PSYC 375 Final Exam Questions

PSYC 375 Final Exam Questions What were the 4 stages of early American psychology? - ✔✔Stage 1: Moral and Mental Philosophy (1640-1776) Stage 2: intellectual philosophy (1776-1886) Stage 3: The US Renaissance (1886-1 ...

PSYC 375 Final Exam Questions What were the 4 stages of early American psychology? - ✔✔Stage 1: Moral and Mental Philosophy (1640-1776) Stage 2: intellectual philosophy (1776-1886) Stage 3: The US Renaissance (1886-1896) Stage 4: US Functionalism (1896 & beyond) What were the beliefs during the first stage of early American psychology (1640-1776)? - ✔✔"Psychology existed for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God" What event caused the beginning of enlightenment during the first stage of early American psychology (1640-1776)? - ✔✔It began in 1714 when John Locke's "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690) reached the US colonies and had a widespread influence What were the beliefs during the second stage of early American psychology (1776- 1886)? - ✔✔Psychology became a separate discipline largely under the influence of Scottish commonsense philosophy and believed in naive realism when it came to God What were 4 events that brought on the third stage of early American psychology (1886- 1896)? - ✔✔(1) Herbert Spencer's Principles of Psychology (1880) (2) John Dewey's Psychology (1886) (3) American Journal of Psychology (1887) (4) William James's The Principles of Psychology (1890) What were the beliefs during the third stage of early American psychology (1886-1896)? - ✔✔Titchener's structuralism competed with functionalism. It was also a fertile ground for the development of practices to help individuals live more effective lives like physiognomy, phrenology, mesmerism, and spiritualism What were the beliefs during the fourth stage of early American psychology (1896 & beyond)? - ✔✔Science, a concern for practicality, an emphasis on the individual, and evolutionary theory combined into the school of functionalism What event marked the beginning of the fourth stage of early American psychology (1896 & beyond)? - ✔✔John Dewey's article "The Reflex Arc in Psychology." in 1896 marked the beginning of functionalism What are the 8 characteristics of functionalists psychology? - ✔✔(1) opposed the sterile search for the elements of consciousness in like the structuralists (2) wanted to understand the function of the mind rather than provide a static description of its contents. (3) wanted psychology to be a practical science, not a pure science, and they sought to apply their findings to the improvement of humanity (4) urged the broadening of psychology to include research on animals, children, and abnormal humans. They also accepted an eclectic methodology; from mazes to mental tests. (5) Because an organism will act differently in the same environment as its needs change, these needs must be understood before the organism's behavior can be understood. (6) accepted both mental processes and behavior as legitimate subject matter for psychology, and viewed introspection as a valid research tool (7) tended to be more ideographic than nomothetic, that is, they were more interested in what made organisms different from one another than what made them similar. (8) all were directly or indirectly influenced by William James. What caused William James's (1842-1910) crisis? - ✔✔He became depressed because he believed that if materialism was correct, than anything that happened was beyond his control but he had a turning point when he read an essay on free will bye Renouvier and became a pragmatist and proposed radical empiricism What was the goal of William James's (1842-1910) book, The Principles of Psychology? - ✔✔James tries to offer a fair consideration between the empirical and the rational, between the experimental and the phenomenological with the booked permeated with his themes of pragmatism and individuality How did William James's (1842-1910) define the stream of consciousness? - ✔✔Term for the way James thought the mind worked. James described the mind as consisting of an ever-changing stream of interrelated, purposive thoughts rather than static elements that could be isolated from one another, as the structuralists had suggested. What did William James (1842-1910) say were the 5 characteristics of consciousness? - ✔✔(1) consciousness is personal; it reflects the experiences of an individual, and therefore, it is foolhardy to search for elements common to all minds. (2) consciousness is continuous and cannot be divided up for analysis (3) consciousness is constantly changing (4) consciousness is selective; some vents permeate while others are inhibited (5) conciseness is functional; its purpose is to aid the individual in adapting to the environment How did William James (1842-1910) define habits and instincts? - ✔✔He believed that instinctual behaviour is modifiable by experience and, therefore, new instinct-like patterns of behaviour (called habits) develop throughout their lifetime. The habits are vital for the functioning of society, learning from experience to develop new neural pathways How did William James (1842-1910) define the empirical self and the 3 different types of self? - ✔✔the self that consists of everything a person can call his or her own. The empirical self consists of the material self (all of one's material possessions), the social self (one's self as known by others), and the spiritual self (all of which a person is conscious). What did William James (1842-1910) believe about self-esteem? - ✔✔How a person feels about himself or herself based on the ratio of successes to attempts. One can increase self-esteem either by accomplishing more or attempting less. What did William James (1842-1910) believe about emotions? - ✔✔Perception, according to James, causes bodily reactions that are then experienced as emotions, reversing the traditional belief that emotion results from the perception of an event What did William James (1842-1910) believe about idea-motor theory of behaviour? - ✔✔Ideas cause behavior, and thus we can control our behavior by controlling our ideas; ideas of actions flow immediately and automatically (habitually or reflexively) into behavior. What we think (concept that holds our attention) determines what we do, and what we do determines how we feel. What are the 2 types of personality of which pragmatism is a compromise between? - ✔✔(1) Tender-minded people are rationalistic (principle-oriented), intellectual, idealistic, optimistic, religious, and dogmatic, and they believe in free will (2) tough-minded people are empiricistic (fact-oriented), sensationalistic, materialistic, pessimistic, irreligious, skeptical, and fatalistic. What did William James (1842-1910) contribute to psychology? - ✔✔He helped incorporate evolutionary theory into psychology and expanded research techniques in psychology by not only accepting introspection but also encouraging any technique that promised to yield useful information about people. James's ideas are not only considered foundational for functional psychology and pragmatic philosophy but can be seen in behaviorism, cognitive science, and existential-phenomenological psychology, as well as clinical psychology and education What was Hugo Munsterberg's (1863-1916) approach to clinical psychology? - ✔✔reciprocal antagonism; a method of treating mentally disturbed individuals, whereby he would strengthen thoughts antagonistic to those causing a problem. Who was the first forensic psychologist? - ✔✔Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916) What did Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916) accomplish in founding forensic psychology? - ✔✔He pointed out that eyewitness testimony could be unreliable because sensory impressions could be illusory, suggestion and stress could affect perception, and memory is not always accurate. He also urged that psychological methods replace the brutal interrogation of criminals because interrogation can lead to false confessions. He published a book, On The Witness Stand (1908). Who is considered to be the founder of industrial psychology? - ✔✔Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916) Who invented the paired-association technique and how did it work? - ✔✔The still widely used method of investigating verbal learning invented by Mary Calkins. Pairs of stimulus material are first presented to subjects and then, after several exposures, only one member of the pair is presented and the subject is asked to recall the second. Briefly describe the life of Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)? - ✔✔Although satisfying all the requirements for a PhD at Harvard, she was denied the degree because she was a woman. In spite of such restrictions, Calkins made significant contributions to the study of verbal learning and memory and to self-psychology. Her many honors included being elected the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905. Briefly describe the life and work of Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916)? - ✔✔Stressed the application of psychological principles in such areas as clinical, forensic, and industrial psychology. In so doing, Münsterberg created applied psychology. Briefly describe the life and work of William James (1842-1910)? - ✔✔Was instrumental in the founding of functionalistic psychology. James emphasized the function of both consciousness and behavior. For him the only valid criterion for evaluating a theory, thought, or act is whether it works. In keeping with his pragmatism, he claimed that psychology needs to employ both scientific and nonscientific procedures. Similarly, on the individual level, sometimes one must believe in free will and at other times in determinism. Briefly describe the life and work of Gra