Microbiology Exam #1 (Chapter 1,3,4,5,6). 100% Coverage. Guaranteed mastery. Rated A+

Microbiology - ✔✔The specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye 6 major groups of microorganisms - ✔✔1. Bacteria 2. Algae 3. Protozoa 4. Helminths 5. Fungi 6. V ...

Microbiology - ✔✔The specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye 6 major groups of microorganisms - ✔✔1. Bacteria 2. Algae 3. Protozoa 4. Helminths 5. Fungi 6. Viruses What do microbiologists study? - ✔✔- Cell structure - Growth and Physiology - Genetics - Taxonomy and evolutionary history - Interactions with living and non living environment What are the 6 different branches of study in microbiology? - ✔✔1. Medical microbiology 2. Public Health microbiology and Epidemiology 3. Immunology 4. Industrial Microbiology 5. Agricultural Microbiology 6. Environmental Microbiology Medical Microbiology - ✔✔Study of microbes as they relate to medicine, deals with microbes that causes disease in humans and animals Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology - ✔✔Monitor and control the spread of disease in communities. USPHS, CDC, WHO Industrial Microbiology - ✔✔- Use of microbes to manufacture important compounds - Safeguards our food and water - Also includes biotechnology - Ranges from bread making to gene therapy - Microbes can be used to create large quantities of substances such as amino acids, beer, drugs, enzymes, and vitamins Agricultural Microbiology - ✔✔- Deals with the relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals - Plant specialists focus on plant diseases, soil fertility, and nutritional interactions - Animal specialists work with infectious diseases and other associations animals have with microorganisms Immunology - ✔✔Studies a diverse areas such as vaccination, blood testing, and allergy. Immunologists investigate the role of the immune system in cancer and autoimmune diseases Environmental Microbiology - ✔✔Studies the effect of microbes on the earth's diverse habitats. Example- aquatic microbiology, soil microbiology, geomicrobiology, and astrobiology eu-kary means? - ✔✔true nucleus; cells with a nucleus are classified as eukaryotes Pro-kary means? - ✔✔Pre-nucleus; bacteria and archaea do not have a nucleus and have been traditionally classified as prokaryotes What is a microbe? - ✔✔A microorganism How are biology and microbiology different? How are they similar? - ✔✔Biology is concerned with all the different scales of size that microorganisms exist on, but many fields on biology are concerned with more complex organisms such as mammals. Microbiology is concerned specifically with smaller, individual organisms. Microbiologists might be concerned with something as big as a bacteria, and they do study systems, such as the immune system, but generally they focus on smaller individual organisms. They are similar because they both study organisms, just on different scales. Bacteria - ✔✔- Unicellular microorganisms - Some cause human, animal, or plant diseases; others are beneficial. - Prokaryotic Algae - ✔✔- Unicellular microorganisms - Prokaryotic - Food or water borne - Reproduce Asexually - Photosythetic Protozoa - ✔✔- Unicellular - Eukaryotic - Live independently or as parasites - Mostly found in soil or water Helminths - ✔✔- Multicellular - Eukaryotic - Worms Fungi/Yeast - ✔✔- Eukaryotic - Multicellular - Protists characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall Medical Microbiology - ✔✔- Deals with diseases of humans and animals - Study the way microorganisms cause disease - Example: A Microbiologist at the CDC may examine a culture of the influenza virus in order to understand why is is so harmful Public Health Microbiology & Epidemiology - ✔✔- Monitor and control the spread of diseases in communities - CDC, USPHS, & WHO - Example: Epidemiologists conduct interviews as a part of the effort to curb the cholera epidemic in Haiti Immunology - ✔✔- Studies the web of protective substances and cells produced in response to infection - Vaccination, blood testing, and allergy - Immunologists investigate the role of the immune system in cancer and autoimmune diseases - Example: Immunologists freeze dry samples of infectious diseases Industrial Microbiology - ✔✔- Branch of microbiology in which microbes are manipulated to manufacture useful products - Ranges from bread making to gene therapy - Safeguards our food and water - Microbes can be used to create large quantities of substances such as amino acids, berm drugs, enzymes and vitamins - Example: Scientists use a multispectural imaging systems for inspection of chickens to be manufactured Agricultural Microbiology - ✔✔- Concerned with the relationship between microbes and domesticated plants and animals - Plant specialists focus on plant diseases, soil fertility, and nutritional interactions - Animal specialists focus on infectious diseases and other associations animals have with microorganisms Environmental Microbiology - ✔✔- Studies the effect of microbes on the Earth's diverse habitats - 4 Types: Aquatic, Soil, Geo, and Astro - Studies microbes in the earths surface water, soil, crust, and places off of our planet What type of cells originated first on planet Earth? What type of cells evolved next? What type of organism evolved last? - ✔✔Prokaryotic cells originated fist, followed by Eukaryotic cells, and lastly viruses Photosynthesis - ✔✔Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen What kind of organisms can proceed with photosynthesis? - ✔✔Bacteria and Algae What is decomposition? - ✔✔Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be recycled What type of organisms can proceed with decomposition? - ✔✔Bacteria and Fungi Genetic Engineering - ✔✔Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Recombinant DNA Technology - ✔✔Techniques that allow the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA Bioremediation - ✔✔Introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants Biotechnology - ✔✔Manipulation of microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting What is the difference between a pathogen and a microbe? - ✔✔A pathogen is a microorganism that has the potential to cause disease, but microbes are not always pathogens True or Face: All microbes are pathogenic - ✔✔False, few microbes are pathogens What are the top causes of infectious disease deaths in the U.S versus worldwide? - ✔✔In the U.S: Influenza and pneumonia Worldwide: HIV/AIDS and Diarrheal diseases Bacteria and Archaea consist of what type of cells? - ✔✔Prokaryotic Helminths, fungi, Protozoa, and algae consist of of what type of cells? - ✔✔Eukaryotic What us a tiny infectious particle that requires a host cell? - ✔✔Virus What type of cell contains membrane bound organelles and a nucleus? - ✔✔Eukaryotic What type of cell does not have have membrane bound organelles nor a nucleus? - ✔✔Prokaryotic What type of microbe is not a cell? - ✔✔Virus What is Robert Hooke responsible for in Microbiology? - ✔✔The first observations of microbes What is Antoine van Leeuwenhoek responsible for in Microbiology? - ✔✔Invention of the microscope Describe the most recent scientific discoveries that have made an impact in the field of microbiology. - ✔✔1970s: Discovery of restriction enzymes 1980s: Inventions of the PCR technique 2000s: Importance of small RNAs 2010s: Role of the human microbiome What is John Tyndall responsible for in Microbiology? - ✔✔Found that microbes in the dust and air have high heat resistance What is Ferdinand Cohn responsible for in Microbiology? - ✔✔- Discovered and described bacterial endospores - Discovered Sterile, which is completely free of all life forms including endospores and virus particles What are Ignaz Semmelweis, Dr. Oliver Wendell Homes, and Joseph Lister known for in Microbiology? - ✔✔Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis - Development of Aseptic techniques. Showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations done by physicians who had been working in the autopsy rooms. Joseph Lister - First to introduce aseptic technique and utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antimicrobial chemicals. These techniques are still used today What are Luis Pasteur and Robert Koch responsible for in Microbiology? - ✔✔Luis Pasteur - Contributed to the microbial fermentation role in wine and beer production, invented pasteurization, showed that human diseases could arise from infection Robert Koch - Established Koch's postulates, a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease, linked a specific microorganism with a specific disease (Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis). Also developed numerous lab techniques What is spontaneous generation? - ✔✔The theory that life appears from nonliving things Who is responsible for disproving spontaneous generation? - ✔✔Luis Pasteur Who verified the germ theory? - ✔✔Robert Koch Describe the steps in order for the Scientific Method - ✔✔1. Make an observation - through experience, thoughts, or reading 2. Conduct background research - learn more about what you have observed Make a hypothesis - form a question to be tested and answered 3. Experiment - Test the question with an experiment 4. Observe outcome - Observe what is seen from the experiment 5. Analyze data and draw conclusions - Explain what was seen and whether or not the hypothesis was corrrect 6. Develop a theory backed by research What is a theory? - ✔✔A well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations What is the field of taxonomy? - ✔✔Science of classifying living things Nomenclature - ✔✔Assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organisms Classification - ✔✔Attempts the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa (categories) Identification - ✔✔Process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be recognized and placed in a taxonomic scheme What are the 8 levels of classification from general to specific? - ✔✔Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species How do you write by a hand the proper scientific nomenclature for Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia Coli, and Steptococcus pyogenes? - ✔✔Capitalize the first letter of the first word, lower case second word, then underline both words What are the Causative Organisms for the following diseases? Malaria, Amoebic dysentery, HIV/AIDS, Schistosomiasis, Anthrax, Red tide, Yellow fever, Cat-scratch disease, Hepatitis, Cholera, Meningitis, Typhoid fever, Chagas' disease, Trichomoniasis, Tuberculosis, Toxoplasmosis, Lyme disease, Leptospirosis, SARS, Rotavirus, Onchocerciasis, Pertussis, African Sleeping Sickness, Leishmaniasis, Gonorrhea, & Ringworm - ✔✔Malaria - Protozoa Amoebic dysentery - Bacteria HIV/AIDS - Virus Schistosomiasis - Helminth Anthrax - Bacteria Red tide - Algae Yellow fever - Virus Catch-scratch disease - Bacteria Hepatitis - Virus Cholera - Bacteria Meningitis - Bacteria and Virus Typhoid fever - Bacteria Chagas' disease - Protozoa Trichomoniasis - Protozoa Tuberculosis - Bacteria Lyme disease - Bacteria Leptospirosis - Bacteria SARS - Virus Rotavirus - Virus Onchocerciasis - Helminth Pertussis - Bacteria African Sleeping Sickness - Protozoa Measles - Virus Leishmaniasis - Protozoa Gonorrhea - Bacteria Ringworm - Fungus The accumulation of changes that occurs in organisms as they adapt to their environments - ✔✔Evolution Consist of prokaryotic cells and Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli are examples of this organism - ✔✔Bacteria What type of microbe is classified as a tiny infectious particle? - ✔✔Virus List the taxonomic categories in order from general to specific - ✔✔- Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species The purposeful addition of a specimen into/onto culture medium - ✔✔Inoculation A microscopic cluster of cells that originated from a single cell - ✔✔Colony What type of medium allows multiple types of microbes to grow but is designed to show visible color differences among those organisms? - ✔✔Differential What type of microscope uses visible light and produces well-defined, three-dimensional images? - ✔✔Compound microscope What type of dyes are used in positive staining and are attracted top the negatively charged cell? - ✔✔Basic Name several specimens that can be collected for culturing microorganisms, then name the five I's in order. - ✔✔Nearly any object or material can be collected for culturing microorganisms, common ones are body fluids and tissues, foods, water, or soil. Five I's: - Inoculation - Incubation - Isolation - Inspection - Identification Inoculation - ✔✔- Sample is placed into a container of sterile medium - Cultivation of microorganisms - Involves spreading the sample on the surface of a solid medium or introducing the sample into a flask or tube Incubation - ✔✔- An incubator creates the proper growth temperature and other conditions - Promotes multiplication of the microbes over a period of hours, days, and even weeks. - Produces a culture - the visible growth of the microbe in or on the medium Isolation - ✔✔Microbes may take the form of separate colonies on solid media, or turbidity in broths. Single species of microbe