AQA Psychology A Level 2021 Paper 2 MS

1 Outline the way in which Pavlov studied classical conditioning. [4 marks] Marks for this question: AO1 = 4 Level Mark Description 2 3–4 Knowledge of Pavlov’s studies of classical conditioning is clear and gene ...

1 Outline the way in which Pavlov studied classical conditioning. [4 marks] Marks for this question: AO1 = 4 Level Mark Description 2 3–4 Knowledge of Pavlov’s studies of classical conditioning is clear and generally well detailed. The answer is generally coherent with appropriate use of terminology. 1 1–2 Knowledge of Pavlov’s studies of classical conditioning is limited. The answer as a whole lacks clarity and has inaccuracies. Terminology is either absent or inappropriately used. 0 No relevant content. Possible content: • detail of Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments into salivation reflex in dogs • knowledge of Pavlovian concepts in the context of Pavlov’s experiments: unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response; conditioned response • detail of Pavlovian theory – learning by association; temporal association/contiguity. Credit other relevant material. Note: information presented in a diagram can be credited. 0 2 What is meant by the term ecological validity? [2 marks] Marks for this question: AO1 = 2 2 marks for a clear and coherent explanation. 1 mark for a limited/muddled explanation. Possible content: • the extent to which behaviours observed and recorded in a study reflect the behaviours that actually occur in the real world. Credit other relevant material. MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY – 7182/2 – JUNE 2021 5 0 3 Using your knowledge of genotype and phenotype, explain Lily’s and Jemima’s comments. [4 marks] Marks for this question: AO2 = 4 Level Mark Description 2 3–4 Application of knowledge of the genotype and phenotype is clear and mostly accurate. The answer is generally coherent with effective use of terminology. 1 1–2 Some application of the genotype and phenotype is evident. The answer lacks accuracy and detail. Use of terminology is either absent or inappropriate. 0 No relevant content. Possible content: • Lily and Jemima have identical genotypes (genotype refers to the genetic make-up of an individual) • Lily and Jemima do not have identical phenotypes (phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an individual as a result of their genotype and their environment) • although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might practice netball more or have started lessons earlier than Lily, these environmental factors may make her better at netball • although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might have a different skin care routine/diet/sun exposure/etc than Lily, these environmental factors may make her skin clearer than Lily’s.