was the Carolingian Empire of the Middle Ages. F 856 4 V, A NOT: The First Reich was the Holy Roman Empire (German empire) of the Middle Ages and the Second Reich was the empire of the kaisers. 14. The SS (Schutzstaffel) was created as an alternative to the radical and possibly revolutionary SA (Hitler’s storm troopers). T 857 4 V, A Understanding NOT: Hitler purged the SA in the Night of the Long Knives in order to create a more loyal and conservative bodyguard, which would become a dreaded arm of terror and impose order on Germany. 15. The Nazis were especially popular among the youth of Germany for their more liberal social and cultural codes. F 853 | 855 4 IV, B Understanding NOT: The Nazis stood against all liberal codes, including women wearing "flapper" fashions and even cosmopolitan moes. 1. Why was democracy facing collapse in the wake of the Great War? 2. Although the Stalinist revolution was intent on modernizing Russia, what was the effect on society? 3. What role did famine play in allowing Stalin to accelerate his program for collectization of agriculture? 4. Who were the ctims of the “Great Terror,” and what was the effect on Russia? 5. How did the war contribute to the emergence of fascism in Italy? 6. How did Mussolini use the three doctrines of fascism—statism, nationalism, and militarism—to unify Italy? 7. What role did the economy play in the collapse of the Weimar Republic? 8. Who supported the Nazis’ rise to power and why? 9. What caused the Great Depression, and how did it end? 10. How was “mass culture” different from older forms of popular culture, and what factors contributed to its rise? CHAPTER 26: The Second World War MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The Second World War differed from the First World War in many ways that did NOT include: a. an increase in firepower and mobility. b. a change of targets to include cilian populations. c. the improvement of trench warfare. d. the development of Blitzkrieg warfare. e. the use of the atomic bomb. C 874 5 I Understanding 2. Which of the following was NOT an important factor in the weakness of the League of Nations? a. the League’s inability to coordinate coherent, international action to limit the effects of the Great Depression b. the unwillingness of important members, like Britain and France, to enforce League sanctions against aggressors, by force if necessary c. the ability of states to continue defending their own tal interests without a higher authority to impose disarmament treaties or peace agreements d. the absence of crucial nations from its membership, including the Soet Union and the United States e. the moral and legal failure of the League to establish a lasting, binding peace A 875 1 II, B Understanding 3. The mandate territories were created after World War I: a. to act as a buffer between Germany and France. b. to allow the people of eastern Europe to achieve self-determination. c. to add to both the French and the British empires. d. to prode a homeland for the Jewish people in accordance with the Balfour Declaration. e. to serve as a buffer zone between Germany and Poland. C 875 1 II, A 4. Several consequences of the Great Depression of the 1930s led to the Second World War. Among these was: a. an increase in military spending by the United States. b. a decrease in involvement in the League of Nations by the United States. c. the decrease in aggressive tendencies by the fascist governments of Europe. d. an intensification of economic nationalism. e. the admission of Germany and the Soet Union to the League of Nations. D 875 1 II Understanding 5. How did Nazi efforts to end the Great Depression in Germany contribute to the militarization of Europe? a. through French fears of German rearmament, which produced a massive French response in kind b. through fears of a potential conflict between Nazi Germany and the Soet Union c. through a massive program of rearmament, also intended to reduce unemployment d. through a financial crisis triggered by German refusal to continue reparation payments e. through the employment of thousands in building a series of defensive forts, the Siegfried Line, along the eastern border of Germany C 875 1 II, D Understanding 6. Japan’s actions in the Pacific, which led to conflict with the Allies in the Second World War, began with its efforts to establish what Japan referred to as a(n): a. Japanese Economic Development Area. b. Greater Japanese Empire. c. Greater Pacific Co-Prosperity Sphere. d. East Asian Sphere of Prosperity. e. East Asian Development Sphere. C 875 1 II, C 7. During the mid-1930s, the Spanish Cil War proded a testing ground for opposing forces in Europe, with the Soet Union backing the republican government and Nazi Germany backing: a. King Juan Carlos. d. Pablo Picasso. b. Francisco Franco. e. Joan Miró. c. Federico García Lorca. B 878 1 III, A 8. To support the Spanish republican government and to protest the German bombing of a Basque town in April 1937, Pablo Picasso painted: a. Valencia. d. Barcelona. b. Andalusia. e. Guernica. c. Stuka. E 878 1 III, A 9. Hitler’s stated objective in the 1930s was to reunite all ethnic Germans inside his “Third German Reich,” and the first move to accomplish this objective was the: a. reoccupation of the Rhineland. b. occupation of the “Polish Corridor.” c. annexation of Austria. d. annexation of the Czechoslovakian Sudetenland. e. annexation of Alsace-Lorraine. A 879 2 III, B Understanding 10. How did Nelle Chamberlain presume that the Munich agreement would satisfy Hitler’s ambitions? a. by securing an informal agreement with Mussolini to resist Soet expansion, which he hoped would Hitler’s stance b. by demonstrating that the Western democracies were prepared to go to war to prevent further German aggression c. by constructing a new system of financial and industrial agreements with Germany to produce economic recovery without rearmament d. by allowing Hitler to unify all ethnic Germans in one state e. by allying all of western Europe against the Soet Union D 879 2 III, B Understanding 11. Due to the memories of World War I, many Western nations were dided in their response to actions taken by fascist and nationalist governments. Some wished to meet such actions with force if necessary, while others wished to negotiate. This second approach is usually referred to as: a. appeasement. d. defiance. b. belligerence. e. militancy. c. coddling. A 879 2 III Understanding 12. The Second World War began with the German invasion of Poland on: a. December 7, 1941. d. June 6, 1944. b. September 29, 1938. e. July 14, 1940. c. September 1, 1939. C 881 3 IV, A 13. How did Stalin respond to the settlement at Munich? a. by walking out on a secret Soet defense pact with France b. by orchestrating an international organization of communist movements to resist further fascist aggression c. by mong troops into Poland to guard against a German attack d. by joining an informal alliance to prevent any further German actions against Czechoslovakia e. by signing a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany E 881 2 III, B 14. To what does the term Blitzkrieg refer? a. the meticulous planning of the Germans prior to their withdrawal from the League of Nations and their declaration of war on the Soet Union b. the sweeping, meticulous use of German armored vehicles and air power to cut apart slower enemy armies c. the German methods of strategic bombing, used on Britain in particular, in an effort to bring ctory with few German casualties d. the German plan for “cleansing” eastern Europe of ethnically and politically undesirable populations e. the new methods of unrestricted submarine warfare, including “wolf packs,” designed to starve out Great Britain and the other remaining Allies in 1940 B 881 3 IV, A, 1 Understanding 15. How did France ultimately respond to Germany’s stunning early successes in May 1940? a. the hasty fortification of Paris, followed by a German siege and the ultimate defeat of France b. withdrawal of French forces alongside the British at Dunkirk, followed by the creation of a government in exile in London c. the evacuation of French political leaders, reforming the government in the French pronces of colonial Algeria d. a rapid surrender after six weeks of fighting, followed by the creation of a neutral, right-wing government in the south of France e. immediate surrender and joining the Axis powers with Italy and Japan D 883 3 IV, B Understanding 16. Although France had been defeated by the Germans, it was allowed to establish a subject government in the south of France under the leadership of First World War hero: a. General Charles de Gaulle. d. General Louis Franchet d’Esperey. b. Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain. e. Captain Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. c. Marshal Dail Eireann. B s 882–883 3 IV, B, 2 17. Following the German army’s rapid ctory in its invasion of Poland, the war entered a stage of inaction, a stage some referred to as a: a. Phony War. d. Cold War. b. Total War. e. Cil War. c. Blitzkrieg. A 882 3 IV, A, 2 18. When the war in the West finally did begin in 1940, the Germans nearly destroyed the combined British and French armies, but a great number of the British and French soldiers escaped in a massive evacuation from: a. Normandy. d. Calais. b. Dunkirk. e. Dieppe. c. Amsterdam. B 882 3 IV, B, 1 Understanding 19. After a policy of appeasement failed to curb Hitler’s actions on the Continent, the ruling British government was replaced by a coalition under the leadership of: a. Nelle Chamberlain. d. George Orwell. b. Winston Churchill. e. Eric Blair. c. Clement Atlee. B 883 3 V Understanding 20. Which of the following is considered a crucial quality of Winston Churchill’s leadership during the Second World War? a. his sympathy toward the political motives of his Labor party partners in the coalition government b. his meticulous attention to the administrative details of running the war effort c. his extraordinary gift of language, using speeches to inspire courage and defiance d. his willingness to make important compromises in order to maintain the alliance against the Axis e. his willingness to compromise with the Nazis to shorten the war and lessen its destruction as much as possible C 883 3 V Understanding 21. Which of the following was NOT a cause of the Second World War’s expansion from a European war to a genuinely global conflict? a. the eruption of conflict between Axis and Allied forces in French and German colonies in Africa b. Germany’s submarine campaign to starve out Great Britain c. Japan’s surprise attack on the Allies in the Pacific and its stunning early success d. the fighting in North Africa, which threatened the Suez Canal and Allied access to Middle Eastern oil e. the establishment of an alliance between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan A 885 3 V, A & B Understanding 22. Early in the war, the British in North Africa, though outnumbered, not only resisted the Italian move against Egypt, but very nearly captured the Italian colony of Libya before being thrown back by the Germans, commanded by: a. Field Marshall Erwin Rommel. d. Field Marshall Hermann Göring. b. Reichführer Heinrich Himmler. e. Field Marshall Friedrich Paulus. c. Field Marshall Franz von Papen. A 885 3 V, A Understanding 23. The Soet Union and Britain invaded a neutral country, _________, in 1941 to prevent Germany from seizing a valuable war resource. a. Sweden d. Iran b. Finland e. Thailand c. Saudi Arabia D 885 3 V, A 24. The Second World War began in the Pacific when the Japanese attacked the: a. United States at Pearl Harbor. b. United States at Pearl Harbor and the French in Malaya. c. United States at Pearl Harbor and the British in Indochina. d. United States at Pearl Harbor, the British in Malaya, the French in Indochina, and the Dutch East Indies. e. United States at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines. D s 885–886 6 V, B Understanding 25. Two naval battles of 1942 fought by aircraft operating from each side’s carriers, marking the extent of Japanese expansion and the turning point of the war in the Pacific, were: a. Guadalcanal and Leyte Gulf. d. Guam and Manchukuo. b. Iwo Jima and Saipan. e. Coral Sea and Midway. c. Leyte Gulf and Pearl Harbor. E 887 6 V, B Understanding 26. The strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific campaign consisted of attacking strategic Japanese bases was referred to as: a. “island hopping.” d. “staying on the beam.” b. “cherry picking.” e. “strategic targeting.” c. “a turkey shoot.” A 887 6 V, B Understanding 27. Although all of western Europe had fallen to German arms by the summer of 1941, Hitler’s ultimate goal lay to the east where he next attacked under the code name “Operation: a. Nibelungenlied.” d. Barbarossa.” b. Nevsky.” e. Kasserine.” c. Teuton.” D 887 4 , B 28. Hang defeated the French the preous year, in 1941, Hitler turned his attention to: a. Britain. d. Spain. b. Poland. e. Scandinaa. c. the Balkans. C 887 4 , A Understanding 29. Which of the following nations saw the spread of popular acts of passive resistance and the covert evacuation of its Jewish population after Nazi occupation? a. Sweden d. Denmark b. France e. Switzerland c. Yugoslaa D 888 4 Understanding 30. Once Hitler had pieced together an empire that stretched across Europe, he declared: a. “We have forged the foundation for a new Greater German Empire which shall last until the end of time!” b. “Germans were created to rule the world; we have finally begun to realize our birthright and destiny.” c. “We come as the vanguard of a new Germany which shall rule with fairness and justice.” d. “The world shall learn of the consequences of stabbing Germany in the back.” e. “We come as the heralds of a New Order and a new justice.” E 888 4 Understanding 31. To what does the term Untermenschen refer? a. It is a derogatory term for French soldiers developed after France’s rapid defeat in 1940. b. It is the nickname given by German sailors to those who served on submarines during the war. c. It refers to the leaders of Nazi Einsatzgruppen assigned to murder or deport Jewish communities or other targeted groups in eastern Europe. d. It is the formal title for German governors of occupied territories created in the conquered regions of Europe. e. It refers to the “subhuman” racial categories of Jews, Gypsies, and Slavs marked for murder by Nazi officials in occupied Europe. E 890 4 Understanding 32. Soon after coming to power, the Nazis adopted a policy of Rassenkampf, which dealt with: a. racial policies to keep German blood pure. b. labor relations within Germany. c. educational policies to ensure all Germans received a primary education. d. proding for universal military serce. e. policies to guarantee that all Germans were physically fit. A 890 4 Understanding 33. Which of the following was the first major effort by the Nazis to “cleanse” conquered territories of “undesirable” populations? a. the military occupation and punitive massacres in the Warsaw Ghetto b. the use of carpet-bombing of cilian areas used to corral targeted populations c. the use of Einsatzgruppen in eastern Europe to “pacify” conquered areas by massacring the Jewish and Gypsy populations of entire towns and regions d. the use of concentration camps specifically designed for the mass murder of prisoners they contained e. the use of death squads in western Europe to eliminate communists and labor leaders after France surrendered C s 892–893 5 Understanding 34. When Germany invaded Russia, following the front-line troops into the country were military squads charged with dealing with undesirable indiduals among the conquered peoples. These squads were called: a. Schutzstaffel. d. Einsatzgruppen. b. Sturmabteilung. e. Totenkopf. c. Saalschutz Abteilung. D 892 4 35. The Nazis had little trouble in carrying out their program of extermination of the Jews in Europe since most people in Europe at the time: a. believed that the Nazi propaganda was an exaggeration and they also simply did not truly believe that mass executions were actually being carried out. b. knew absolutely nothing of the program as the Nazis had successfully concealed all edence of the mass executions. c. saw Jews, because of traditional anti-Semitism and modern, radicalized nationalism, as “foreign” and not as part of their national communities. d. believed that it was well worth the trade-off of a few “undesirable” lives as opposed to obtaining Nazi protection from communism. e. were more concerned with the war and their own surval to be concerned with the problems of any minority group. C 898 4 Understanding 36. What description best characterizes the chy government’s treatment of France’s Jewish population? a. passive resistance to German efforts at criminalization and deportation b. active resistance to deportation but enforcement of anti-Semitic laws c. a conflict of interest between the reval of French patriotism and anti-Semitic laments in the regime d. selective enforcement of racial laws based on political affiliation e. selective support of deportation and the passage of sweeping anti-Semitic legislation E s 898–899 4 Understanding 37. During the German occupation of eastern Europe and the campaign of extermination they carried out, only in the _________ did the Jewish inhabitants attempt significant resistance. a. Prague Ghetto d. Leipzig Ghetto b. Budapest Ghetto e. Venice Ghetto c. Warsaw Ghetto C 901 4 I Understanding 38. Industrially, the Allies had several advantages over the Axis powers, not the least of which was: a. a superior work force, which was able to maintain production utilizing eight-hour days throughout the war. b. not pursuing perfection, but developing working, standard designs and producing them in overwhelming numbers. c. the altruism shown by industrialists who forswore all profits for the duration of the war. d. the use of all segments of the population in war work; schools were canceled so that children could work in factories. e. more modern equipment and factories, since the Germans and Japanese had not been able to rebuild their industry after World War I. B 903 5 I Understanding 39. As part of their efforts to defeat Germany through “total war,” the Allies relied on all of the following EXCEPT: a. propaganda campaigns. b. food rationing. c. the widespread use of poison gas in battles. d. the use of female and elderly labor. e. strident appeals to patriotism. C 902 5 I Understanding 40. Although German scientists were the first to create a nuclear chain reaction, the first nuclear reactor, which was needed to build an atomic bomb, was constructed at the: a. University of Chicago. d. Max Planck Institute. b. University of Moscow. e. Sorbonne. c. London Polytechnic Institute. A 903 6 I 41. Which of the following was NOT a major contributing factor to the eventual Soet ctory against Germany? a. Russian skill at studying the systematic Blitzkrieg, then using its flaws to trap and destroy large German army groups b. relentless propaganda campaigns designed to connce Germany’s allies of the Nazis’ unreliability and the hopelessness of their cause c. the personal determination of Soet soldiers and cilians, who endured massive casualties, starvation, and disease to achieve ctory d. the hard blows of the Russian winter against the lives, supplies, and morale of Axis forces unprepared for the bitter weather e. the willingness of Russian military leaders to sacrifice large numbers of their own soldiers to ultimately defeat the Germans B 904 5 IX, A Understanding 42. In 1943 the Americans helped relieve pressure on the Soets by leading an attack on the Axis Powers by invading: a. Sicily. d. the Balkan Peninsula. b. Mallorca. e. southern France. c. Crete. A 904 5 IX, B, 1 Understanding 43. In the summer of 1943, the largest battle of the Second World War, and perhaps of all history, was fought at: a. Kasserine. d. Dunkirk. b. Kursk. e. Moscow. c. Kapek. B 904 5 IX, A, 2 Understanding 44. In 1942 the German invasion of the Soet Union ground to a halt and was reversed at the battle of: a. Moscow. d. Yekaterinburg. b. Leningrad. e. Minsk. c. Stalingrad. C 904 5 IX, A Understanding 45. At the end of the war in Europe, Adolf Hitler: a. committed suicide in his underground bunker in Berlin. b. was captured with his mistress by Soet soldiers who shot them and hung their bodies in a public square in Stalingrad. c. managed to escape to Switzerland with his mistress and lived there in relative peace until his death in 1958. d. was captured and placed on trial for war crimes at Nuremberg with the rest of the Nazi leadership and executed with them in 1946. e. had been killed early in the war during an Allied bombing raid on Berlin in 1942. A 905 5 X Understanding 46. The most important “second front” opened by the Allies in Europe occurred in June 1944 with the: a. Allied invasion of Italy. b. Allied invasion of Norway. c. U.S. invasion of Algeria. d. Allied landings in Normandy. e. start of a massive bombing campaign against German cities. D 904 5 IX, B, 2 Understanding 47. The German forces in Europe began to retreat toward Germany in the summer of 1944, but in December 1944 they launched a counterattack, known as the battle of _________, which very nearly broke through Allied lines. a. Waterloo d. the Meuse-Argonne b. the Bulge e. the Somme c. Stalingrad B 905 5 IX, B Understanding 48. The first troops to enter and occupy Berlin at the end of the war were: a. Soet. d. American. b. British. e. Belgian. c. French. A 905 5 X Understanding 49. Which of the following actions by the Allies caused the highest casualty rates among Japanese cilians? a. the “Doolittle Raid” on Tokyo of 1942 in reprisal for the attack on Pearl Harbor b. the shelling of Japanese ports by the United States Navy c. the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki d. the mass firebombing of Japanese cities during the summer of 1945 e. the naval blockade of the Japanese home island that led to widespread starvation D 908 6 IX, C Understanding 50. The decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan was taken by President Harry S Truman: a. against the adce of his senior military adsers, who believed that an invasion of the Japanese home islands would be a more secure way of ending the war. b. with the full support of his military adsers, scientific adsers, and congressional leaders. c. for purely political reasons: he knew the Japanese were defeated, and he simply wanted to make a point of U.S. power. d. against the adce of the Allies, who believed that the Japanese could be forced to surrender by imposing a blockade around the home islands. e. against the adce of some scientists who had been involved in building the bomb but who believed that its use would set a dangerous precedent. E 908 6 IX, C Understanding TRUE/FALSE 1. The Second World War was, in essence, just a continuation of the First. F 874 1 I Understanding NOT: Although the Second World War was triggered by a threat to the balance of power, as had been the First, it was also a conflict among nations, whole peoples, and opposing ideals. 2. While the League of Nations was created as a means to eliminate power struggles, it did nothing of the sort. T 875 1 II, B Understanding NOT: Immediately after its conception, the ctors of the war began to make new alliances to maintain their supremacy. 3. The League of Nations included all the participants of the First World War, including France, Britain, the United States, Germany, and the Soet Union. F 875 1 II, B Understanding NOT: Germany and the Soets were excluded and the United States never joined. 4. The German panzers, enormous repeat-firing guns, were part of the wave of new technologies Germany brought to war. F 881 3 IV, A, 1 NOT: Panzers were tanks. 5. Hitler turned his attention to Russia in large part because fighting England’s R.A.F. proved to be too costly and resulted not in quick ctory, but a stalemate. T 883 3 V Understanding NOT: His goal of attacking cilian targets left the air force free to counterattack. 6. “Island hopping” was a removed, yet brutal, form of warfare in which the American navy destroyed Japan’s network of island bases throughout the Pacific by aerial bombings. F 887 6 V, B Understanding NOT: The marines were the key fighters in the Pacific and battle was often face-to-face, resolved with bayonets and grenades. 7. Success in the Pacific was an international achievement by troops fighting for the Allies originating from Australia, the United States, Britain, India, and Nepal. T 887 6 V, B NOT: Much of the success was due to General Slim and his international army drawn from British colonies. 8. The effect of the Nazi concentration camps was to render their inmates numb and incapacitated, making them acquiesce to a slow death. Proof of this is found in the complete lack of rebellions in any camp. F 899 | 901 4 I Understanding NOT: There were rebellions in both Auschwitz and Treblinka, though the savagery with which they were put down helped to discourage any other rebellions. 9. The Allies, unlike the Germans, did not target cultural or educational centers, but only bombed those areas of political or industrial power. F 903 5 I Understanding NOT: Although the bombing of cilian targets gave the Allies pause, Dresden and several other cultural centers were occasionally bombed to lower morale. 10. The siege of Leningrad was important not only for its display of Russian tenacity in their ability to hold out for 844 days of battle, but also for turning many of Germany’s former allies in the Ukraine against the Nazis in reaction to this effort of “pacification.” T 903 5 IX, A Understanding NOT: The tactics of the Germans and their motivations were revealed in this brutal battle, causing many of the Ukrainian peoples to side with the Russians. 11. The Allies launched a successful attack on the Germans in December 1944 that broke the German lines and nearly ended the war, an attack known as the Battle of the Bulge. F 905 5 IX, B Understanding NOT: In December 1944, the Germans mounted an attack against the Allies known as the Battle of the Bulge. 12. Use of the atomic bomb was considered necessary by both senior military and naval commanders who realized Japan would never surrender. F 908 6 IX, C Understanding NOT: Most military officials argued against the use of the bomb as Japan was already beaten. Truman acted against their adce. 13. Use of the bomb established a new relationship between science and political power. T 908 6 IX, C Understanding NOT: Political power was no longer only in the hands of leaders and armies. A race and war of science began. 14. After the war, many former colonies found themselves worse off than before, hang lost troops and supplies in the support of their colonial powers, and were more dependent than ever on their colonial overlords. F 909 5 X Understanding NOT: Many of these countries found themselves in places of great power, hang tested their people's resourcefulness and courage and were better off than the European powers. 1. In what ways did the Spanish Cil War foreshadow World War II? 2. How was the policy of appeasement to blame for many of Hitler’s early successes? 3. What was the effect of Hitler’s attack on cilians in the early stages of the war? 4. What factors combined to save Britain from the same fate as the rest of Europe in 1941? 5. In what ways was the war between Germany and Russia a war of racial hatred? 6. What role did other European countries play in the persecution of the Jews? 7. How did the war affect women? 8. How did the United States acquire the atomic bomb before the Germans? 9. What factors combined to change Russian fortunes in the war after 1941? 10. What was the “Second Front,” and what was its effect on the war? CHAPTER 27: The Cold War World: Global Politics, Economic Recovery, and Cultural Change MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The wartime consultations between the Allies at _________ and _________ led Josef Stalin to believe that he would have a free hand in Eastern Europe following Germany’s defeat. a. Casablanca; Tehran d. Casablanca; Yalta b. Madrid; Yalta e. Tehran; Yalta c. Casablanca; Madrid E 912 | 914 1 II Understanding 2. To what does the term Iron Curtain refer? a. the nickname given by Soet officials to the new extended frontier against Western aggression in central Europe b. the nickname given by Soet military officers to their blockade established around Berlin in 1948 c. an early nickname given by NATO troops to the Berlin Wall d. the nickname given by Winston Churchill to the line separating Soet-dominated Europe from capitalist Europe e. the code name for the naval blockade of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 D s 914–915 1 II, A Understanding 3. Which of the following helped foster the establishment of communist states in Eastern Europe after 1945? a. public revulsion against the failure of the Western democracies to stop Hitler, resulting in the defeat of their allies at the polls b. Soet diplomatic pressure, political infiltration, and military power c. a massive infusion of Soet economic and technical aid, hastening the rebuilding process d. persistent ethnic conflict, exacerbated by the earlier Nazi occupation e. Soet propaganda that showed the superiority of the socialist sion of the future over that of the capitalist West B 914 1 II Understanding 4. Only one communist country, Yugoslaa, managed to steer clear of alliances during the Cold War and remain within neither the Soet sphere of influence nor that of the West, primarily due to the strength of its leader: a. Stefan Wyazynski (Marshall Broz). b. Josip Broz (Marshal Tito). c. Yahya Khan (General Shek). d. Slobodan Milosec (General Matyas). e. (Marshall Lech). B 915 1 II, A, 1 5. When Europe began to take sides between West and East following World War II, Yugoslaa was declared to have “taken the road to nationalism” by: a. Josef Stalin. d. Josip Broz. b. Harry S Truman. e. Janos Kadar. c. Clement Atlee. A 915 1 II, A, 1 Understanding 6. In a 1947 speech to Congress, President Harry S. Truman set out his policy of support for the resistance of “free peoples” to communism by tying politics to economics; it would be a choice between “two ways of life.” This policy was known as the: a. Fair Play for America Doctrine. d. Marshall Doctrine. b. Share the Wealth Doctrine. e. Eisenhower Doctrine. c. Truman Doctrine. C 916 1 II 7. What was the “Berlin Airlift”? a. a process of evacuating ethnic German refugees following the Soet capture of the city in 1945 b. the bombing of the city in the final days of World War II by the Allies c. the means by which Western intelligence serces secretly evacuated top Nazi officials with important information who would otherwise have been executed by the Soet forces d. a massive reinforcement of Western military power in the city during the crisis over the Berlin Wall in 1962 e. a process of proding desperately needed food and supplies during the Soet blockade of 1948 E 916 1 II, A, 2 Understanding 8. In a speech given in 1947 warning against communist expansion, United States Deputy Secretary of State Dean Acheson likened the communist attempt to take over Greece to: a. a steamroller careening down a hill; nothing could stop it. b. the slow debilitating experience of cancer in an indidual. c. the Nazi expansion in the 1930s before World War II. d. a futile attempt by a dying regime to expand its influence. e. an apple barrel with one rotten apple corrupting the others. E 916 1 II Understanding 9. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in 1949 by the United States and representatives of Western European states for the purpose of: a. ensuring the proper disbursement of Marshall Plan funds. b. guarding the shipping lanes in the North Atlantic. c. proding a “free trade zone” for the countries of Europe and the United States. d. proding mutual defense: an attack against one was an attack against all. e. planning coordinated economic policies. D 917 1 II, B, 1 Understanding 10. In 1955 the Soet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe responded to the formation of NATO with the: a. Moscow Accords. d. Prague Treaty. b. Budapest Agreement. e. Leningrad Alliance. c. Warsaw Pact. C 917 1 II, C, 1 Understanding 11. The arms race between the United States and the Soet Union began in 1949 when the Soet Union tested its own _________, a weapon on which the United States had a monopoly until that time. a. atomic bomb d. “star wars” defense system b. hydrogen bomb e. cobalt bomb c. neutron bomb A 917 1 II, C Understanding 12. Which of the following was NOT an important element of the Marshall Plan? a. the restriction of Catholic political movements that tended toward an inherent suspicion of American culture and political motives b. the tacit suppression of left-leaning political movements in Western Europe in return for aid c. the shipment of vast amounts of American money and goods to the states of Western Europe d. restraints on wages and other fiscal measures that might further socialist political agendas in Western Europe e. armaments and other forms of military assistance to aid the battle against communists A s 917–918 1 II, B Applying 13. The stated U.S. policy of containment regarding the Soet Union in the post–World War II world was set forth in 1946 by: a. George Kennan. d. Douglas MacArthur. b. George Marshall. e. Dwight D. Eisenhower. c. Harry S Truman. A 919 1 II, C, 3 Understanding 14. J. Robert Oppenheimer warned that a new weapon developed in the 1950s was a “weapon of genocide.” That weapon was the: a. atomic bomb. d. intercontinental missile. b. nuclear submarine. e. cobalt bomb. c. hydrogen bomb. C 918 1 II, C, 2 15. One result of the thaw in Soet internal politics that followed Nikita Khrushchev’s rise to power in 1956 was that some major Russian writers could finally be published. One of the more famous was Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, whose account of his time in the Soet government’s Siberian prison camps was entitled: a. The House of the Dead. b. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisoch. c. The Inspector General. d. Bleak House. e. Doctor Zhivago. B 920 1 II, D 16. Many books were written about the Stalinist repression of dissent. One story, _________, was about scientists who had been imprisoned to do research for the NKVD (the Soet secret police). a. First Circle b. Gulag Archipelago c. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisoch d. Dead Souls e. House of the Dead A 921 1 II, D 17. During the mid-1950s, Eastern Europe experienced a great many disruptions that were triggered by: a. the worldwide economic recession. b. starvation caused by three crop failures in a row. c. propaganda broadcasts of the Voice of America. d. population pressures as a result of the baby boom. e. the death of Josef Stalin. E 922 1 II, E 18. Following Josef Stalin’s death in 1953, many of the countries in Eastern Europe attempted to wrest some measure of independence from Moscow. Although Poland managed to establish a looser arrangement with Moscow, _________ pushed too far and was occupied by Soet troops for a time. a. Romania d. Bulgaria b. Hungary e. Yugoslaa c. Czechoslovakia B 922 1 II, E, 2 Understanding 19. With Nikita Khrushchev’s “thaw” following his consolidation of power in 1956, some Eastern European countries were able to secure a measure of independence from the Soet Union, such as Poland did under its leader: a. Imre Nagy. d. Wenceslas Lübeck. b. e. c. C 922 1 II, E, 1 20. The economic boom that Europe enjoyed following World War II was fueled by all of the following EXCEPT: a. high consumer demand for goods. b. high levels of employment. c. a wide range of technological innovations. d. continued capital investment. e. trade protectionism. E 923 2 III Understanding 21. Although all of Western Europe experienced economic recovery in the post–World War II years, one country in particular, _________, had a spectacular recovery. a. France d. Italy b. West Germany e. Great Britain c. the Netherlands B 923 2 III, A Applying 22. To further aid in the economic growth of Europe, in 1957, Western European nations formed the European Economic Community (EEC), or Common Market, with the signing of the: a. Treaty of Lacarno. d. London Concordant. b. Antwerp Accords. e. Protocol of Paris. c. Treaty of Rome. C 924 2 III, A, 1 Understanding 23. During the first decades of economic recovery following World War II, one country, _________, had a seemingly insatiable need for workers. Transient workers from all over Europe were drawn by the high demand for labor. a. Italy d. West Germany b. France e. the Netherlands c. Great Britain D 923 2 III 24. Two of the most influential international agencies, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, were designed to establish a stable economic landscape and were established in 1944 at: a. Bretton Woods. d. New York City. b. the Hague. e. Zürich. c. Birnam Wood. A 924 2 III, A, 2 Understanding 25. The modern welfare state was a creation of the post–World War II economic boom and was first instituted in Great Britain under the Labour party prime minister: a. Winston Churchill. d. Anthony Eden. b. Dad Lloyd George. e. Clement Atlee. c. Nelle Chamberlain. E 925 2 III, C 26. The German who succeeded Adolf Hitler as chancellor of West Germany was: a. Helmut Kohl. d. Konrad Adenauer. b. Janos Kadar. e. Jirí Menzel. c. Günter Grass. D 925 2 III, D 27. The British system of social welfare was grounded in the economic theories of: a. Alan Greenspan. d. Robert Reich. b. John Maynard Keynes. e. Andrew Volstead. c. Paul Volcker. B 925 2 III, C Understanding 28. Communism spread throughout Eastern Europe in the aftermath of World War II and Soet occupation, but communism also took control of _________ in the 1940s through revolution. a. etnam d. Hungary b. Turkey e. China c. Greece E 927 3 IV, A Understanding 29. The tenets of Marxism called for a revolution by the proletariat, the industrial workers, but China in the 1940s was a nation of peasants, so an adaptation of Marxism was proded by: a. Lin Biao. d. Ho Chi Minh. b. Mao Zedong. e. Jiang Jeishi. c. Chiang Kai-shek. B 927 3 IV, A 30. Hang been successful in their attempts to seize power in many places in the years following World War II, the communists continued open warfare in many countries such as: a. Korea. d. Burma. b. Thailand. e. Manchuria. c. Cambodia. A s 927–928 3 IV, B 31. The great nationalist and follower of a philosophy of nonolence, Mohandas K. Gandhi, led his country, _________, into independence. a. Nepal d. Bangladesh b. Pakistan e. South Africa c. India C 929 3 IV, C Understanding 32. The British had been in political control of Palestine since World War I, but promised a portion of the land as a Jewish homeland with its 1917: a. Declaration of Balmorals. d. Balfour Declaration. b. Danforth Declaration. e. Zion Protocols. c. Statement of Jewish Principles. D 929 3 IV, C, 1 Understanding 33. For the most part, when the European colonial powers left Africa, their legacy was: a. such that rtually none of the former colonies possessed the means to make independence work. b. a continent of independent countries, which possessed the resources to take their place in the world. c. one of peace and harmony between themselves and their former colonies. d. such that African countries became the model of democracy for Asian Third World countries. e. very mixed: some countries rivaled those of Europe within a decade, while others remained dependent on foreign aid. A 931 3 IV, C, 2 Understanding 34. In the late 1940s and with the concurrence of Britain, the Afrikaner government of South Africa instituted its racial policy of: a. equality for all. d. Negritude. b. indentured sertude. e. apartheid. c. slavery. E 933 3 IV, C, 2, a Understanding 35. One of the most promising of the newly independent African nations, Ghana, soon fell ctim to corruption with its first president: a. Kenneth Kaunda. d. Steven Biko. b. Joseph Kenyatta. e. Nelson Mandela. c. Kwame Nkrumah. C 931 | 933 3 IV, C, 2 Understanding 36. The British encouraged the creation of a federated state for its African colony of _________, but it rapidly disintegrated along racial lines into separate states. a. Malawi d. Uganda b. Rhodesia e. Tanzania c. Natal B 933 3 IV, C, 2, b 37. After coming to power in 1956 and nationalizing the Suez Canal, Gamal Abdul Nasser used the money raised from operating the canal to fund a project, the _________, to further bolster Egyptian national pride and economy. a. restoration of the pyramids b. Aswan Dam on the Nile c. rebuilding of the Library of Alexandria d. building of hospitals throughout Africa e. building of schools throughout the Arab world B 934 3 IV, C, 3 Understanding 38. The French appeared to have won a colonial war in etnam in 1951, but rather than begin peace talks and arrive at depolarization on favorable terms, they fought on and eventually lost everything at the battle of: a. Ngo Dinh Diem. d. Saigon. b. Hanoi. e. Ho Chi Minh. c. Dien Bien Phu. C 935 3 IV, D, 1 Understanding 39. Although the war in Indochina was hard on the French, the war in Algeria was much harder since it involved fighting on three fronts: a guerrilla war in the countryside, a war of terror fought in Algeria’s cities, and a war: a. against foreign terrorists coming to the Algerians’ aid. b. with other Arab countries which supported Algeria. c. of terrorism within France against Algerian supporters at home. d. of political action at the United Nations in an attempt to secure aid. e. of opinion at home, politically diding the country and bringing down the government. E s 936–937 3 IV, D, 2 Understanding 40. The postwar world faced the moral dilemmas of war, occupation, and resistance, and were expressed in that period through all of the following EXCEPT: a. art d. literature b. architecture e. drama c. music B 937 4 V 41. Jean-Paul Sartre was the leading proponent of the twentieth-century philosophy of existentialism, which held that: a. to be is to be perceived. b. knowledge is unattainable. c. essence precedes existence. d. existence precedes essence. e. existence is perceived reality; one’s essence is unknowable. D 939 4 V, B Understanding 42. Many Western intellectuals sought to reve humanism and democratic values after the horrors of World War II; a group of writers, one of them being _________, pointed out that colonialism made their task ever more . a. Franz Fanon d. Kemal Atatürk b. Moise Obote e. Aimé Senghor c. Bilal Martinique A 939 4 V, A Applying 43. The leading feminist theorist of the mid-twentieth century, Simone de Beauvoir, wrote in The Second Sex that: a. “Women and men are so fundamentally different that there can never be any true understanding between the sexes.” b. “Women are fundamentally too frail to be expected to meet the rigors of modern life in the manner of men.” c. “One has to be born a woman to understand women.” d. “One is not born a woman, one becomes one.” e. “Women and men possess unique biological destinies from which they cannot escape.” D 939 4 V, B Understanding 44. One of the wildly popular books of Joseph Heller, Catch-22, represented a form of popular existentialism and was concerned with the absurdity of: a. corporate life. d. modern life. b. academic life. e. religion. c. war. C 940 4 V, C, 1 Understanding 45. Even more popular than Catch-22, The Lord of the Rings, a set of novels by _________, gave young romantics who rebelled against postwar Western culture a fantasy world to which they could escape. a. C. S. Lewis d. H. P. Lovecraft b. J. R. R. Tolkien e. J. P. Morgan c. T. S. Eliot B 940 4 V, C, 1 46. Members of the “Frankfurt school” sought to understand the emergence of Nazism: a. by emphasizing the uniquely el character of Hitler. b. by reference to the humiliating defeat of Germany in the First World War. c. as an indirect expression of the economic trauma caused by the Weimar hyperinflation. d. as an example of how citizens were depoliticized by the modern culture industry. e. as a fundamentally uninteresting, even banal historical episode. D 940 4 V, C, 2 Applying 47. Some intellectuals in the decades following World War II attempted to determine how such phenomena as Nazism and Stalinism could take root in societies. Many, such as Hannah Arendt, refused to demonize the political systems themselves and instead explored what she termed: a. “the banality of el.” d. “Berlin syndrome.” b. “human gullibility.” e. “Stockholm syndrome.” c. “el with a human face.” A 940 4 V, C, 2 Understanding 48. Although many intellectuals wanted to investigate the mentality of Nazism, others simply wanted people to remember. Many survors of the concentration camps, such as _________, wanted others to know what had happened and to not forget. a. Klaus Barbie d. Adolph Eichmann b. Primo Le e. Hermann Hess c. Günter Grass B 942 4 V, C, 3 49. Even with Nikita Khrushchev’s desire to improve relations with the West and reduce tensions, military events occasionally escalated almost to the point of war, as in 1962, when: a. the United States installed a new generation of intercontinental missiles in Turkey. b. a Chinese military unit, with U.S. approval, crossed into Siberia and declared it free and independent of the Soet Union. c. a U.S. nuclear submarine secretly entered the Soet port of Minsk and was captured as it attempted to leave. d. the Soet Union attempted to install intermediate-range ballistic missiles and other offensive military equipment in Cuba. e. the United States attempted to destroy the Berlin Wall by planting explosives in secret tunnels under Checkpoint Charlie. D 942 1 Understanding 50. President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered a farewell address to the United States in which he warned that: a. the people of the United States were suffering from a great spiritual malaise which, if not corrected, would result in the country losing its influence in the world. b. the United States had become complacent and was in serious danger of losing its economic and military lead in the world. c. popular culture had robbed the United States of the spirit that had made it great; people needed to return to the traditional American values. d. a military-industrial complex had taken shape and that its influence was felt at every level of government in the United States. e. the Soet Union had surpassed the United States in science, education, industrial development, and military technology that caused a loss of U.S. influence in the world. D 944 1 Understanding TRUE/FALSE 1. After World War II, governments continued rationing, although there was an ample supply of food, in an effort to remain self-sufficient. F 911 1 I Understanding NOT: Food supplies as well as housing and health supplies and serces were in great demand and short supply after the war. Without rationing, much of Europe would have starved to death. 2. Superpower rivalry was brought to the far corners of the globe as newly emancipated nations, freed from the holds of imperialism, were fought over as allies. T 912 1 II Understanding NOT: The superpower rivalry became, in essence, a new form of imperialism. 3. After the war, anti-Semitism was still rampant across Europe, and many blamed the Jews for bringing about the war. T 915 1 II, A Understanding NOT: Anti-Semitism was and is a pervasive force within Europe. The Holocaust did little to change people's opinions. 4. The Soets were excluded from the Marshall Plan. F 916 1 II, B Understanding NOT: The Soets were offered the plan but turned it down. 5. The COMECON was established as an Eastern European version of the Marshall Plan. T 917 1 II, B Understanding NOT: It was to serve worldwide communist economic policies and programs. 6. Solzhenitsyn’s autobiographical stories of The First Circle and The Gulag Archipelago told the stories of Stalin’s regime, including the imprisonment of scientists doing research for the secret police and the memories of prisoners of the Stalinist camps. T 921 1 II, D Understanding NOT: These works were edence of the rising revolutionary power of Khrushchev's thawing process and were repressed immediately after his fall from power, forcing authors to publish in Western Europe. 7. The Berlin Wall was built as a direct response to the West’s refusal to make Berlin a free city in a permanently dided Germany. T 923 1 II, C Understanding NOT: Khrushchev's proposal was refused by the West in 1961 and the wall was erected. 8. The Volkswagen was an attempt by Hitler to make an affordable “people’s car” for Europe. T 923 2 III NOT: The company was one of the few successes of Hitler's rule. 9. The COMECON ensured that the Soet Union could sell its exports at prices well above the world level and compelled other members to trade with the Soet Union, but to their disadvantage. T 925 1 III, B Understanding NOT: This crippled the other members of COMECON who could not trade freely and limited the market goods available. 10. De Gaulle created the First Republic in France in 1958 by insisting on a new constitution for the nation. F 925 2 IV, D NOT: It was the Fifth Republic. 11. After World War II, the anticolonial independence movements sweeping through Asia and Africa created a new group of nations that avoided aligning with one another or any other bloc and called itself the “Third World.” T 925 3 IV Understanding NOT: These countries refused to enter either of the two powerful centers of graty of world politics. 12. General Douglas MacArthur, a hero of World War II, burnished his reputation by boldly dring North Korean forces into China, thereby leading to a conclusion of the conflict largely on American terms. F 928 3 IV, B Understanding NOT: MacArthur's actions prompted the invasion of large numbers of Chinese troops into the Korean Peninsula, prolonging the war and leading to a stalemate. 13. Although Gandhi famously chose a nonolent form of resistance in his personal hunger strike, he urged fellow Indians to move beyond the tactics of strike, refusal of taxes, and boycotting imported goods to acts of sabotage and, in some cases, olence. F 929 3 IV, C Understanding NOT: Gandhi realized that the tactics of withdrawing from the imperial economy would be more devastating to England than any rebellion. 14. When Belgium withdrew from its colonies in Africa in 1960, it, unlike France, left the countries with functioning railroads, a stable economy, and an educational system in place. F 933 3 IV, C, 3 Understanding NOT: The Congo especially was left in ruins without systems of transport and less than two dozen indigenous people with college educations. 15. Both the Aswan Dam and the Suez Canal were physical representations of Egyptian national pride and economic independence from Britain. T 934 3 V, C, 3 Understanding NOT: Each represented indigenous enterprise or control. 1. What process was referred to as the making of “an Iron Curtain”? 2. How did the Marshall Plan enhance the ideals set out in the Truman Doctrine? 3. In what ways were Khrushchev’s policies a “thawing” of Stalinist ideals and practice? 4. Why did the rebellions in Hungary against the Soet Union not meet with the same success as those of Poland? 5. Why did Britain not enjoy the “economic miracle” that was sweeping through Europe? 6. What were the characteristics of the British welfare state, and in what way was this a break from preous ways of thinking about poverty and citizenship? 7. What impact did the Chinese Revolution have on the Cold War? 8. What was the impact of apartheid in South Africa, and why was it not challenged by the West? 9. What was the impact of the war on existentialism? 10. How can both Nazism and Stalinism be understood as forms of totalitarianism? CHAPTER 28: Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War, 1960–1990 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Of all the economic changes that transformed Europe following World War II, the most dramatic was in the area of: a. heavy manufacturing. d. consumer goods. b. tourism. e. agriculture. c. construction. E 948 1 II, A Understanding 2. After the postwar economic boom ended in the 1960s, people were generally feeling less satisfied with: a. feminism. d. politics. b. enronmentalism. e. religion. c. material comfort. C 948 1 I Understanding 3. Following World War II, the one segment of the work force that expanded most rapidly was: a. agricultural workers. d. white-collar workers. b. factory line workers. e. middle management. c. top management. D 949 1 II 4. In the Soet Union under Nikita Khrushchev, education was aimed at: a. proding the state with engineers and scientists so that they would “win” the space race. b. increasing the efficiency of Soet industry so that it might better compete with the West. c. proding jobs for those college graduates who could not function in the economy; they could teach if they could not produce. d. unifying a nation that remained, fifty years after its founding, culturally heterogeneous. e. proding the state with the expertise to continue to compete favorably with the West militarily. D s 949–950 1 II, C Understanding 5. The new culture of mass consumption in Western Europe was marked by all of the following EXCEPT: a. the institution of credit payments for purchases. b. an expanded advertising industry. c. the creation of marketing disions by industry. d. a shift in values. e. extended work weeks. E 950 1 II, D, 1 Understanding 6. Which of the following is NOT true of culture in the 1950s and 1960s? a. Social transformations in the postwar world gave families more money and leisure time which would lead to a transformation of culture: a cultural revolution. b. Given the large numbers of young people as a result of the “baby boom,” the mass culture of the 1950s and 1960s would be expressed primarily through music. c. After ctory in World War II, Western society settled once more into the traditional patterns of the past with men working outside the home and women staying home with children. d. The mass culture of the 1950s and 1960s was not confined to music but expanded to include art, initially through abstract expressionism and later in pop art. e. The spread of automobile ownership stoked feelings of freedom, mobility, and romance. B s 951–953 2 II, E Understanding 7. One invention that helped further the spread of popular music was: a. the LP record. d. AM radio stations. b. CDs. e. FM radio stations. c. transistor radios. C 951 1 II, E, 1 Understanding 8. In the 1960s, a crack in the monolithic façade of the Americanization of Western culture appeared on the music scene with: a. the “British invasion.” d. the resurgence of classical music. b. the popularity of reggae. e. the “German invasion.” c. the “French invasion.” A 952 1 II, E, 2 9. For some, a perhaps unexpected consequence of the cultural revolution of the 1950s and 1960s was the: a. re-release and popularity of classical recordings and concerts. b. increase in attendance at jazz concerts that far surpassed ticket sales for rock ’n’ roll concerts. c. downturn in sales of records of all genres. d. surprising resurgence of popularity for folk music. e. wave of popularity for country music that swept the United States. A s 952–953 1 II, E, 1 Understanding 10. One style with the abstract expressionist movement involved painting rectangles of muted color overlaid on other colored rectangles and was developed by: a. Helen Frankenthaler. d. Willem de Kooning. b. Jackson Pollock. e. Mark Rothko. c. Franz Kline. E 953 1 II, F, 1 Understanding 11. Film directors such as François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, and represented a new type of direction known as the _________ school. a. neorealist d. new wave b. situationist e. expressionist c. surrealist D 954 1 II, G, 1 12. One of the contributing factors to the “sexual revolution” of the 1960s was the ready availability of: a. automobiles. d. rock ’n’ roll music. b. leisure time. e. oral contraceptives. c. abortions. E 956 2 II, H, 1 Understanding 13. For feminists of the nineteenth century, obtaining the vote was a central goal. Twentieth-century feminists focused on social changes and social equality. The leading French theorist of the movement was: a. Olympe de Gouges. d. Berthe Morisot. b. Aurore Dupin Dudevant. e. Maria de Weber. c. Simone de Beauvoir. C s 957–958 2 II, H, 2 Understanding 14. In the United States, the feminist movement centered on a single, national organization founded in 1966. That movement was known by its acronym: a. NOW. d. CORE. b. SNCC. e. PUSH. c. NAACP. A 957 2 II, H, 2 15. While most African American leaders in the 1960s were working within the Cil Rights Movement, some sought complete independence from white society. The most influential of these nationalist leaders was: a. Roy Wilkins. d. Malcolm X (Little). b. Stokley Carmichael. e. Eldridge Cleaver. c. Martin Luther King Jr. D 959 3 III, A, 2 Understanding 16. The American Cil Rights Movement headed by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. embraced the philosophy of nonolence espoused by the Indian social and political actist: a. Dogan Upshanishads. d. Jawaharlal Nehru. b. Ram Dass. e. Mohandas Gandhi. c. Dharma Dyane. E 957 3 III, A, 1 Understanding 17. The year 1968 saw a great many disruptions throughout the world. In the United States, the country was torn by political assassinations; among those killed was: a. Steve Biko. d. Martin Luther King Jr. b. John F. Kennedy. e. George Lincoln Rockwell. c. Medgar Evers. D 959 | 962 3 III, D 18. Although the Cil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s is remembered mostly as an event occurring in the United States, it was a Western phenomenon caused, in the ew of many, primarily by: a. the expanding population. d. communist agitators. b. immigration. e. worldwide recession. c. economic development. B s 957–958 3 III, A Understanding 19. One of the most disive events in the United States during the 1960s, and one that aggravated other social and political tensions, was the: a. student campus protest. d. feminist movement. b. etnam War. e. 1968 presidential election. c. Cil Rights Movement. B 960 3 III, B Understanding 20. Which of the following was NOT an issue addressed by the American Cil Rights Movement, in addition to racial equality? a. greater toleration of minority religions, particularly Islam b. greater accountability of private and public corporations to the general public c. opposition to U.S. involvement in etnam d. the elimination of poverty and other gross material inequalities e. urban economic development A 957 | s 959–960 3 III, A Understanding 21. During the etnam War, many people opposed to the war took direct action against it by refusing to register for the draft or refusing induction into the armed forces. Among those who encouraged this action were Dr. Benjamin Spock, the nation’s leading pediatrician, and _________, the chaplain of Yale University. a. Leonard Nimoy d. William Appleman Williams b. Daniel Berrigan e. Hunter Thompson c. William Sloane Coffin C 960 3 III, B 22. To what other year, packed with events and uncertainty, has 1968 frequently been compared? a. 1933, with the emergence or consolidation of reactionary populist regimes b. 1914, with the sudden rush toward a general European war c. 1848, with its wave of widespread, idealistic, but ultimately failed popular revolutions d. 1830, and the French Revolution portrayed in Les Misérables e. 1815, with the profound shift in the balance of European power and suppression of social dissent C 961 3 III, D 23. Which of the following were immediate causes of the unrest in Paris during 1968? a. the nearly universal unpopularity of President Charles de Gaulle b. fears concerning the possibility of nuclear war and demands for unilateral French disarmament c. anger and frustration over France’s bitter and disive colonial war in Algeria d. demands for modernization of university life and wage increases for embattled industries e. France’s defeat in Indochina at the battle of Dien Bien Phu D 962 3 III, D, 1 Understanding 24. What international event staged during 1968 was specially marked by popular demonstrations and political olence? a. the first summit held between the United States and Soet leaders since the Eisenhower administration b. the West German national elections, prompting Willy Brandt’s rise to power c. the French national elections d. the summer Olympic Games in Mexico City e. the meeting of the World Bank in Davos, Switzerland D 962 3 III, D Understanding 25. One manifestation of the upheavals of 1968 in Europe was the: a. Prague Spring. d. Berlin Summer. b. Sarajevo Awakening. e. Moscow Thaw. c. enna Spring. A 963 3 III, D, 2 Understanding 26. Which of the following did NOT endure and grow following the 1960s? a. the enronmental movement d. olent student protests b. second-wave feminism e. the student population c. opposition to nuclear weapons D s 964–965 3 III 27. Which of the following was an immediate political consequence of the events of 1968? a. a new wave of left-leaning governments in Western Europe and the United States b. widespread resentment of Soet power in Eastern Europe c. the political recovery of leading conservatives from the United States to Czechoslovakia d. a widespread diplomatic impetus for new talks between the superpowers, curbing the Cold War e. the birth of the enronmental movement as the focus of student actists C 964 3 III, D, 3 Understanding 28. Which political act played a significant role in compounding the economic stagnation of Western Europe in the early 1970s? a. the rapid expansion of state-run economies in Eastern Europe b. the oil embargo staged by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1973 c. the failure of Britain’s devaluation of its currency in 1967 to produce a new wave of growth d. the sudden reversal of West Germany’s industrial “economic miracle” e. the global recession caused by the near collapse of the Japanese economy B 966 4 IV, A Understanding 29. Which of the following statements best characterizes the status of Eastern European economies of the 1970s in comparison to their counterparts in Western Europe? a. Eastern European economies faced their own ies and restrictions, centered on debt. b. Eastern European economies were tied more tightly to a relationship with their largest market, the Soet Union. c. Eastern European economies were unaffected by the oil embargo, continuing to operate on an even course. d. Eastern Europeans enjoyed a period of unprecedented industrial and commercial expansion. e. Eastern European economies shifted away from export-driven production and toward production for domestic consumption. A 967 4 IV Applying 30. The economic transformation that Western Europe experienced in the decades following World War II was, for the Eastern bloc: a. the same. The Eastern bloc likewise experienced unprecedented growth. b. rtually nonexistent. The Eastern bloc experienced an economic slowdown due to its failure to innovate. c. even better. The Eastern bloc far outstripped Western Europe in economic growth. d. similar. Unlike Western Europe, however, the Eastern bloc grew rapidly immediately after the war, but then suffered a serious recession in the late 1960s. e. a little slower to develop. By the 1960s, the Eastern bloc had caught up with the West economically. B 967 4 IV Understanding 31. What was one of the first consequences of the Soet policy of glasnost in Eastern Europe? a. the mass migration of East German citizens to the West b. the reunification of Germany c. the overthrow of a conservative communist regime in Czechoslovakia d. a renewed revolution in Hungary by the survors of the 1957 revolution e. the resurgence of the solidarity movement and other dissidents in Poland E 968 5 V, A, 1 32. The Russian term perestroika refers to a: a. program of economic restructuring in the Soet Union. b. process of calculated, unilateral arms reductions by the Soet Union and matched by the West. c. cultural resurgence of music, painting, and architecture based on Russian folk motifs. d. new process of diplomatic détente launched by Mikhail Gorbachev during the 1990s. e. program encouraging greater political and cultural openness in the Soet Union. A 968 5 V, A, 2 Understanding 33. The political unrest in Eastern Europe that had surfaced in 1968 peaked again in 1980 with the rise of a politicized labor union in Poland; _________ organized strikes that threatened to bring the government down. a. Solidarity d. Polonaise National b. Workers United e. United Poland c. Poland Forever A 968 5 IV, C 34. The idea of a single, unified Europe had been the dream of many for years, a dream that was finally partly realized in 1991 with the formation of the _________, which included a single currency, a central European bank, and unified social policies. a. European Confederation b. European Economic Association c. United States of Europe d. Confederation of European States e. European Union E 967 4 IV, B Understanding 35. One consequence of the economic stagnation of the 1970s was: a. the collapse of the governments of many Eastern bloc countries. b. a severe depression in the Soet Union. c. the collapse of East Germany and its reunification with West Germany. d. the rise of an independent labor movement in Poland. e. the velvet divorce of Slovakia and the Czech Republic. D 967 4 IV, C Understanding 36. In November 1989 the embodiment of the Cold War, the _________, was torn down by ordinary citizens. a. Iron Curtain d. Kremlin b. Great Wall e. Berlin Wall c. Moscow Wall E 969 5 V, B 37. Arguably the most repressive dictatorship in Eastern Europe was that of in: a. Transylvania. d. Moraa. b. Bulgaria. e. Yugoslaa. c. Romania. C 969 5 V, C 38. After the success of the “velvet revolution” in Czechoslovakia, the first open elections resulted in the playwright _________ being elected president. a. Háry János d. Eduard Benes b. Václav Havel e. Janos Kadar c. Jan Masaryk B 969 5 V, C 39. Although he had backed Mikhail Gorbachev in the summer of 1991, Boris Yeltsin, from his position as _________, joined with others to declare the end of the Soet Union in the fall of 1991. a. president of the Soet Politburo d. president of the Supreme Soet b. president of Byelorussia e. president of the Soet Union c. president of the Russian Federation C 972 5 V, D Understanding 40. Which of the following was NOT a result of to the dissolution of the Soet Union? a. economic buccaneering by Russian and foreign entrepreneurs that often included organized crime b. the emergence of the United States as the sole superpower in the world c. bitter ethnic conflicts on the margins of Russia, which persisted throughout the 1990s d. the near collapse of Russia’s currency accompanied by severe economic hardship e. the removal of the Warsaw Pact E 972 5 V Understanding 41. The last general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soet Union was: a. d. Andrei Sakharov. b. Vladimir Zhirinovsky. e. Boris Yeltsin. c. Mikhail Gorbachev. C 972 5 V, A Applying 42. The hopes raised by the changes in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s were, by 1989: a. fully realized throughout most of the region. b. understood to be taking longer and would be harder than originally thought. c. co-opted by the communist establishment and diverted. d. deferred by the military action taken by the Soet Union in Afghanistan. e. dashed completely by the repressive measures taken by the Warsaw Pact military. B 974 5 V, E Understanding 43. In the years following the collapse of the Soet Bloc, the most olent ethnic conflict occurred in: a. Romania. d. Albania. b. Czechoslovakia. e. Bulgaria. c. Yugoslaa. C 974 6 V, E, 3 Understanding 44. To what does the term velvet divorce refer? a. the collapse of Czechoslovakia into the separate nations of the Czech Republic and Slovakia b. the political disenchantment of citizens in the former East and West Germany with reunification c. Slovenia’s secession from the federal state of Yugoslaa d. the process by which Mikhail Gorbachev was ousted as leader of the Soet Union e. the dissolution of Poland into two distinct nations after the fall of the Berlin Wall A 974 6 V, E, 2 Understanding 45. Resentment by West Germans toward East Germans continued into the 1990s after the Berlin Wall came down because of a “wall in the mind,” as it was called by: a. Konrad Adenauer. d. Günter Grass. b. Janos Kadar. e. Helmut Kohl. c. . D 974 6 V, E, 1 46. Much of Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and 1990s made the transformation from communism to democracy peacefully; there were some exceptions, most notably in Yugoslaa under the rule of: a. Slobodan Milosec. d. Ljubljana Zagreb. b. Wassily Kandinsky. e. c. Franco Tudjman. A 975 6 V, E, 3, a Understanding 47. Which of the following Yugoslav republics first touched off the round of ethnic secessions from that nation in the early 1990s? a. Croatia d. Serbia b. Slovenia e. Kosovo c. Bosnia-Herzegona B 975 6 V, E, 3 Understanding 48. The term ethnic cleansing was coined in reference to: a. Russian efforts to shed responsibility for republics with non-European majority populations after 1991. b. deliberate campaigns of terror conducted by Serbian guerrillas in Bosnia, to force the flight of much larger populations of Muslims and Croatians. c. the efforts of ethnic Albanians to rid Kosovo of ethnic Serbs through guerrilla warfare and terrorism. d. new German immigration policies restricting opportunities for foreigners who were not ethnically German. e. actions taken by the Romani in Yugoslaa to expel all Serbs, Croats, and Bosnians from their territory. B s 976–977 6 V, E, 3, b, i Understanding 49. What two sions of ethnically motivated politics came into conflict in Kosovo? a. a “greater Serbia” and a “greater Albania” b. a “greater Slovenia” and a “greater Croatia” c. Orthodox Serbian Christianity and Bosnian Muslim fundamentalism d. Croatian and Serbian nationalism e. Serbian Muslim fundamentalism and Kosovan Orthodox Christianity A 978 6 V, E, 3, c Understanding 50. To what does the term safe areas refer? a. territory astride the recently demolished Berlin Wall claimed as neutral ground by citizens in both the Eastern and Western zones of the city b. the free fire zones in Kosovo which cilians were adsed to avoid as only those armed combatants would be safe c. demilitarized zones along the border between Croatia and Serbia d. areas in Bosnia designated by the United Nations as free of olence for ethnic refugees during the cil war there e. areas in Western European states bordering communist states that served as reception points for refugees in 1989 D s 977–978 6 V, E, 3, b TRUE/FALSE 1. Transformations of land and agriculture resulted in dramatic changes that enabled Germany, for example, to enjoy a 600 percent increase in the ability to feed its people by 1980. T 948 1 II, A Understanding NOT: Most of this growth was in the period after World War II. 2. By the 1960s, industrial labor meant something far different than it did in the nineteenth century. T 949 1 II Understanding NOT: In the nineteenth century, most industrial laborers were unskilled, performing menial work based on custom and routine. By the 1960s, industrial labor required skilled workers, or workers who had the technical expertise needed to perform a specialized job. 3. In the changing atmosphere of the world after the Second World War, education alone automatically produced social mobility. F 949 1 II, B Understanding NOT: It required economic prosperity, new structures of labor, and a consumerist boom to lay a foundation for new societal changes and social mobility. 4. Of all the consumer goods available to the public postwar, hygiene products represented the largest increase of demand. T 950 1 II, D Understanding NOT: Even more than newspapers, moes, or other forms of entertainment, hygiene and health products represented the largest demand and growth in the industry. 5. Popular dissatisfaction with government organization of mass consumption contributed to the downfall of communist regimes. T 951 1 II, D, 2 Understanding NOT: Although the number of household appliances increased and erratic shortages of goods declined somewhat in the later twentieth century, they surely added to the people's opposition to the limits of communism. 6. Race music was the term given to the special efforts, especially within the factories, to blend the increasingly hostile ethnic groups of the Soet Union together. F 952 1 II, E, 1 Understanding NOT: It was the first description of a genre of music that would become rock and roll. 7. The “British invasion” was a group of successful British rock and roll bands that blended the American sounds of the new music of the 1960s with the inflections of their own poverty and defiance and added touches of music-hall showmanship. T 952 1 II, E, 1 Understanding NOT: The Beatles are an excellent example of this. 8. Though harshly repressed in Russia, rock and roll made its way into the Soet Union; pirated records were copied onto X-ray plates salvaged from hospitals. T 952 1 II, E, 1 NOT: Even the Soets could not stop this aspect of mass culture. 9. Film in the changing mass culture put the emphasis on the actor, not the writer, and elevated many to superstardom. F 954 1 II, G, 1 Understanding NOT: It elevated the director above the playwright or actors. 10. Some of the innovation in film in this period involved the use of color and widescreen technology. T 954 1 II, G, 2 NOT: Hollywood was making more than five hundred films a year and dominated the market. These innovations only enhanced their technological and economic rtual monopoly of the market. 11. Alfred Kinsey was a former zoologist who studied sexual attraction in humans. T 955 2 II, H Understanding NOT: He only became a social scientist later in life. 12. Oral contraceptives greatly affected the birthrate in the West in the 1960s. F 955 2 II, H, 1 Understanding NOT: The birthrate was already falling. What the pill did was give women control over pregnancy and allowed them to have more sexual actity without increasing birthrates. 13. The emergence of new black nations in Africa and the Caribbean greatly influenced the African American insurgency in the United States. F 957 3 III, A Understanding NOT: Following World War II, migration from the American South to northern cities increased and became a rallying point for a new African identity and intensity in the demand for rights, dignity, and independence: the emergence of new black nations in Africa and the Caribbean simply paralleled this development. 14. One of the primary goals of the Peace Corps was to show Americans’ benevolence and good intentions to foreign nations in light of the growing communist threat. T 960 3 III, B Applying NOT: It was established as part of Kennedy's plan to increase foreign aid. 15. While many Western countries condemned the war in etnam, student protests remained a peculiarly American method of challenging government decisions. F 961 3 III, C Understanding NOT: Student protests were also waged in Western Europe and even in Poland and Czechoslovakia. 1. How did changing ideas of class in Western Europe differ from patterns in the Eastern bloc? 2. How did governmental support of compulsory education impact the mass culture of the 1960s? 3. How did new patterns of consumption spur changes in mass culture? 4. What was pop art, and how was it peculiar to the postwar era? 5. What factors contributed to the sexual revolution? 6. What were the goals of the feminist movement? 7. Contrast the goals and methods of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. 8. What factors combined to breed antiwar sentiment in America over the etnam War? 9. What effects did the student protests of 1968 have on Western governments? 10. Why was perestroika the best hope for the Soet Union, and why did it fail? CHAPTER 29: A World without Walls: Globalization and the West MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. At its most basic, globalization me a. unity and peace. d. integration. b. equality of nations and prosperity. e. common means of communication. c. sameness. D 984 1 I Understanding 2. “Globalization” and “internationalization” are not synonymous, as globalization can occur: a. only between countries with a common language and culture. b. quite independently of national control. c. between two or more groups of people, but only in the cultural realm. d. only under the control of established nation-states. e. only within a single geographical area. B 984 1 I Understanding 3. A central aspect of globalization since 1970 has been the: a. rapid integration of commercial and financial markets. b. rapid expansion of technology to every corner of the world. c. population explosion, which created a vast pool of unskilled labors in the Third World. d. free flow of labor, particularly between former colonies and imperial powers. e. free flow of information that has allowed for the decrease in political tensions. A 985 1 II, A Understanding 4. Globalization has generated discussions concerning all of the following EXCEPT: a. the nature of citizenship. b. transnational corporation accountability. c. the enronment. d. the human cost involved in globalization. e. the legitimacy of national self-determination. E 984 1 II Understanding 5. The post–World War II arrangements reached by the Allies at Bretton Woods steadily eroded in the late 1960s and effectively ended in 1971, when the United States: a. refused to endorse the establishment of the World Bank. b. defaulted on a loan it had guaranteed through the International Monetary Fund. c. withdrew from membership in NATO following France’s lead. d. withdrew its support for the financial policies of the G-7 countries. e. abandoned the postwar gold standard and allowed the dollar to range freely. E 985 1 II, A Understanding 6. The “neoliberal” economics of the 1970s stressed: a. budget deficits and free markets with restraints on profit incentives and social welfare programs. b. free markets and social welfare programs with restraints on budget deficits. c. profit incentives and social welfare programs with restraints on budget deficits and free markets. d. profit incentives and budget deficits with restraints on social welfare programs. e. free markets and profit incentives with restraints on budget deficits and social welfare programs. E 985 1 II, A Understanding 7. By the late twentieth century, electronic deces had revolutionized the lives of indiduals, but none to the degree of: a. personal computers. d. portable CD players. b. mobile phones. e. iPods. c. handheld organizers. A 988 1 II, B Understanding 8. The development of the Internet has given rise to a new meaning for the expression: a. “one world.” d. “global llage.” b. “global culture.” e. “small world.” c. “world culture.” D 988 1 II, B 9. Although there is a sharp dide between the most successful global players and the poorer, disadvantaged states and cultures, the poorer states have been able to respond to a very profitable market in the West in one area of manufacture, that of: a. illegal drugs. d. motion pictures. b. steel. e. pharmaceuticals. c. software. A 989 1 II, A Understanding 10. The term liquid modernity refers to: a. the uncertainty of life in the twenty-first century. b. rapid advances made in medical science toward the end of the twentieth century. c. the relative free flow of people, money, and ideas around the world. d. paintings by Salvador Dali and the surrealist school. e. monetary policy set by the World Bank to allow currency values to float relative to each other. C 985 1 II 11. By the 1990s, the most ambitious medical research project undertaken was: a. a worldwide commitment to seek a cure for all forms of cancer. b. the Human Genome project to map the architecture of human DNA. c. the search for a cure for all MSCs of influenza. d. a final push to eradicate smallpox and tuberculosis from the world. e. the failed attempt to eliminate cholera from the industrial world. B 991 1 II, D, 3 Understanding 12. Demographic studies indicate that the world’s population is: a. growing rapidly in North America and Europe while shrinking elsewhere. b. growing rapidly on all continents with isolated pockets of shrinkage. c. shrinking in North America and Europe while rapidly expanding elsewhere. d. generally shrinking with isolated pockets of growth. e. steadily increasing at a fairly constant rate across all continents. C 989 1 II, D, 1 Applying 13. By the late twentieth century, health officials’ worries that a disease would spread to epidemic proportions much more quickly due to accelerated rates of travel were confirmed by: a. SIDS. d. TARRS. b. AIDS. e. TARP. c. SARS. B 990 1 II, D, 2 Understanding 14. Although many countries suffered from declining populations in the late twentieth century, the country that took a very sudden and potentially dangerous move in this direction was: a. Finland. d. Germany. b. the Soet Union. e. the United States. c. Great Britain. B 990 1 II, D, 1 Applying 15. In 1990, Saddam Hussein attempted to restore Iraq’s influence and prestige by invading its neighbor: a. Syria. d. Afghanistan. b. Kuwait. e. Pakistan. c. Iran. B 1001 3 IV, D, 2 Understanding 16. One of the major influences in the postcolonial world prior to 1990 was: a. the availability of capital to develop a country’s native industries. b. a declining birthrate among the developing countries. c. denial of European markets to their emerging industries. d. full support by the old colonial powers in their colony’s development. e. the Cold War with its attendant superpower patronage. E s 992–993 2 III Applying 17. To what does the term postcolonial refer? a. diplomatic efforts by the superpowers to play the interests of newly independent states off those of their former colonizers b. the vehement nationalism of independence movements in Europe’s Asian colonies c. the many legacies of colonial rule, which have extended well beyond independence d. the emergence of political and cultural philosophies rejecting the legacies of colonialism e. the decade following independence when a new nation establishes itself economically C 992 2 III Understanding 18. One of the greatest advancements in medical research in the late twentieth century was the: a. development of a vaccine against most ruses. b. eradication of most forms of early infant mortality. c. invention of the electron microscope. d. development of genetic engineering. e. eradication of typhus throughout the world. D 991 1 II, D, 3 Understanding 19. How were South African politics decisively transformed in and after 1990? a. by the brutal spillover of cil wars in neighboring Angola and Zaire b. by the dramatic example of Rhodesia’s transition to minority rule as Zimbabwe c. by the return to the politics of apartheid that had been eliminated in the 1960s d. by the cumulative economic effects of sanctions imposed on South Africa by the United States and the Commonwealth during the 1980s e. by the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela and the legalization of the African National Congress E 993 2 III, A, 1 Applying 20. Although South Africa made a relatively transition from apartheid to majority rule, other African countries had a much bloodier path to follow. For example, in the former Belgian colony of _________, over 800,000 Tutsis were slaughtered by the Hutus in a brutal display of ethnic olence. a. Rhodesia d. the Congo b. Rwanda e. Zambia c. Zaire B 993 2 III, A, 2 21. During the 1990s in what many observers dubbed “Africa’s world war,” a number of countries intervened in _________ in order to gain access to natural resources as well as to settle ethnic scores. a. Burundi d. Zaire b. Rwanda e. Malawi c. Zambia D 994 2 III, A 22. By the turn of the twenty-first century, the largest heavy industrial producer in the world was: a. China. d. Russia. b. Germany. e. the United States. c. Japan. A 994 2 III, B, 1 Understanding 23. During the 1980s, the countries of the Pacific Rim that had developed robust economies and that appeared to have great staying power earned the collective nickname of: a. “The Elephants.” d. “The Tigers.” b. “The Bulls.” e. “The Pythons.” c. “The Bears.” D 994 2 III, B 24. During the economic prosperity of the 1980s in the Pacific Rim, many countries treated the creation of general economic wealth and prosperity as: a. a patriotic duty. d. an obligation of the government. b. the right of the wealthiest citizens. e. an opportunity for all people. c. the pronce of private industry. A 994 2 III, B Understanding 25. The two nations that led the world in their economic recovery following World War II were: a. France and Great Britain. d. Japan and Great Britain. b. Germany and France. e. France and Japan. c. Germany and Japan. C 994 2 III, B, 2 26. Ethnic conflicts that had been dampened for some time were reignited in the 1990s in Indonesia due to: a. a rapid increase in its standard of ling. b. inflation and unemployment. c. the conversion of most of the population to Catholicism. d. prosperity and olent state repression. e. Christian missionary actity. B 995 2 III, B Understanding 27. The Israeli leader who negotiated the 1978 peace accord was: a. Menachem Begin. d. Yitzhak Rabin. b. Ariel Sharon. e. Benjamin Netanyahu. c. Dad ben Gurion. A 995 3 IV, A 28. Egypt and Israel brokered a peace agreement between themselves in 1978 with help from the American president: a. Ronald Reagan. d. Richard Nixon. b. Jimmy Carter. e. George H. W. Bush. c. Gerald Ford. B 995 3 IV, A 29. The Middle East has drawn more attention in recent years due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a. the Arab-Israeli conflict. b. the creation of OPEC. c. radical Islamic organizations like al Qaeda. d. Iraq’s Islamic Revolution. e. the invasion of Kuwait. D 995 | 998 | 1001 3 IV Understanding 30. Prior to the outbreak of the intifada, the Arab nations and Israel had fought _________ wars. a. four d. one b. three e. no c. two B 995 3 IV, A, 1 Understanding 31. Since 1987, Palestinians ling in Gaza and the West Bank have been carrying on a low-level fight against the Israeli security forces. This is known as the: a. Mujahidin. d. Intifada. b. Al-Quds. e. al Fatah. c. Quemoy. D s 995–996 3 IV, A, 2 Understanding 32. Many of the oil-producing countries of the world organized themselves into a cartel to regulate the production and the pricing of oil: this cartel is called the: a. Organization of Oil Producing Countries (OOPC). b. Oil Producing Countries United (OPCU). c. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). d. Petroleum Producing Countries United (PPCU). e. Association of Petroleum Exporting Countries (APEC). C 998 3 IV, B 33. In the mid-1970s, a long recessionary period in Western economies was triggered by: a. a collapse of U.S. stock market prices, which was second only to the Crash of 1929. b. an oil embargo inspired by hardliners among the oil-producing states. c. a spike in the wholesale price index in the United States. d. a series of poor harvests in the United States, Western Europe, and the Soet Union. e. the collapse of the gold market that resulted in the devaluing of the world’s currencies. B 998 3 IV, B Understanding 34. One of the first Islamic groups in the 1970s to profess anticolonial politics mixed with works of charity and olently fundamentalist Islam beliefs was: a. the Islamic Jihad. b. al Fatah. c. the Pan-Arab Fundamentalist Movement. d. al Qaeda. e. the Muslim Brotherhood. E 999 3 IV, C Understanding 35. By the 1970s, the dring force in criticism and defiance of autocratic Arab regimes was: a. the Cementer, or Fourth Communist International, which had gained a great many followers among the poor in the Middle East. b. the group of intellectuals and middle-class businesspeople who had been inspired by the United States and its stand against communism. c. the Palestine Liberation Organization under Yasser Arafat and its struggle against Israel. d. an emerging form of radical Islam, which wanted to see the establishment of religious states. e. the example set by the Democratic-Islamic of Iran that sent its students to universities throughout the Arab world. D 999 3 IV, C Understanding 36. In the postcolonial world of the 1960s, many in the Islamic world, led by the cleric _________, laid the blame for the moral failure of the Arab world at the feet of the West and centuries of colonial contact. a. Osama bin Laden d. Sayyid Qutb b. Ayman al-Zawahri e. Sayyid al Sistani c. Raiay ak-Henaten D 999 3 IV, C, 1 37. The Islamic cleric, the Ayatollah _________, stepped into the 1979 power vacuum in Iran left by the resignation of the Western-friendly shah. a. Bashir Gemayel d. Yitzhak Rabin b. Sayyid al Sistani e. Ruhollah Khomeini c. Shlomo Argov E 1000 3 IV, C, 2, b 38. In 1979, twenty-five years after he came to power in a coup, Iran’s _________ simply retired from public life and left his country in a power vacuum. a. Shah Reza Pahla d. President Yasser Arafat b. Shah Ibn Kampala e. Prime Minister Menachem Begin c. President Anwar Sadat A 1000 3 IV, C, 2, a 39. In the 1990s, the Islamic government of Iran found its strongest opposition coming from: a. students and disfranchised serce workers. b. former royalists who wished to see a return of the monarchy. c. converts to Christianity as a result of missionary work during the 1980s. d. communists who had remained active after their overthrow in 1979. e. the fifth column of Iraqis who had infiltrated the country during the Iran-Iraq war. A 1001 3 IV, D, 1 Understanding 40. The Iran-Iraq war was the result, at least indirectly, of: a. rapidly rising oil prices. b. the defeat of the Iranian revolution by the shah. c. the Soet invasion of Afghanistan. d. a failed invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. e. the end of the Cold War. E 1001 3 IV, D, 1 Understanding 41. The Mujahidin were religious fighters who gained their reputation in fighting against: a. the Soet Union in Afghanistan. d. France in Indochina. b. the United States in Afghanistan. e. Iran in the Iran-Iraq war. c. the British in India. A 1004 3 IV, D, 3 Understanding 42. The decisive difference between the “early” terrorist organizations of the 1960s and those that developed in the 1980s and 1990s was that the newer ones were: a. dedicated to goals aimed at ethnic separatism and purity. b. committed to the establishment of revolutionary governments in specific countries. c. committed to an apocalyptic conflict that would eliminate their enemies and grant themselves martyrdom. d. dedicated to the establishment of a world government based on the ideas of Karl Marx. e. wholly committed to the establishment of secular governments in all countries with religious toleration. C 1004 3 V Understanding 43. The terrorist organization al Qaeda was created by Islamic military leaders who had fought against a foreign occupation of: a. Pakistan. d. Iraq. b. Uzbekistan. e. Afghanistan. c. Iran. E 1004 3 V, B, 2 Understanding 44. On September 11, 2001, one of the new terrorist organizations, _________, carried out an attack on the symbolic seat of “globalization,” the United States. a. al-Sistani d. al-Taliban b. al-Quds e. al-Zawahri c. al Qaeda C 1004 3 V, B, 1 45. A good example of the early kind of terrorist organizations formed in the 1960s would be: a. the Ara Pacis. d. the Irish Brotherhood. b. the Shining Path. e. Solidarity. c. the Red Brigades. C 1004 3 V, A Understanding 46. One purpose used to justify the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 was the Iraqi program to develop weapons of mass destruction—primarily biological and nuclear—and the fear that such weapons would be given to terrorist groups. Although no such weapons were found, a similar threat from nuclear weapons remains present in: a. North Korea. d. Yemen. b. Afghanistan. e. Somalia. c. Myanmar. A 1005 3 V, D Understanding 47. Several international organizations have been founded to monitor the rights of indiduals, and among these is: a. Amnesty International. d. the Sierra Club. b. Greenpeace International. e. Médecins sans Frontières. c. Reporters sans Frontières. A 1006 1 48. The contemporary language of human rights is anchored in a tradition of political thought that reaches back to the political philosophy of: a. Karl Marx. d. Edmund Burke. b. Giuseppe Mazzini. e. John Locke. c. Thomas Jefferson. E 1007 1 , A Understanding 49. Although an attempt was made following World War I to safeguard indiduals against nation-states, nothing was accomplished until the United Nations published the: a. Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. b. Universal Proclamation on Human Rights. c. Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Responsibilities. d. Universal Proclamation of Human Liberty. e. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. E 1008 1 , B 50. The recent global economic crisis has sparked new debates in the past few years that have centered on a belief in: a. free market capitalism. d. centralized national banks. b. self-regulating markets. e. government economic planning. c. private home ownership. B s 1009–1010 1 Applying TRUE/FALSE 1. Globalization is not a new concept; it has merely reached a new stage. T s 983–984 1 I Understanding NOT: It was present in all empires, trade, and commerce throughout history. 2. The term checkerboard of poverty and affluence refers to the presence of wealthy countries among poverty-stricken ones. F 985 | 988 2 II, A Understanding NOT: It refers to the economic diversity of cities themselves where the poor live side by side with the wealthy, often separated by only a few streets. 3. Poorer postcolonial regions have found a profitable market in the West through the adoption of illegal forms of commerce. T 989 1 II, C Understanding NOT: Although these goods and actions are banned, the fragile governments in these areas often turn a blind eye to such actities or engage in them themselves. 4. In reality, very little has changed in the last century for the people of former colonies. T 992 2 III Understanding NOT: Postcolonial struggles have done little to elevate the position of these peoples as they have often fallen under the power of a new kind of political and cultural authority. 5. Rwanda was renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo in order to distance itself from the atrocities committed in that country between the Hutus and the Tutsis. F s 993–994 2 III, A, 2 NOT: It was the renaming of Zaire, not Rwanda. 6. The reclamation of Hong Kong from the British in 1997 was part of a plan to establish semicapitalist commercial zones around major cities in China. T 994 2 III, B, 1 Understanding NOT: These zones were intended to encourage massive foreign investment in these not-quite-communist zones. 7. The powers of the Pacific Rim were given the nickname “the Tigers” for their aggressive economic policies and ability to “pounce” upon open contracts for Western goods due to their cheap labor. F 994 2 III, B NOT: It was given to them from the tiger of Chinese mythology, which is forward-looking. 8. Indonesia is a predominantly Muslim country with a long tradition of tolerance and pluralism inside the faith. T 995 2 III, B Understanding NOT: But even so, it saw outbursts of olent religious fundamentalism in the 1990s. 9. Many young Palestinians turned away from the secular PLO to radical Islam in anger over their elders’ failures to provoke revolution and end the continued stalemate in Israel. T 995 3 IV, A Understanding NOT: The secular radicalism of the PLO lacked the passionate dedication of a religious movement. 10. Egypt was denounced by Qutb as being morally corrupt due to its high population of Jews, illustrating that anti-Semitism, even in the 1960s, was far from absent in the Western world. F 999 3 IV, C, 1 Applying NOT: Egypt was considered corrupt for its association with the West. 11. In 1979, militant students stormed the American embassy in Iran, taking fifty-two hostages. The deaths of the hostages during the negotiation process resulted in a policy on non-negotiation for all future hostage situations. F 1001 3 IV, C, 2 Understanding NOT: All the hostages were successfully repatriated. 12. The United States was one of several Western powers to support and aid Saddam Hussein in the war against Iran. T 1001 3 IV, D, 1 Understanding NOT: Saddam's war against Iran left his country exhausted and with little choice but to invade a neighboring country to shore up his regime and restore its influence. 13. Only after the 1980s did terrorist tactics become part of an organized and sectarian warfare. F 1004 3 V, A Understanding NOT: Terrorism was being used on a large scale in the 1960s. 14. Al Qaeda was created by the leaders of the Mujahidin. T 1004 3 V, B Understanding NOT: This initially American-backed group of fighters evolved into a purely terrorist group. 15. Much of the United States’ success in Afghanistan in 2001 was due to the collapsed state of the country as a result of the war with Russia and much local hostility to the country’s leaders and their lack of ability to restore the nation in the subsequent thirty years after the Soet withdrawal. T 1004 3 V, B, 2 Understanding NOT: The professional soldiers of the United States were unmatched in equipment, but greatly aided by these contributing factors. 1. What is globalization? 2. In what ways did the Internet share the features of earlier print revolutions? 3. How has globalization changed health and medicine in the twenty-first century? 4. What were the effects of independence from colonialism in Africa? 5. In what ways did oil give power to the former colonies of the West? 6. How did Cold War politics and disions affect the Middle East? 7. In what ways were the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States the product of a new brand of terror born from globalization? 8. Compare and contrast the threats posed to the West by state actors like North Korea, Iraq, and Iran, and non-state actors like al Qaeda. 9. How has globalization promoted human rights? 10. Can historians predict the future by studying the past? CHAPTER 10: The Medieval World, 1250–1350 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Texts like Marco Polo’s Description of the World: a. were entirely factual. b. were fictional. c. were in no way helpful to merchants traveling to the East. d. were not religious texts and so were not read. e. were a mix of fact and fiction. E 324 1 I 2. Long-distance trade in the thirteenth century usually occurred: a. because Venetian merchants regularly sailed from Italy to India. b. on long-distance caravans that traveled from Europe to China along the Silk Road. c. through a series of interlocking trade networks. d. only after the fall of the Mongol empire. e. only after the foundation of the Ottoman empire. C 324 2 II Applying 3. Linguistically and ethnically, the Mongols were most closely related to the: a. Chinese. d. Persians. b. Turks. e. Siberians. c. Russians. B 324 1 II 4. The leader who united the Mongol tribes and began the conquest of China was named: a. Qubilai Khan. b. Ögedei Khan. c. Temüjin, who took the title Genghis Khan. d. Timur the Lame (Tamerlane). e. Lin Pao Khan. C 324 1 II, A, 1 5. In the early twelfth century, Genghis Khan quickly built up a large military force by: a. offering land in exchange for military serce. b. uniting with the Mughal empire of India. c. peacefully merging with the Chin dynasty in western China. d. defeating Poland, Hungary, and eastern Germany. e. incorporating the warriors of defeated tribes into his own army. E 324 1 II, A, 1 6. The expression “Mongol horde” actually comes from the: a. Turkish word ordu meaning, “army.” b. Chinese words hen goal, meaning “warrior band.” c. German word hart, meaning “hard” or “solid.” d. English verb horde meaning “to accumulate or stockpile.” e. Arabic word jihad meaning “struggle” or “war.” A 326 1 II, B, 1 7. In the thirteenth century, Moscow became an important center because: a. Muscote dukes conquered much of Siberia. b. it became a center of trade for both eastern and western merchants. c. it became a tribute-collecting center for the Mongol Khanate. d. it became a leading intellectual center for the study of Greek texts. e. it became the site of an annual meeting for the leaders of various Mongol territories. C 326 1 II, B, 2 8. After conquering territory in what is now Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Armenia, and Anatolia, the Mongols who controlled this territory, called the Ilkhanate, converted to: a. Roman Catholicism. d. Zoroastrianism. b. Eastern Orthodox Christianity. e. Islam. c. Judaism. E 328 1 II, C 9. Mongol governance was directed toward: a. ensuring absolute rule over all subject territories. b. creating a stable staffed by Mongols in all subject territories. c. securing tribute from subject territories. d. instituting taxes on trade and commerce in all subject territories. e. centralizing control in a single ruler. C 328 1 II, D, 1 10. For Europeans, the most important consequence of the Mongol conquests was: a. the commercial links it established between Europe and the Far East along the Silk Road. b. that the Mongol defeats of the Abbasid caliphate removed a major threat to European control of the eastern Mediterranean. c. that the Mongol conquest of Russia brought eastern Europe into closer contact with western Europe. d. that by destroying Persia, the Mongols extended the life of the Byzantine empire. e. the extensive cultural exchange that became possible between the Chinese and Europeans. A 329 1 | 2 II, E, 1 Applying 11. Why did the Pax Mongolica come to an end? a. Conflict between rival trading groups increased and olence broke out. b. The Mongols lost control of the Silk Road to the Chinese. c. The Mongols began to push further West into Europe and war broke out. d. The Mamluk sultanate of Egypt began attacking caravans on the Silk Road. e. The Mongols converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity and so closed the Silk Road to Western Roman Catholics. A 330 1 II, D Applying 12. After the 1340s, the economy of Europe was marked by: a. gold shortages. b. silver shortages. c. inflation. d. decreasing demand for luxury goods from the Far East. e. the discovery of new gold supplies within Europe itself. B 331 2 III, A 13. Increasing European interest in African gold was driven by: a. declining gold prices. b. the discovery of large gold deposits in Europe. c. increasing demand for bulk goods from Asia. d. decreasing demand for silver in Europe. e. increasing demand for expensive luxury goods in Europe. E 331 2 III, A 14. Parallel to the interest in the gold trade in Europe, several entrepreneurial empires were established by Europeans. Among the first was that created by the: a. Catalans. d. Grenadians. b. Sardinians. e. Maltans. c. Sicilians. A 331 2 II, B Applying 15. The first European colonies established outside of Europe geographically were in the: a. Indian Ocean. d. Atlantic Ocean. b. Pacific Ocean. e. Arctic Ocean. c. Caribbean Sea. D 332 2 III, C, 2 Applying 16. The kings did not permanently colonize the eastern coast of North America in part because: a. eastern North America had no goods of interest to the kings. b. their ships could not carry goods easily from North America to Europe. c. it was too cold in northern North America to contemplate permanent residence. d. they could find no land suitable for farming. e. king relations with the indigenous people of North America were not peaceful. E 334 2 III, C, 2, a 17. The Norse colony in Greenland ceased to exist during the fourteenth century because: a. their territory was taken over by Inuit groups. b. during the plague, all the settlers of Greenland died. c. the climate had cooled considerably and farming was no longer possible. d. the Norse no longer had any resources to exploit in Greenland. e. the Norse who lived in Greenland moved to a new colony in modern-day Newfoundland. C 334 1 III, C, 2, a 18. The commerce that occurred as a result of the Pax Mongolica was facilitated by the introduction of: a. double-entry bookkeeping and early forms of credit transfers. b. Roman numerals into European accounting. c. abacuses and standardized coins used across Europe. d. receipts and bookkeeping ledgers. e. manuals to facilitate trade along the Silk Road. A 334 1 IV, A, 1 19. Time became standardized in the fourteenth century due to: a. most towns agreeing that only one church bell would ring the hours. b. the increased use of sundials. c. the invention and proliferation of mechanical clocks. d. the recent adoption of Islamic methods of timekeeping. e. the standardization of candles, which burned hour by hour. C 335 2 IV, A, 3 20. The thirteenth century had witnessed the development of the philosophical belief that the secular and spiritual worlds were rational, organized, and comprehensible to human beings. In the fourteenth century, William of Ockham: a. denied that human reason could prove fundamental theological truths. b. confirmed such a belief. c. argued that theological questions could all be resolved through reason, but questions concerning the natural world could not all be so resolved. d. determined that human reason could resolve nothing with regard to the world, with the exception of the truths of mathematics. e. argued that the only knowledge human beings could attain came through dine revelation alone. A 335 2 IV, B, 1 Applying 21. The nominalist distinction between reason’s ability to understand the natural world and its inability to understand the dine world encouraged people to: a. ignore the natural world. b. contemplate God alone, as all important knowledge came through revelation. c. understand the human world as a metaphor for the dine world. d. understand the real world without reference to the supernatural. e. look to universals in the world, which could prode some small insight into the dine world. D 335 2 IV, B, 1 Applying 22. European art of the thirteenth century reflected a renewed interest in: a. the saints. d. biblical stories. b. portraits. e. nature. c. children. E 335 2 IV, C, 1 23. A fresco painting is essentially a(n): a. painting executed on fresh plaster. b. egg tempura painting executed on a piece of wood. c. oil painting executed on a stretched canvas. d. image that is modeled and executed on an outside wall. e. egg tempura painting executed on a wall. A 336 2 IV, C 24. The medieval painter Giotto is remembered especially because he: a. rendered architectural details with photographic precision. b. specialized in indidual portraits, which were highly lifelike. c. developed a new technique for painting on canvas with oil paints. d. brought a deep humanity and naturalism to his religious images. e. developed a new technique for painting on wood using pigment mixed with egg white. D 337 2 IV, C, 2 Applying 25. Dante’s Dine Comedy depicts the poet’s mythical journey through: a. the Holy Land in search of the Holy Grail. b. the mountains in and around medieval Florence. c. hell, purgatory, and heaven. d. Egypt in search of the Desert Fathers. e. England and France with the knights of the Round Table. C 340 2 IV, C, 3 26. Dante’s choice to write much of his work in Italian: a. led other scholars to revert to Latin when writing social critiques. b. revolutionized vernacular literature in Italy. c. meant that his work would not be read outside of Italy. d. forced universities to begin teaching in Italian rather than Latin. e. allowed many literary critics to believe his work was inferior to works written in Latin. B 340 2 IV, C, 3 Applying 27. Dante’s Dine Comedy represents: a. the nadir of Italian vernacular writing. b. the pinnacle of Latin prose. c. a fusion of classical and Christian cultures. d. a clear adoption of Christian principles and a rejection of classical learning. e. a rejection of Christianity in favor of classical learning. C 340 2 IV, C, 3 28. As the power of the papacy weakened after 1250, popular piety: a. decreased dramatically. b. became formulaic as people used old and tired rituals. c. became technically heretical as the papacy no longer had the moral authority to effectively lead Christians in Europe. d. became markedly less spiritual and meditative. e. found its most creative forms of expression. E 340 4 V Applying 29. By the mid-thirteenth century, the pope called some Crusades in order to: a. try to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule. b. fight against non-Christian peoples in the north of Russia. c. defend Venice from attacks from the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt. d. support the political needs of the papacy. e. defend Europe’s borders in the East from invasion by the Mongols. D s 340–341 4 V, A 30. King Philip IV of France’s ability to move Pope Clement V’s court to Agnon demonstrates the: a. gulf between the theoretical and actual power of the papacy. b. flexibility of papal governance. c. piety of Philip IV. d. destitution of the papacy. e. enormous respect Clement had for Philip. A 341 3 V, C Applying 31. The name “The Babylonian Captity” for the Agnon papacy references the: a. exile of Christians from Roman citizenship in the first three centuries C.E. b. exile of Christians from the Levant (ancient Babylonia) after Saladin’s ctory at the Horns of Hattin in 1187 C.E. c. exile of Christians from Spain after the Muslim conquest in the 700s C.E. d. exile of the Jews in Babylon during the sixth century B.C.E. e. diaspora of the Jews after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 C.E. D 341 4 V, C 32. During the so-called Babylonian Captity of the fourteenth century, the papacy was: a. dided between two rival popes. b. moved to Agnon, France. c. disbanded for seventy-five years. d. controlled by the Persian aristocracy. e. removed from Rome to Babylon. B s 341–342 4 V, C 33. _________ was not a sacrament in the medieval Roman Catholic Church. a. Ordination of a priest d. Confession and Penance b. Baptism e. Churching c. Extreme Unction E 342 4 V, D, 1 34. Crusading can be linked to an extreme form of the sacrament of: a. Baptism. d. Confirmation. b. Confession and Penance. e. Communion. c. Matrimony. B 342 4 V, D, 1 35. The medieval doctrine of transubstantiation taught that: a. when Christ became human he had two natures. b. people became fully human only when baptized. c. the Eucharist became the body and blood of Christ during Mass. d. Christ never became fully human. e. people would rise from the earth on Judgment Day. C 342 4 V, D, 2 Applying 36. Meister Eckhart taught that: a. by renouncing the senses, one could draw inward and ultimately find God. b. secular leadership of the Church would purify its doctrine and discipline its clergy. c. the laity should stop attending church and focus instead on the miracles of Christ. d. the most practical devotional act for the laity was pilgrimage. e. the laity should renounce marriage and enter monasteries and convents. A 343 4 V, D, 3 Applying 37. Sovereignty can be defined as: a. sharing governmental power over a given territory. b. the ability of a country to attack other countries. c. the ability of a king to control his nobles. d. the ability to control a defined territory without challenge. e. the ability of townspeople to act independently of a king or local lord. D 344 3 , A Applying 38. Sovereignty implies governmental control over: a. peoples. d. the Church. b. space. e. towns. c. farming. B 344 3 , A Applying 39. Sovereignty is won by: a. diminishing the power of the nobles within the state. b. diminishing the power of local monasteries. c. diminishing the power of other states. d. increasing the power of other states. e. increasing the power of the nobles within the state. C 344 3 , A 40. Although Louis IX’s attempts at crusading were failures, they cemented his reputation as a: a. bad military strategist and king. b. lover of lost causes. c. self-absorbed king who cared little about his subjects. d. relic-hunter. e. protector of the Church. E 344 3 , A, 1, a Applying 41. Philip IV’s decision to suppress the Knights Templar and exile Jews from France was driven by: a. religious concerns—both groups were regarded as heretics. b. political concerns—both powerful groups were challenging the king’s authority. c. social concerns—both groups presented challenges to the traditional class structure in France. d. financial concerns—both groups were extremely wealthy, and Philip was in debt. e. economic concerns—both groups were exempt from taxes. D 345 3 , A, 1, b Applying 42. Edward made the territory of _________ a settler colony of England. a. Wales d. Brittany b. Scotland e. Cornwall c. Ireland A 346 3 , A, 2, a, i 43. The Stone of Destiny was taken to Westminster Abbey by Edward I: a. as a memento of Edward’s failed invasion of Scotland. b. to show his English subjects the unusual way Scottish kings were crowned. c. to demonstrate England’s power over Scotland. d. to ritually bless it before returning it to Scone Abbey. e. as a mark of his respect for the Scottish Army who fought against him. C 346 3 , A, 2, a, ii Applying 44. A fundamental source of conflict in the Hundred Years’ War was that: a. England lay claim to Flanders. b. France lay claim to Cornwall. c. the French king was a vassal of the English king for Brittany. d. the English king was a vassal of the French king for Gascony. e. the English king constantly attacked France’s borders from the stronghold in Gascony. D 348 3 , B 45. In the fourteenth century, Edward II argued that he was the legitimate heir of France based on a closer relationship to Philip IV of France than that of the new Valois king because: a. his mother was Philip IV’s wife. b. he was married to Philip IV’s sister. c. he was married to Philip IV’s daughter. d. he was the grandson of Philip III. e. his mother was Philip IV’s daughter. E 348 3 , A, 1, b 46. The Seven Years’ Famine occurred because: a. Europe had reached the limit of its ability to supply food for its population and the climate warmed by approximate two degrees centigrade. b. Europe’s climate cooled by ten degrees centigrade. c. Europe had reached the limit of its ability to supply food for its population and the climate cooled by approximately two degrees centigrade. d. Europe had reached the limit of its ability to supply food for its population and a drought occurred. e. Europe’s climate warmed by ten degrees centigrade. C 349 5 , A Applying 47. Aside from starvation, the most devastating effect of the Great Famine was the: a. death of almost all the small livestock in Europe. b. compromised immune systems of those who surved. c. rise of cannibalism in Europe. d. inability to recover lands lost to flooding. e. tremendous increase of people sentenced to death for poaching. B 351 5 , A Applying 48. The Black Death appears to have originated in: a. Italy. d. Iran. b. India. e. China. c. Sub-Saharan Africa. E 352 5 , B, 1 49. Bubonic plague is spread by: a. flea bites. b. lice. c. breath droplets, which infected indiduals expel while coughing. d. transmissions of bodily fluids. e. mosquito bites. A 353 5 , B, 2 50. The Black Death probably eliminated almost _________ percent of Europe’s population. a. 20 d. 50 b. 30 e. 60 c. 40 D 355 5 Understanding TRUE/FALSE 1. The Mongols ruled the vast territory of their empire directly. F 328 1 II, D, 1 NOT: Mongol governance was largely aimed toward withdrawing tribute from client states. As long as local rulers paid the tribute, they could remain in power. 2. The Mongol empire was the largest empire in history. T 328 1 II, A NOT: At its height in the 1240s, the Mongol empire spanned one-fifth of the earth's surface. 3. The Mongol “horde” got its name from the Turkish word for “horn,” no doubt due to the use of the battle horn in Mongol warfare. F 326 1 II, B, 1 NOT: "Horde" means "encampment." 4. The most obous source of gold for European monarchs was China. F 331 2 III, A NOT: The gold-rich territories of Mali and Ghana in Africa were the most obous source for gold. 5. Medieval colonies in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic were driven by a desire to foster trade. T 331 2 III, C Applying NOT: Colonies as diverse as those founded by Catalan merchants in the Western Mediterranean and the Norse in Greenland were established to foster trade in goods such as foodstuffs, gold, and timber. 6. Realism and naturalism were the key trends in both art and literature in the late Middle Ages. T s 337–340 2 IV, C, 1 Applying NOT: A celebration of reality rather than a romantic imitation of life could be seen in the characterization and image of people and even plants. 7. William of Ockham argued that human reason could not lead to an understanding of God. T 335 1 | 2 IV, B, 1 Understanding NOT: William of Ockham's philosophical position, called nominalism, argued that human reason could understand the natural world through empirical observation, but that it was impossible to achieve knowledge of God in this way. 8. The portability of altarpieces and devotional images allowed for greater indiduality in artistic styles. T 336 1 | 2 IV, C Applying NOT: Because altarpieces, devotional images, and portraits were portable, they were easier to sell. Thus artists often no longer had to wait for specific commissions to work. They therefore had more freedom to choose their subject matter and could produce their work in a more indidual style. 9. Dante’s Dine Comedy is an important social and political commentary on fourteenth-century Italy. T 340 2 IV, C, 3 Applying NOT: In Dante's Dine Comedy, Dante's narrator meets the souls of many historical personages and contemporaries, asking them to explain why they met their various fates in the afterlife. In this way, Dante commented on current events and passed judgment on his enemies. 10. During the Babylonian Captity, the papacy’s administrative control over the Church increased even as its moral authority declined. T s 341–342 4 V, C Understanding NOT: In Agnon, the popes imposed new taxes, tried judicial cases that brought in revenue, and claimed the right to appoint bishops and priests to vacant offices anywhere in Christendom, which they did for a price. These tactics increased the wealth of the Church and its hold over prelates, but the court's luxury and the moral transgressions of various popes seriously weakened the papacy's moral authority. 11. In the Middle Ages, marriages were always solemnly celebrated in a church. F 342 4 V, D, 1 NOT: Marriages in the Middle Ages usually were celebrated in the home with an exchange of solemn promises or by the fact of cohabitation. 12. Sovereignty was a zero-sum game in the Middle Ages. T 344 3 , A Understanding NOT: Since states gained in power by diminishing the power and territory of another state in the Middle Ages, sovereignty can be understood to have been a zero-sum game. 13. The Black Death struck and disappeared from Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. F 353 5 NOT: The plague was still afflicting Poland and Russia into the eighteenth century. 14. Jews were ctims of attack by both Christians and Muslims during the plague. F 354 5 NOT: There are no known cases of Muslim attacks on Jews in this period. 1. What factors account for the success of the Mongol empire? 2. How did the Pax Mongolica impact the commercial and artistic development of Europe? 3. What was the purpose of the early European colonies? 4. How did the integration of European and Asian commerce impact European technological development? 5. How was a renewed fascination with the natural world reflected in thirteenth-century art and philosophy? 6. What events marked the decline of the papacy in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries? 7. To what extent were the sacraments a way of extending church authority over everyday Christians in the Middle Ages? 8. How did England and France increase their sovereignty in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries? 9. What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War? 10. Why was the Black Death so devastating in Europe? [Show More]

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