EXAM 1 NRSC/PSYC 235 TAMU

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EXAM 1 NRSC/PSYC 235 TAMU What part of neurons contain the nucleus? - ✔✔Cell body (soma) What nervous system includes all nerves other than the brain and spinal cord and sends electrical signal ... s to/from the brain? - ✔✔Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) What part of the nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord? - ✔✔Central Nervous System (CNS) Identify the 4 major parts of a neuron. - ✔✔Dendrites Cell body (soma) Axon Terminal Buttons What part of neurons transfer information to terminal buttons? - ✔✔Axon Which part of a neuron do neurotransmitter interactions occur with other neurons' dendrites? - ✔✔Terminal buttons Which part of a neuron receives information - ✔✔Dendrites What two forces determines a neuron's membrane potential? - ✔✔Diffusion and Electrostatic Pressure Molecules transfer from high concentration to low concentration in a aqueous soln. What is this force? - ✔✔Diffusion (axon) A force present in membrane potentials that is exerted by attraction + Repulsion of ions. What is this force? - ✔✔Electrostatic Pressure (axon) Sodium-Potassium Pump - ✔✔A protein present in the neural membrane in the axon. Uses the force of diffusion. Pumps 3 Na+ out (depolarization) Pumps 2 K+ in (repolarization) Important ions in axon membrane potential - ✔✔Organic ions (A-): Predominant inside (Cl-): Predominant outside (K+): Predominant inside (Na+): Predominant outside The outside of a neuron cell is _______________ charged - ✔✔Positively Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) - ✔✔Difference of voltage inside the axon is -70mV The inside of a neuron cell is _______________ charged - ✔✔Negatively Sequence of the action potential - ✔✔1.Stimulation of resting neuron 2.Na+ channels open 3.Na+'s enter the cell 4.Cell becomes depolarized 5.The impulse travels down the axon The process of the action potential where the Na+ ions are rushed into the cell, making the cell more positively charged. - ✔✔Depolarization The period during the action potential in which K+ ions diffuse to the outer neural membrane, making the cell return to its original negative charge. What is this period called? - ✔✔Repolarization After repolarization, the cell becomes too polarized and then the cell pumps some more Na+ out to reach resting membrane potential in cells. What is this process called? - ✔✔Hyperpolarization The ___________ the axon, the less the electric signal. - ✔✔Longer The ___________ the axon, the more the electric signal. - ✔✔Shorter Graded potentials die out as they spread along the membrane. The signal is reduced over time. What is this called? - ✔✔Decremental conduction Weak local depolarization that does not reach the threshold to cause the action potential in a neuron. What is this called? - ✔✔subthreshold stimulus What is the myelin sheath? - ✔✔Tissue formed on the outside of axons to reduce decremental conduction and is produced by Schwann cells. What are the nodes of Ranvier? - ✔✔Gaps in the myelin sheath. The AP jumps from node-to-node to allow for efficient flow of electrical impulse down an axon. Action potential travels down to the ____________. - ✔✔Terminal buttons Neurotransmitters are contained in _____________ and released when they cross the synaptic membrane - ✔✔Synaptic vessicles What is a synapse? - ✔✔Physical gap between the terminal button of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron. What occurs at a synapse between two neurons? - ✔✔Neurotransmitters are released from sending neurons to either excite or inhibit an electrical signal in the receiving neuron. Process of presynaptic neurotransmission - ✔✔1. Action potential opens Ca+2 channels 2.Calcium enters the terminal region. 3.Ca+2 ions open up fusion pores 4.Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters to synapse gap 5.Synaptic vesicle becomes part of the pre-synaptic membrane Process of postsynaptic neurotransmission - ✔✔1.Neurotransmitter binds to the postsynaptic receptor 2.Receptor activation causes ion channels to open in the receiving neuron. 3.Ions enter the receiving neuron and causes either depolarization or hyperpolarization 4. Which post-synaptic receptor causes a fast action potential to occur in response to ligand binding? - ✔✔Ionotropic receptor (direct control of ions) Which postsynaptic receptor causes action potential to occur through the use of a second messenger system and involves metabolic transmission? - ✔✔Metabotropic receptor (indirect control of ions) Postsynaptic potential (PSP) can either be ____________ or _____________. - ✔✔Excitatory (EPSP) or Inhibitory (IPSP) Opening of Na+ ion channels in a postsynaptic membrane causes ____________ and in turn, ______________. - ✔✔EPSP; depolarization Opening of Cl- ion channels in a postsynaptic membrane causes ___________ and in turn, ____________. - ✔✔IPSP; hyperpolarization Opening of K+ ion channels in a postsynaptic membrane causes ___________ and in turn, ____________. - ✔✔IPSP; hyperpolarization Neural termination of synaptic transmission is accomplished via two methods, what are they? - ✔✔Reuptake and Enzymatic deactivation What termination method of synaptic transmission has the neurotransmitters transported back into the pre-synaptic neuron? - ✔✔Reuptake What termination method of synaptic transmission has the neurotransmitters destroyed by an enzyme, such as the Acetylcholine enzyme (AChE)? - ✔✔Enzymatic deactivation In which disease is the medicine used causes the destruction of AChE to stop the destruction of ACh (neurotransmitter)? - ✔✔Alzheimers disease. 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