Colorectal cancer labs (CEA), diagnostics
○ Colon and rectum that make up large intestines (large bowel)
○ Adenocarcinomas: tumors on the glandular epithelial tissue of the colon
○ Most arise from adenomatous polyps
...
Colorectal cancer labs (CEA), diagnostics
○ Colon and rectum that make up large intestines (large bowel)
○ Adenocarcinomas: tumors on the glandular epithelial tissue of the colon
○ Most arise from adenomatous polyps
○ Metastasize by direct extension or spreading through the blood or lymph
○ Risk Factors: older than 50 years, genetics, family history of cancer, predisposing
diseases like adenomatous polyposis or Crohn’s, or ulcerative colitis.
○ Labs: positive fecal occult blood test indicated GI bleed;
■ Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA): normal value is less than 5ng/mL.
Used to monitor effectiveness of treatment and to identify disease
recurrence
■ Double-contrast barium enema (colonoscopy): USED TO DIAGNOSE
CRC; air and barium instilled into colon; provides visualization of polyps
and small lesions that does a barium enema alone.
● Colonoscopy provides views of the entire large bowel from the
rectum to the ileocecal valve.
■ Sigmoidoscopy: visualization of the lower colon using a fiberoptic scope;
polyps are seen and removed, tissue samples can be taken for biopsy
● Irritable bowel syndrome health teaching and testing (hydrogen breath test)
○ Functional GI disorder that causes chronic or recurrent diarrhea, constipation,
and/or abdominal pain and bloating
○ Hydrogen Breath Test: small-bowel bacterial overgrowth breath test.
■ When small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth or malabsorption of nutrients
is present, an excess of hydrogen is produced. Some of the hydrogen is
absorbed into the bloodstream and travels to the lungs where it is
exhaled. Usually a person with IBS will have an increased amount of
hydrogen when they exhale.
■ Teach the patient that they will need to be NPO for at least 12 hrs before
the test. They could only have water. In the beginning the patient blows
into the hydrogen analyzer. Small amounts of test sugar are ingested and
additional breath samples are taken every 15 minutes for 1 to 5 hours
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