1.1: Overview of Physiology
and Major Systems of the
Body
Anatomy and physiology are studies of how the human body works. Anatomy
focuses on the structure of the body and how it is designed, and physiology
looks at
...
1.1: Overview of Physiology
and Major Systems of the
Body
Anatomy and physiology are studies of how the human body works. Anatomy
focuses on the structure of the body and how it is designed, and physiology
looks at how the body functions. The physiology of the body depends on the
anatomy of the body. The physiology of how the organs function depends on
the structure of the bones, which are hard structures made of mineral
deposits that protect the organs from damage. It is important to study
anatomy and physiology together because they are so closely related.
The human body has many levels of organization (Figure 1.1). Studying the
human body at the chemical level is to look at atoms, which are the
smallest building blocks of matter. Atoms combine to form molecules, which
then combine to form macromolecules (such as proteins and nucleic acids).
Macromolecules combine to form organelles (working structures) inside of
each human cell. Examples of organelles are the nucleus and mitochondria
of the cell. The cells are the smallest units of living organisms and comprise
the cellular level of structural organization. There are many different types
of cells in the body that perform various functions; together, they form
the tissue level.
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Portage learning BOID 151 a n p final exam 1
Tissues are groups of cells that perform a common function. The four basic
tissue types in the human body are epithelium, muscle, connective, and
nervous tissue, each of which is made up of specific cell types that perform
specific functions.
Epithelial tissue (Figure 1.2) covers the body surface and lines the cavities
of the body. The cells that make up epithelial tissue are specialized for tasks
such as secretion and absorption. The structure of epithelial tissue contains
closely packed cells with very little matrix (layer outside the cells). Epithelial
tissue can be found as one layer or in many layers. T
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