Medical Assistant Certification Exam latest 2022

What are the 4 parts to a patient's medical history? - ANSWER chief complaint (CC), history of present illness (HPI), Past, Family and Social History (PFSH), and review of systems (ROS) Vital signs reflect the functio ...

What are the 4 parts to a patient's medical history? - ANSWER chief complaint (CC), history of present illness (HPI), Past, Family and Social History (PFSH), and review of systems (ROS) Vital signs reflect the functions of what three body processes necessary for life? - ANSWER body temperature, respiration and heart function what are the 4 vital signs of body function? - ANSWER temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure Give the normal temp ranges for the following sites: rectal, oral, axillary and tympanic membrane? - ANSWER rectal 98.6-100 oral 97.6-99.6 axillary 96.6-98.6 tympanic 9.8.6 febrile v afebrile - ANSWER febrile is the presence of fever, afebrile is absence of fever 3 types of fever? - ANSWER intermittent, remittent and continuous oral temperature is not taken from which patients? - ANSWER infants and children less than 6 yo, patients who had face, neck nose or mouth surgery, those receiving oxygen, patients w altered mental status and others how long should you wait for patients who just finished eating drinking or smoking to take temp? - ANSWER 30 minutes What method of taking temp is the least accurate? - ANSWER axillary (underarm) normal adult pulse range - ANSWER 60-100 BPM what is the site most commonly used for taking pulse? - ANSWER radial artery in wrist normal range for adults respiration? - ANSWER 12-20 per minute what are 3 respiration rate abnormalities? - ANSWER apnea- temporary complete absence of breathing tachypnea- rate > 40.min bradypnea- decease in number of respirations What are to abnormalities in respiratory rhythm? - ANSWER Cheyne-Stokes- regular pattern of irregular breathing rate Orthopnea- difficult to breathe unless in upwright position what does depth of respiration refer to? - ANSWER amount of air that is inspired and expired during respiration what are three abnormalities in depth of respirations? - ANSWER hypoventilation-reduced amt of air enters lungs hypernea- abnormal inc in depth and rate of breathing hyperventilation- increased amt of air entering lungs Define blood pressure - ANSWER measurement of the amt of force exerted by the blood on the peripheral arterial walls and is expressed in mmHg BP consists of what 2 components? - ANSWER highest (systole) and lowest (diastole) amt of pressure exerted during cardiac cycle Name some common errors in blood pressure measurmens - ANSWER improper cuff size, arm is not at heart level, cuff not deflated, improper cuff placement anthropometric refers to what? - ANSWER comparative measurements of the bdoy What are the 4 principles of physical examination? - ANSWER inspection, palpation, percussion, ausculatationq to make a diagnosis the physician utilizes what 3 sources? - ANSWER patient's health history, physical exam, and lab tests horizontal recumbent position - ANSWER used for most physical exams dorsal recumbent position - ANSWER fowler's position - ANSWER used to promote drainage or ease breathing dorsal lithotomy position - ANSWER used for exam of pelvic orgns prone position - ANSWER used to examine spine and back Sim's position - ANSWER used for rectal examination knee-chest position - ANSWER used for rectal and vaginal exams trendelenburg position - ANSWER used for surgical procedures of pelvis and abdomen Which organization is responsible for the identification of the various hazards present in the workplace and for the creation of rules and regulation to minimize exposure to hazards? - ANSWER Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) What are the 3 categories for safety hazards? - ANSWER physical hazards, chemical hazards, biological hazards for an external hemorrhage how is bleeding controlled? - ANSWER elevating the affected part above heart level and applying direct pressure to the wound when does shock occur? - ANSWER when there is insuffcient return of blood flow to the heart, resulting in inadequate supply of oxygen what are the common symptoms of shock? - ANSWER pale, cold clammy skin, rapid weak pulse, increased shallow breathing rate, expressionless face first aid for shcok - ANSWER maintain an open airway, call for assistance, keep victim lying dow, attempt to control cause of shock what are agents? - ANSWER infectious microorganisms that can be classified into groups portal of exit and portal of entry - ANSWER portal of exit is the method by which infectious agent leaves its resevoir; portal of entry allows infectious agent access to suceptible host mode of transmition - ANSWER specific ways in which microorganisms travel from resevoir to susceptible host. 5 main types: contact, droplet, airborne, common vehicle and vectorborne define medical asepsis - ANSWER the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms after they leave the body what procedure is used in medical aspesis using various chemicals that can destroy pathogenic microorganisms? - ANSWER disinfection what is the least expensive and most readily available disenfection? - ANSWER a 1:10 solution of household beach 4 methods of sterilization - ANSWER gas sterilization, dry heat sterilization, chemcial and steam (autoclave) what is the most important means of preventing the spread of infection? - ANSWER hand washing what are the 3 categories of isolation? - ANSWER contact precautions, airborne precautions and droplet percautions po (abb) - ANSWER by mouth/orally pr (abb) - ANSWER per rectum sl (abb) - ANSWER sublingual (under tongue) SQ (abb) - ANSWER subcutaneous pc (abb) - ANSWER after meals qhs (abb) - ANSWER each night prn (abb) - ANSWER as needed The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs in what space? - ANSWER mediastenum, just behind the sternum give layers of heart deep to superficial - ANSWER endocardium, myocardium, pericardium what is the "heart skeleton" made of? - ANSWER four rings of thick connective tissue what are the layers of fluid separating the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium? - ANSWER pericardial sac what structure in the middle of the heart divides the heart into two sides? - ANSWER septim what kind of blood does the left and right side of the heart pump? - ANSWER right pumps deoxygenated blood w low pressure from veins into lungs (pulmonary circulation) and left pumps oxygenated blood with high pressure (blood pressure) toward the tissues through the arteries (systemic circulation) What are the four heart chambers? - ANSWER right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle what are the only arteries in the body that carry oxygenated blood? - ANSWER pulmonary arteries (efferent) what are the only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood? - ANSWER pulmonary veins (afferent) what is the largest artery in the body? - ANSWER the aorta be familiar with heart anatomy - ANSWER what is the purpose of heart vavles? - ANSWER to prevent the backflow of blood therby assuring uni-directional flow through the heart what are the subdivisions of the heart valves? - ANSWER Atrioventricular valves (AV): Tricuspid + Bicuspid Mitral semilunar valves: Pulmonic + Aortic What are the AV cuspid valves characteristcs? - ANSWER have tough fibrous rings, long and strong leaflets (cuspids), accessory organs (ie papillary muscles, chordae tendinae) give the location of the AV cuspid valves? - ANSWER tricuspid is btw the right atrium and right ventricle, bicuspid mitral is btw left atrium and left ventricle characteristics of semilunar valves? - ANSWER three leaflests, shallow in depth, no accessory organs give location of semilunar valves? - ANSWER pulmonic btq right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, aortic btw left ventricle and aorta where are the coronary arteries located? - ANSWER on the epidcardium what are the two branches of the left coronary artery? - ANSWER Left anterior descending (LAD) artery and Left Circumflex (LCX) artery what is the main artery that supplies the right side of the heart? - ANSWER Right Coronary Artery (RCA) What is the period of contractions of both atria and ventricles? - ANSWER systole what is the period of relaxation and filling of all cardiac chambers? - ANSWER diastole heart sounds are caused by what? - ANSWER closure of the heart vavles when does the S1 first heart sound (Lubb) occur? - ANSWER occurs during ventricle contraction and closure of AV valves when does the S2 second heart sound (Dupp) occur? - ANSWER occurs during ventricular relaxation when SL valves close heart murmurs are caused by what? - ANSWER diseases of the valves or other structural abnormalities define heart rate - ANSWER number of heart contractions per minute what two things control heart rate? - ANSWER chemo-receptors (chemical sensors) and Baro-receptors (pressure receptors) located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries the heart is under the influence of which nervous system? - ANSWER the autonomic nervous system which is subdivided into the sypathetic and parasypathetic which division of the ANS has an inhibitory effect via acetylcholine? - ANSWER parasympathetic (vagus nerve) what division of the ANS has a excitatory effect via norepinephrine? - ANSWER sypathetic acetylcholine effects in body? - ANSWER slows SA pacemaker and heart rate, slows conduction of electricity in AV node, decreases strength of atrial and ventricular contraction norepinphrine effects in body? - ANSWER increase HR, increases force of contraction, increases blood pressure, dopaminergic receptors increase the diameter of visceral blood vessels True or false. the blood volume ejected outside the heart is equal to the blood volume returning back into the heart - ANSWER TRUE what is stroke volume (preload)? - ANSWER the blood volume ejected outside the ventricle after each contraction; depends on volume of blood, force of myocardium contraction and vascular resistance what is the Starling Law? - ANSWER the greater the volume of blood inside the heart during diastole, the stronger the heart contraction force during systole. the lower the resistance in the vessels, the MORE OR LESS easily blood can be ejected outside heart through circulation? - ANSWER MORE what is cardiac output? - ANSWER the amount of blood ejected outside heart per minute cardiac output equals (X) * (Y) - ANSWER x- stroke volume y- HRper/min what is peripheral vascular resistance? - ANSWER the force exerted against the blood flow determined by diameter of the vessel; lower the vascular resistance the less force needed to eject blood define blood pressure - ANSWER the force exerted by circulating blood volume on the walls of the artery during circulation formula for BP - ANSWER BP equals (cardiac output) * (vascular resistance) define EKG - ANSWER graphical presentation of heart electricity over time. electricity created by pacemaker cells how is the electricity created by pacemaker cells? - ANSWER elecrtical impulses created by passing of ions through the cell membrane What are the 4 properties of cardiac cells? - ANSWER automaticity excitability conductivity contractility