Organic Chemistry 4th Edition by David Klein | TEST BANK

TEST BANK for Organic Chemistry: 4th Edition by David R Klein. INTEGRATED with SOLUTIONS MANUAL ISBN-13: 9781119659594 Full chapters included TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 A Review of General Chemistry: Electrons, Bonds, and ...

TEST BANK for Organic Chemistry: 4th Edition by David R Klein. INTEGRATED with SOLUTIONS MANUAL ISBN-13: 9781119659594 Full chapters included TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 A Review of General Chemistry: Electrons, Bonds, and Molecular Properties 1 1.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 2 1.2 The Structural Theory of Matter 3 1.3 Electrons, Bonds, and Lewis Structures 4 1.4 Identifying Formal Charges 7 1.5 Induction and Polar Covalent Bonds 8 1.6 Reading Bond-Line Structures 11 1.7 Atomic Orbitals 14 1.8 Valence Bond Theory 17 1.9 Molecular Orbital Theory 18 1.10 Hybridized Atomic Orbitals 20 1.11 Predicting Molecular Geometry: VSEPR Theory 26 1.12 Dipole Moments and Molecular Polarity 30 1.13 Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties 33 WorldLinks Biomimicry and Gecko Feet 37 BioLinks Drug-Receptor Interactions 38 1.14 Solubility 39 BioLinks Propofol: The Importance of Drug Solubility 40 Review of Concepts & Vocabulary • SkillBuilder Review Practice Problems • ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 2 Molecular Representations 50 2.1 Molecular Representations 51 2.2 Drawing Bond-Line Structures 53 2.3 Identifying Functional Groups 55 BioLinks Marine Natural Products 56 2.4 Carbon Atoms with Formal Charges 58 2.5 Identifying Lone Pairs 58 2.6 Three-Dimensional Bond-Line Structures 61 BioLinks The Opioids 62 2.7 Introduction to Resonance 63 2.8 Curved Arrows 65 2.9 Formal Charges in Resonance Structures 68 2.10 Drawing Resonance Structures via Pattern Recognition 70 2.11 Assessing the Relative Importance of Resonance Structures 75 2.12 The Resonance Hybrid 79 2.13 Delocalized and Localized Lone Pairs 81 Review of Concepts & Vocabulary • SkillBuilder Review Practice Problems • ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 3 Acids and Bases 93 3.1 Introduction to Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases 94 3.2 Flow of Electron Density: Curved-Arrow Notation 94 BioLinks Antacids and Heartburn 96 3.3 Brønsted-Lowry Acidity: Comparing pKa values 97 BioLinks Drug Distribution and pKa 103 3.4 Brønsted-Lowry Acidity: Factors Affecting the Stability of Anions 104 3.5 Brønsted-Lowry Acidity: Assessing the Relative Acidity of Cationic Acids 115 3.6 Position of Equilibrium and Choice of Reagents 120 3.7 Leveling Effect 123 3.8 Solvating Effects 124 3.9 Counterions 125 WorldLinks Baking Soda versus Baking Powder 125 3.10 Lewis Acids and Bases 126 Review of Concepts & Vocabulary • SkillBuilder Review Practice Problems • ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 4 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 138 4.1 Introduction to Alkanes 139 4.2 Nomenclature of Alkanes 139 WorldLinks Pheromones: Chemical Messengers 143 BioLinks Naming Drugs 151 4.3 Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes 152 4.4 Relative Stability of Isomeric Alkanes 153 4.5 Sources and Uses of Alkanes 154 WorldLinks An Introduction to Polymers 156 4.6 Drawing Newman Projections 156 4.7 Conformational Analysis of Ethane and Propane 158 4.8 Conformational Analysis of Butane 160 BioLinks Drugs and Their Conformations 164 4.9 Cycloalkanes 164 BioLinks Cyclopropane as an Inhalation Anesthetic 166 4.10 Conformations of Cyclohexane 167 4.11 Drawing Chair Conformations 168 4.12 Monosubstituted Cyclohexane 170 4.13 Disubstituted Cyclohexane 172 4.14 cis-trans Stereoisomerism 176 4.15 Polycyclic Systems 177 Review of Concepts & Vocabulary • SkillBuilder Review Practice Problems • ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 5 Stereoisomerism 188 5.1 Overview of Isomerism 189 5.2 Introduction to Stereoisomerism 190 WorldLinks The Sense of Smell 195 5.3 Designating Configuration Using the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog System 195 BioLinks Chiral Drugs 200 5.4 Optical Activity 201 5.5 Stereoisomeric Relationships: Enantiomers and Diastereomers 207 5.6 Symmetry and Chirality 210 5.7 Fischer Projections 214 5.8 Conformationally Mobile Systems 216 5.9 Chiral Compounds that Lack a Chiral Center 217 5.10 Resolution of Enantiomers 218 5.11 E and Z Designations for Diastereomeric Alkenes 220 BioLinks Phototherapy Treatment for Neonatal Jaundice 222 Review of Concepts & Vocabulary • SkillBuilder Review Practice Problems • ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 6 Chemical Reactivity and Mechanisms 233 6.1 Enthalpy 234 6.2 Entropy 237 6.3 Gibbs Free Energy 239 WorldLinks Explosives 240 WorldLinks Do Living Organisms Violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics? 242 6.4 Equilibria 242 6.5 Kinetics 244 BioLinks Nitroglycerin: An Explosive with Medicinal Properties 247 WorldLinks Beer Making 248 6.6 Reading Energy Diagrams 249 6.7 Nucleophiles and Electrophiles 252 6.8 Mechanisms and Arrow Pushing 256 6.9 Combining the Patterns of Arrow Pushing 261 6.10 Drawing Curved Arrows 263 6.11 Carbocation Rearrangements 266 6.12 Reversible and Irreversible Reaction Arrows 268 Review of Concepts & Vocabulary • SkillBuilder Review Practice Problems • ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 7 Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions 280 7.1 Introduction to Substitution and Elimination Reactions 281 7.2 Nomenclature and Uses of Alkyl Halides 282 7.3 SN2 Reactions 286 BioLinks Pharmacology and Drug Design 292 7.4 Nucleophilic Strength in SN2 Reactions 294 BioLinks SN2 Reactions in Biological Systems—Methylation 295 7.5 Introduction to E2 Reactions 296 7.6 Stability of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes 299 7.7 Regiochemical and Stereochemical Outcomes for E2 Reactions 301 7.8 Unimolecular Reactions (SN1 and E1) 311 7.9 Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination 320 7.10 Substitution and Elimination Reactions with Other Substrates 327 7.11 Synthesis Strategies 331 BioLinks Radiolabeled Compounds in Diagnostic Medicine 338 7.12 Solvent Effects in Substitution Reactions 339 SpecialTopic Kinetic Isotope Effects 343 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) • Integrated Problems Challenge Problems 8 Addition Reactions of Alkenes 356 8.1 Introduction to Addition Reactions 357 8.2 Alkenes in Nature and in Industry 358 WorldLinks Pheromones to Control Insect Populations 358 8.3 Nomenclature of Alkenes 359 8.4 Addition vs. Elimination: A Thermodynamic Perspective 361 8.5 Hydrohalogenation 363 WorldLinks Cationic Polymerization and Polystyrene 370 8.6 Acid-Catalyzed Hydration 371 8.7 Oxymercuration-Demercuration 375 8.8 Hydroboration-Oxidation 376 8.9 Catalytic Hydrogenation 382 WorldLinks Partially Hydrogenated Fats and Oils 387 8.10 Halogenation and Halohydrin Formation 388 8.11 Anti Dihydroxylation 392 8.12 Syn Dihydroxylation 395 8.13 Oxidative Cleavage 396 8.14 Predicting the Products of an Addition Reaction 398 8.15 Synthesis Strategies 400 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 9 Alkynes 417 9.1 Introduction to Alkynes 418 BioLinks The Role of Molecular Rigidity 420 WorldLinks Conducting Organic Polymers 421 9.2 Nomenclature of Alkynes 421 9.3 Acidity of Acetylene and Terminal Alkynes 423 9.4 Preparation of Alkynes 426 9.5 Reduction of Alkynes 428 9.6 Hydrohalogenation of Alkynes 431 9.7 Hydration of Alkynes 433 9.8 Halogenation of Alkynes 439 9.9 Ozonolysis of Alkynes 439 9.10 Alkylation of Terminal Alkynes 440 9.11 Synthesis Strategies 442 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 10 Radical Reactions 454 10.1 Radicals 455 10.2 Common Patterns in Radical Mechanisms 460 10.3 Chlorination of Methane 463 10.4 Thermodynamic Considerations for Halogenation Reactions 467 10.5 Selectivity of Halogenation 469 10.6 Stereochemistry of Halogenation 472 10.7 Allylic Bromination 474 10.8 Atmospheric Chemistry and the Ozone Layer 477 WorldLinks Fighting Fires with Chemicals 479 10.9 Autooxidation and Antioxidants 480 BioLinks Why is an Overdose of Acetaminophen Fatal? 482 10.10 Radical Addition of HBr: Anti-Markovnikov Addition 483 10.11 Radical Polymerization 487 10.12 Radical Processes in the Petrochemical Industry 489 10.13 Halogenation as a Synthetic Technique 489 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 11 Synthesis 499 11.1 One-Step Syntheses 500 11.2 Functional Group Transformations 501 11.3 Reactions That Change the Carbon Skeleton 505 BioLinks Vitamins 507 11.4 How to Approach a Synthesis Problem 508 BioLinks The Total Synthesis of Vitamin B12 512 11.5 Multi-step Synthesis and Retrosynthetic Analysis 514 WorldLinks Retrosynthetic Analysis 519 11.6 Green Chemistry 519 11.7 Practical Tips for Increasing Proficiency 520 BioLinks Total Synthesis of Taxol 521 Review of Concepts & Vocabulary • SkillBuilder Review Practice Problems • ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 12 Alcohols and Phenols 529 12.1 Structure and Properties of Alcohols 530 BioLinks Chain Length as a Factor in Drug Design 534 12.2 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols 535 12.3 Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution or Addition 538 12.4 Preparation of Alcohols via Reduction 539 12.5 Preparation of Diols 546 WorldLinks Antifreeze 547 12.6 Preparation of Alcohols via Grignard Reagents 547 12.7 Protection of Alcohols 552 12.8 Preparation of Phenols 553 12.9 Reactions of Alcohols: Substitution and Elimination 554 BioLinks Drug Metabolism 557 12.10 Reactions of Alcohols: Oxidation 559 12.11 Biological Redox Reactions 563 BioLinks Biological Oxidation of Methanol and Ethanol 565 12.12 Oxidation of Phenol 565 12.13 Synthesis Strategies 567 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 13 Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides 585 13.1 Introduction to Ethers 586 13.2 Nomenclature of Ethers 586 13.3 Structure and Properties of Ethers 588 BioLinks Ethers as Inhalation Anesthetics 589 13.4 Crown Ethers 590 WorldLinks Chelating Agents in the Food Industry and in Medicine 592 13.5 Preparation of Ethers 593 13.6 Reactions of Ethers 596 13.7 Nomenclature of Epoxides 599 BioLinks Epothilones as Novel Anticancer Agents 600 13.8 Preparation of Epoxides 600 BioLinks Active Metabolites and Drug Interactions 603 13.9 Enantioselective Epoxidation 603 13.10 Ring-Opening Reactions of Epoxides 605 WorldLinks Ethylene Oxide as a Sterilizing Agent for Sensitive Medical Equipment 608 BioLinks Cigarette Smoke and Carcinogenic Epoxides 612 13.11 Thiols and Sulfides 613 13.12 Synthesis Strategies Involving Epoxides 617 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 14 Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry 636 14.1 Introduction to Spectroscopy 637 WorldLinks Microwave Ovens 639 14.2 IR Spectroscopy 639 BioLinks IR Thermal Imaging for Cancer Detection 640 14.3 Signal Characteristics: Wavenumber 641 14.4 Signal Characteristics: Intensity 646 WorldLinks IR Spectroscopy for Testing Blood Alcohol Levels 648 14.5 Signal Characteristics: Shape 648 14.6 Analyzing an IR Spectrum 652 14.7 Using IR Spectroscopy to Distinguish between Two Compounds 657 14.8 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry 658 WorldLinks Mass Spectrometry for Detecting Explosives 660 14.9 Analyzing the (M)+• Peak 661 14.10 Analyzing the (M+1)+• Peak 662 14.11 Analyzing the (M+2)+• Peak 664 14.12 Analyzing the Fragments 665 14.13 High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry 668 14.14 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 670 14.15 Mass Spectrometry of Large Biomolecules 671 BioLinks Medical Applications of Mass Spectrometry 671 14.16 Hydrogen Deficiency Index: Degrees of Unsaturation 672 Review of Concepts & Vocabulary • SkillBuilder Review Practice Problems • ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 684 15.1 Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy 685 15.2 Acquiring a 1H NMR Spectrum 687 15.3 Characteristics of a 1H NMR Spectrum 688 15.4 Number of Signals 689 15.5 Chemical Shift 695 15.6 Integration 702 15.7 Multiplicity 705 15.8 Drawing the Expected 1H NMR Spectrum of a Compound 713 15.9 Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy to Distinguish between Compounds 715 BioLinks Detection of Impurities in Heparin Sodium Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy 717 15.10 Analyzing a 1H NMR Spectrum 718 15.11 Acquiring a 13C NMR Spectrum 721 15.12 Chemical Shifts in 13C NMR Spectroscopy 721 15.13 DEPT 13C NMR Spectroscopy 724 BioLinks Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 727 Review of Concepts & Vocabulary • SkillBuilder Review Practice Problems • ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 16 Conjugated Pi Systems and Pericyclic Reactions 738 16.1 Classes of Dienes 739 16.2 Conjugated Dienes 740 16.3 Molecular Orbital Theory 742 16.4 Electrophilic Addition 746 16.5 Thermodynamic Control vs. Kinetic Control 749 WorldLinks Natural and Synthetic Rubbers 752 16.6 An Introduction to Pericyclic Reactions 753 16.7 Diels–Alder Reactions 754 16.8 MO Description of Cycloadditions 760 16.9 Electrocyclic Reactions 763 16.10 Sigmatropic Rearrangements 768 BioLinks The Photoinduced Biosynthesis of Vitamin D 770 16.11 UV-Vis Spectroscopy 771 WorldLinks Sunscreens 775 16.12 Color 776 WorldLinks Bleach 777 16.13 Chemistry of Vision 777 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 17 Aromatic Compounds 788 17.1 Introduction to Aromatic Compounds 789 WorldLinks What is Coal? 790 17.2 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives 790 17.3 Structure of Benzene 793 17.4 Stability of Benzene 794 WorldLinks Molecular Cages 798 17.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene 801 BioLinks The Development of Nonsedating Antihistamines 806 17.6 Reactions at the Benzylic Position 808 17.7 Reduction of Benzene and Its Derivatives 813 17.8 Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds 815 WorldLinks Buckyballs and Nanotubes 818 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 18 Aromatic Substitution Reactions 828 18.1 Introduction to Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 829 18.2 Halogenation 829 BioLinks Halogenation in Drug Design 832 18.3 Sulfonation 833 WorldLinks What Are Those Colors in Fruity Pebbles? 834 18.4 Nitration 835 BioLinks The Discovery of Prodrugs 837 18.5 Friedel–Crafts Alkylation 838 18.6 Friedel–Crafts Acylation 840 18.7 Activating Groups 842 18.8 Deactivating Groups 846 18.9 Halogens: The Exception 848 18.10 Determining the Directing Effects of a Substituent 850 18.11 Multiple Substituents 853 18.12 Synthesis Strategies 859 18.13 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 866 18.14 Elimination-Addition 868 18.15 Identifying the Mechanism of an Aromatic Substitution Reaction 870 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 19 Aldehydes and Ketones 884 19.1 Introduction to Aldehydes and Ketones 885 19.2 Nomenclature 886 19.3 Preparing Aldehydes and Ketones: A Review 888 19.4 Introduction to Nucleophilic Addition Reactions 889 19.5 Oxygen Nucleophiles 892 BioLinks Acetals as Prodrugs 898 19.6 Nitrogen Nucleophiles 900 WorldLinks Beta-Carotene and Vision 904 19.7 Hydrolysis of Acetals, Imines, and Enamines 908 BioLinks Prodrugs 911 19.8 Sulfur Nucleophiles 911 19.9 Hydrogen Nucleophiles 912 19.10 Carbon Nucleophiles 913 WorldLinks Organic Cyanide Compounds in Nature 916 19.11 Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones 921 19.12 Synthesis Strategies 922 19.13 Spectroscopic Analysis of Aldehydes and Ketones 925 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 20 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives 938 20.1 Introduction to Carboxylic Acids 939 20.2 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids 939 20.3 Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acids 941 20.4 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids 944 20.5 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids 945 20.6 Introduction to Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 946 BioLinks Sedatives 948 20.7 Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 950 20.8 Preparation and Reactions of Acid Chlorides 957 20.9 Preparation and Reactions of Acid Anhydrides 962 BioLinks How Does Aspirin Work? 964 20.10 Preparation of Esters 965 20.11 Reactions of Esters 966 WorldLinks How Soap is Made 967 BioLinks Esters as Prodrugs 968 20.12 Preparation and Reactions of Amides 971 WorldLinks Polyesters and Polyamides 972 BioLinks Beta-Lactam Antibiotics 975 20.13 Preparation and Reactions of Nitriles 976 20.14 Synthesis Strategies 979 20.15 Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives 984 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 21 Alpha Carbon Chemistry: Enols and Enolates 996 21.1 Introduction to Alpha Carbon Chemistry: Enols and Enolates 997 21.2 Alpha Halogenation of Enols and Enolates 1004 21.3 Aldol Reactions 1009 WorldLinks Muscle Power 1012 21.4 Claisen Condensations 1020 21.5 Alkylation of the Alpha Position 1022 21.6 Conjugate Addition Reactions 1031 BioLinks Glutathione Conjugation and Biological Michael Reactions 1033 21.7 Synthesis Strategies 1037 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 22 Amines 1054 22.1 Introduction to Amines 1055 BioLinks Drug Metabolism Studies 1056 22.2 Nomenclature of Amines 1056 22.3 Properties of Amines 1059 BioLinks Fortunate Side Effects 1060 WorldLinks Chemical Warfare Among Ants 1064 22.4 Preparation of Amines: A Review 1065 22.5 Preparation of Amines via Substitution Reactions 1066 22.6 Preparation of Amines via Reductive Amination 1069 22.7 Synthesis Strategies 1071 22.8 Acylation of Amines 1074 22.9 Hofmann Elimination 1075 22.10 Reactions of Amines with Nitrous Acid 1078 22.11 Reactions of Aryl Diazonium Ions 1080 22.12 Nitrogen Heterocycles 1084 BioLinks H2-Receptor Antagonists and the Development of Cimetidine 1085 22.13 Spectroscopy of Amines 1087 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 23 Introduction to Organometallic Compounds 1100 23.1 General Properties of Organometallic Compounds 1101 23.2 Organolithium and Organomagnesium Compounds 1102 23.3 Lithium Dialkyl Cuprates (Gilman Reagents) 1105 23.4 The Simmons–Smith Reaction and Carbenoids 1109 23.5 Stille Coupling 1112 23.6 Suzuki Coupling 1117 23.7 Negishi Coupling 1123 23.8 The Heck Reaction 1128 23.9 Alkene Metathesis 1133 WorldLinks Improving Biodiesel via Alkene Metathesis 1138 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems EduardHarkonen/iStock/Getty Images 24 Carbohydrates 1153 24.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates 1154 24.2 Classification of Monosaccharides 1154 24.3 Configuration of Aldoses 1157 24.4 Configuration of Ketoses 1158 24.5 Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides 1160 24.6 Reactions of Monosaccharides 1167 24.7 Disaccharides 1174 BioLinks Lactose Intolerance 1177 WorldLinks Artificial Sweeteners 1178 24.8 Polysaccharides 1179 24.9 Amino Sugars 1180 24.10 N-Glycosides 1181 BioLinks Aminoglycoside Antibiotics 1182 BioLinks Erythromycin Biosynthesis 1186 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 25 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 1194 25.1 Introduction to Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 1195 25.2 Structure and Properties of Amino Acids 1196 WorldLinks Nutrition and Sources of Amino Acids 1198 WorldLinks Forensic Chemistry and Fingerprint Detection 1202 25.3 Amino Acid Synthesis 1203 25.4 Structure of Peptides 1207 BioLinks Polypeptide Antibiotics 1212 25.5 Sequencing a Peptide 1213 25.6 Peptide Synthesis 1216 25.7 Protein Structure 1224 BioLinks Diseases Caused by Misfolded Proteins 1227 25.8 Protein Function 1227 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 26 Lipids 1238 26.1 Introduction to Lipids 1239 26.2 Waxes 1240 26.3 Triglycerides 1241 26.4 Reactions of Triglycerides 1244 WorldLinks Soaps Versus Synthetic Detergents 1249 26.5 Phospholipids 1253 BioLinks Polyether Antibiotics 1256 26.6 Steroids 1257 BioLinks Cholesterol and Heart Disease 1260 BioLinks Anabolic Steroids and Competitive Sports 1263 26.7 Prostaglandins 1263 BioLinks NSAIDs and COX-2 Inhibitors 1265 26.8 Terpenes 1266 Review of Reactions • Review of Concepts & Vocabulary SkillBuilder Review • Practice Problems ACS-Style Problems (Multiple Choice) Integrated Problems • Challenge Problems 27 Synthetic Polymers 1277 27.1 Introduction to Synthetic Polymers 1278 27.2 Nomenclature of Synthetic Polymers 1279 27.3 Copolymers 1280 27.4 Polymer Classification by Reaction Type 1281 27.5 Polymer Classification by Mode of Assembly 1289 27.6 Polymer Classification by Structure 1291 27.7 Polymer Classification by Properties 1294 WorldLinks Safety Glass and Car Windshields 1295 27.8 Polymer Recycling 1296