Abnormal Psychology Chapters 1-4 Exam Review Graded A+

Acute - ANSWER Term used to describe a disorder of sudden onset, usually with intense symptoms (short in duration). Chronic - ANSWER Term used to describe a long-standing or frequently recurring disorder, often with p ...

Acute - ANSWER Term used to describe a disorder of sudden onset, usually with intense symptoms (short in duration). Chronic - ANSWER Term used to describe a long-standing or frequently recurring disorder, often with progressing seriousness (long in duration). Case Study Method - ANSWER An in-depth examination of an individual or family that draws from a number of data sources, including interviews and psychological testing. Comorbidity - ANSWER Occurrence of two or more identified disorders in the same psychologically disordered individual. Comparison or Control Group - ANSWER Group of subjects who do not exhibit the disorder being studied but who are comparable in all other respects to the criterion group. Also, a comparison group of subjects who do not receive a condition or treatment the effects of which are being studied. Correlation - ANSWER The tendency of two variables to change together. With positive correlation, as one variable goes up, so does the other; with negative correlation, one variable goes up as the other goes down. Correlational Method/Correlational Research - ANSWER A research strategy that examines whether and how variables go together (covary) without manipulating (changing) any variables. Correlation Coefficient - ANSWER A statistic that ranges from +1.0 to -1.0 and reflects the degree of association between two variables. The magnitude of the correlation indicates the strength of the association, and the sign indicates whether the correlation is positive or negative. Criterion Group - ANSWER Group of subjects who exhibit the disorder under study. Dependent Variable - ANSWER In an experiment, the factor that is observed to change with changes in the manipulated (independent) variables. Direct Observation - ANSWER Method of collecting research data that involves directly observing behavior in a given situation. Effect Size - ANSWER A statistical term referring to the strength of the relationship between two variables in a statistical population. Epidemiology - ANSWER Study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a given population. Mental health epidemiology is the study of the distribution of mental disorders. Etiology - ANSWER Factors that are related to the development (or cause) of a particular disease. Experimental Research - ANSWER Research that involves the manipulation of a given factor or variable with everything else held constant. External Validity - ANSWER The extent to which the findings from a single study are relevant to other populations, contexts, or times. Family Aggregation - ANSWER The clustering of certain traits, behaviors, or disorders within a given family. Family aggregation may arise because of genetic or environmental similarities. Generalizability - ANSWER The extent to which the findings from a single study can be used to draw conclusions about other samples. Hypothesis - ANSWER Statement or proposition, usually based on observation, that is tested in an experiment; may be refuted or supported by experimental results but can never be conclusively proved. Incidence - ANSWER Occurrence (onset) rate of a given disorder in a given population. 1-Year Prevalence - ANSWER The total number of cases of a health-related state or condition in a population for a given year. Prevalence - ANSWER In a population, the proportion of active cases of a disorder that can be identified at a given point in time or during a given period. Point Prevalence - ANSWER The number of cases of a specific condition or disorder that can be found in a population at one given point in time. Lifetime Prevalence - ANSWER The proportion of living persons in a population who have ever had a disorder up to the time of the epidemiological assessment. Independent Variable - ANSWER Factors whose effects are being examined and which is manipulated in some way, while other variables are held constant. Internal Validity - ANSWER The extent to which a study is free of confounds, is methodologically sound, and allows the researcher to have confidence in the findings. Labeling - ANSWER Assigning a person to a particular diagnostic category, such as schizophrenia. Longitudinal Design - ANSWER A research design in which people are followed over time. Meta-Analysis - ANSWER A statistical method used to combine the results of a number of similar research studies. The data from each study are transformed into a common metric called the effect size. This allows the data from the various studies to be combined and then analyzed. You can think of a meta-analysis as being like research that you are already familiar with, except that the "participants" are individual research studies, not individual people. Negative Correlation - ANSWER A relationship between two variables such that a high score on one variable is associated with a low score on another variable. Nomenclature - ANSWER A formalized naming system. Placebo Treatment - ANSWER An inert pill or otherwise neutral intervention that produces desirable therapeutic effects because of the subject's expectations that it will be beneficial. Positive Correlation - ANSWER A relationship between two variables such that a high score on one variable is associated with a high score on another variable. Prospective Research - ANSWER Method that often focuses on individuals who have a higher-than-average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered before abnormal behavior is observed. Sampling - ANSWER The process of selecting a representative subgroup from a defined population of interest. Self-Report Data - ANSWER Data collected directly from participants, typically by means of interviews or questionnaires. Statistical Significance - ANSWER A measure of the probability that a research finding could have occurred by chance alone. Stereotyping - ANSWER The tendency to jump to conclusions (often negative) about what a person is like based on the beliefs about that group that exist (often incorrectly) in the culture (e.g., French people are rude, homosexuals have good taste in clothes, mental patients are dangerous, etc.). Stigma - ANSWER Negative labeling. Third Variable Problem - ANSWER Refers to the problem of making causal inferences in correlational research, where the correlation between two variables could be due to their shared correlation with an unmeasured third variable. Asylums - ANSWER Historically, these were institutions meant solely for the care of the mentally ill. Behavioral Perspective - ANSWER A theoretical viewpoint organized around the theme that learning is central in determining human behavior. Behaviorism - ANSWER School of psychology that formerly restricted itself primarily to the study of overt behavior. Catharsis - ANSWER Discharge of emotional tension associated with something, such as by talking about past traumas. Classical Conditioning - ANSWER A basic form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UR). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR). Deinstitutionalization - ANSWER Movement to close mental hospitals and treat people with severe mental disorder in the community. Dream Analysis - ANSWER Method involving the recording, description, and interpretation of a patient's dreams. Exorcism - ANSWER Religiously inspired treatment procedure designed to drive out evil spirits or forces from a "possessed" person. Free Association - ANSWER Method for probing the unconscious by having patients talk freely about themselves, their feelings, and their motives. Insanity - ANSWER Legal term for mental disorder, implying lack of responsibility for one's acts and inability to manage one's affairs. Lycanthropy - ANSWER Delusion of being a wolf. Mass Madness - ANSWER Historically, widespread occurrence of group behavior disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria; a whole group of people panic/get scared and develop psychological symptoms as a result. Mental Hygiene Movement - ANSWER Movement that advocated a method of treatment focused almost exclusively on the physical well-being of hospitalized mental patients. Mesmerism - ANSWER Theory of "animal magnetism" (hypnosis) formulated by Anton Mesmer. Moral Management - ANSWER Wide-ranging method of treatment that focuses on a patient's social, individual, and occupational needs. Nancy School - ANSWER Group of physicians in nineteenth-century Europe who accepted the view that hysteria was a sort of self-hypnosis. Operant (or Instrumental) Conditioning - ANSWER Form of learning in which if a particular response is reinforced, it becomes more likely to be repeated on similar occasions. Psychoanalysis - ANSWER Methods Freud used to study and treat patients. Psychoanalytic Perspective - ANSWER Theory of psychopathology, initially developed by Freud, that emphasizes the inner dynamics of unconscious motives. Saint Vitus's Dance - ANSWER Name given to the dancing mania (and mass hysteria) that spread from Italy to Germany and the rest of Europe in the Middle Ages. Tarantism - ANSWER Dancing mania that occurred in Italy in the nineteenth century. Association Studies - ANSWER Genetic research strategy comparing frequency of certain genetic markers known to be located on particular chromosomes in people with and without a particular disorder. Attachment Theory - ANSWER Contemporary developmental and psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of early experience with attachment relationships in laying the foundation for later functioning throughout life. Attribution - ANSWER Process of assigning causes to things that happen. Biopsychosocial Viewpoint - ANSWER A viewpoint that acknowledges the interacting roles of biological, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors in the origins of psychopathology. Castration Anxiety - ANSWER As postulated by Freud, the anxiety a young boy experiences when he desires his mother while at the same time fearing that his father may harm him by cutting of his penis; this anxiety forces the boy to repress his sexual desire for his mother and his hostility toward his father. Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective - ANSWER A theory of abnormal behavior that focuses on how thoughts and information processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior. Contributory Cause - ANSWER A condition that increases the probability of developing a disorder but that is neither necessary nor sufficient for it to occur. Cortisol - ANSWER Human stress hormone released by the cortex of the adrenal glands. Developmental Psychopathology - ANSWER Field of psychology that focuses on determining what is abnormal at any point in the developmental process by comparing and contrasting it with normal and expected changes that occur. Developmental Systems Approach - ANSWER Acknowledgment that genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment, and that these influences are bidirectional. Diathesis - ANSWER Predisposition or vulnerability to developing a given disorder. Diathesis-Stress Model - ANSWER View of abnormal behavior as the result of stress operating on an individual who has a biological, psychosocial, or sociocultural predisposition to developing a specific disorder. Discrimination - ANSWER Ability to interpret and respond differently to two or more similar stimuli. Ego - ANSWER In psychoanalytic theory, the rational part of the personality that mediates between the demands of the id, the constraints of the superego, and the realities of the external world. Ego Psychology - ANSWER Psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of the ego-- the "executive branch of the personality" --in organizing normal personality development. Ego-Defense Mechanisms - ANSWER Psychic mechanisms that discharge or soothe anxiety rather than coping directly with an anxiety-provoking situation; usually unconscious and reality distorting. Also called defense mechanisms. Electra Complex - ANSWER Excessive emotional attachment (love) of a daughter for her father; the female counterpart of the Oedipus complex. Extinction - ANSWER Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when it is no longer reinforced. Generalization - ANSWER Tendency of a response that has been conditioned to one stimulus to be elicited by other, similar stimuli. Hormones - ANSWER Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that regulate development of and activity in various parts of the body. pituitary gland master gland producing variety of hormones that regulate other endocrine galnds Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA Axis) - ANSWER Brain endocrine system involved in responding to stress in which the hypothalamus and pituitary send messages to the adrenal gland which releases a stress hormone that feeds back on the hypothalamus. Id - ANSWER In psychoanalytic theory, the reservoir of instinctual drives and the first structure to appear in infancy. Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning - ANSWER Reinforcement of a subject for making a correct response that leads either to receipt of something rewarding or to escape from something unpleasant. Interpersonal Perspective - ANSWER Approach to understanding abnormal behavior that views much of psychopathology as rooted in the unfortunate tendencies we develop while dealing with our interpersonal environments; it thus focuses on our relationships, past and present, with other people. Intrapsychic Conflict - ANSWER Inner mental struggles resulting from the interplay of the id, ego, and superego when the three subsystems are striving for different goals. Learning - ANSWER Modification of behavior as a consequence of experience. Libido - ANSWER In psychoanalytic theory, a term used to describe the instinctual drives of the id; the basic constructive energy of life, primarily sexual in nature. Linkage Analysis - ANSWER Genetic research strategy in which occurrence of a disorder in an extended family is compared with that of a genetic marker for a physical characteristic or biological process that is known to be located on a particular chromosome. Necessary Cause - ANSWER A condition that must exist for a disorder to occur. Neurotransmitters - ANSWER Chemical substances that are released into a synapse by the presynaptic neuron and that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another. Object-Relations Theory - ANSWER In psychoanalytic theory, this viewpoint focuses on an infant or young child's interactions with "objects" (i.e., real or imagined people), as well as how they make symbolic representations of important people in their lives. Observational Learning - ANSWER Learning through observation alone without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus (for classical conditioning) or a reinforcement (for instrumental conditioning). Oedipus Complex - ANSWER Desire for sexual relations with a parent of opposite sex; specifically, the desire of a boy for his mother, with his father a hated rival. Pleasure Principle - ANSWER Demand that an instinctual need be immediately gratified regardless of reality or moral considerations. Primary Process Thinking - ANSWER Gratification of id demands by means of imagery or fantasy without the ability to undertake the realistic actions needed to meet those instinctual demands. Protective Factors - ANSWER Influences that modify a person's response to an environmental stressor, making it less likely that the person will experience the adverse effects of the stressor. Reality Principle - ANSWER Awareness of the demands of the environment and adjustment of behavior to meet these demands. Reinforcement - ANSWER The process of rewarding desired responses. Resilience - ANSWER The ability to adapt successfully to even very difficult circumstances. Schema - ANSWER An underlying representation of knowledge that guides current processing of information and often leads to distortions in attention, memory, and comprehension. Secondary Process Thinking - ANSWER Reality-oriented rational processes of the ego for dealing with the external world and the exercise of control over id demands. Self-Schema - ANSWER Our view of what we are, what we might become, and what is important to us. Spontaneous Recovery - ANSWER The return of a learned response at some time after extinction has occurred. Stress - ANSWER Effects created within an organism by the application of a stressor. Sufficient Cause - ANSWER A condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder. Superego - ANSWER Conscience; ethical or moral dimensions (attitudes) of personality. Synapse - ANSWER Site of communication from the axon of one neuron to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron-- a tiny filled space between neurons. Temperament - ANSWER Pattern of emotional and arousal responses and characteristic ways of self-regulation that are considered to be primarily hereditary or constitutional. effects of temperament - ANSWER neuroticism/ negative emotionality extroversion/positive emotionality constraint/conscientiousness and agreeableness Zar - ANSWER A person who believes he or she is possessed by a spirit may experience a dissociative episode during which shouting, laughing, singing, or weeping may occur. The person may also show apathy and withdrawal, not eating or working. Actuarial Procedures - ANSWER Methods whereby data about subjects are analyzed by objective procedures or formulas rather than by human judgments. Aphasia - ANSWER Loss or impairment of ability to communicate and understand language symbols-- involving loss of power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or loss of ability to comprehend written or spoken language-- resulting from brain injury or disease. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) - ANSWER Objective method of rating clinical symptoms that provides scores on 18 variable (e.g., somatic concern, anxiety, withdrawal, hostility, and bizarre thinking). Clinical Diagnosis - ANSWER The process through which a clinician arrives at a general "summary classification" of the patient's symptoms by following a clearly defined system such as DSM-IV-TR or ICD-10. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scan - ANSWER Radiological technique used to locate and assess the extent of organic damage to the brain without surgery. Cultural Competence - ANSWER Refers to a psychologist's need to be informed of the issues involved in multicultural assessment. Dysrhythmia - ANSWER Abnormal brain wave pattern. Electroencephalogram (EEG) - ANSWER Graphical record of the brain's electrical activity obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp and measuring the brain wave impulses from various brain areas. Forensic - ANSWER Pertaining or used in the court of law. Functional MRI (fMRI) - ANSWER Internal scanning technique that measures changes in local oxygenation (blood flow) to specific areas of brain tissue that in turn depend on neuronal activity in those specific regions, allowing the mapping of psychological activity such as sensations, images, and thoughts. Intelligence Test - ANSWER Test used in establishing a subject's level of intellectual capability. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - ANSWER Internal scanning technique involving measurement of variations in magnetic fields that allows visualization of the anatomical features of internal organs, including the central nervous and particularly the brain. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI/MMPI-2) - ANSWER Widely used and empirically validated personality scales. Neuropsychological Assessment - ANSWER Use of psychological tests that measure a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance to obtain clues to the extent and locus of brain damage. Objective Personality Tests - ANSWER Structured tests, such as questionnaires, self-inventories, or rating scales, used in psychological assessment. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan - ANSWER Scanning technique that measures metabolic processes to appraise how well an organ is functioning. Presenting Problem - ANSWER Major symptoms and behavior the client is experiencing. Projective Personality Tests - ANSWER Techniques that use various ambiguous stimuli that a subject is encouraged to interpret and from which the subject's personality characteristics can analyzed. Psychological Assessment - ANSWER The use of psychological procedures such as behavioral observations, interview, and psychological tests to obtain a picture of a client's mental health symptoms and personality. Rating Scales - ANSWER Formal structure for organizing information obtained from clinical observation and self-reports to encourage reliability and objectivity. Reliability - ANSWER Degree to which a measuring device produces the same result each time it is used to measure the same thing or when two or more different raters use it. Role-Playing - ANSWER Form of assessment in which a person is instructed to play a part, enabling a clinician to observe a client's behavior directly. Rorschach Inkblot Test - ANSWER Use of 10 inkblot pictures to which a subject responds with associations that come to mind. Analysis of these responses enables a clinician to infer personality characteristics. Self-Monitoring - ANSWER Observing and recording one's own behavior, thoughts, and feelings as they occur in various natural settings. Sentence Completion Test - ANSWER Projective technique utilizing incomplete sentences that a person is to complete, analysis of which enables a clinician infer personality dynamics. Signs - ANSWER Objective observations that suggest to a diagnostician a patient's physical or mental disorder. Standardization - ANSWER Procedure for establishing the expected performance range on a test. Structured Assessment Interview - ANSWER Interview with set introduction and that follows a predetermined set of procedures and questions throughout. Symptoms - ANSWER Patient's subjective description of a physical or mental disorder. T-Score Distribution - ANSWER A standard distribution of scores that allows for a comparison of scores on a test by comparing scores with a group of known values. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - ANSWER Use of a series of simple pictures about which a subject is instructed to make up stories. Analysis of the stories gives a clinician clues about the person's conflicts, traits, personality dynamics, and the like. Unstructured Assessment Interviews - ANSWER Typically subjective interviews that do not follow a predetermined set of questions. The beginning statements in the interview are usually general, and follow-up questions are tailored for each client. The content of the interview questions is influenced by habits or theoretical views of the interviewer. Validity - ANSWER Extent to which a measuring instrument actually measures what it purports to measure. In what areas would a person have difficulties with be thought of to have some form of mental disorder? - ANSWER The more that someone has difficulties in following areas, the more likely he or she is to have some form of mental disorder: suffering, maladaptiveness, statistical deviancy, violation of the standards of society, social discomfort, irrationality and unpredictability, and dangerousness. Abnormal - ANSWER Away from the normal. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) - ANSWER Provides all the information necessary (descriptions, lists of symptoms) to diagnose mental disorders. Abnormal Behavior - ANSWER Maladaptive behavior detrimental to an individual or a group. What is a mental disorder defined as in the DSM-5? - ANSWER Within DSM-5, a mental disorder is defined as a syndrome (collection of symptoms) that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning. Standard Treatment Comparison Study - ANSWER An alternative research design may be called for in which two (or more) treatments are compared in differing yet comparable groups. Depression (Melancholia) - ANSWER Emotional state characterized by extraordinary sadness and dejection. Distal Causal Factors - ANSWER Some causal factors occurring relatively early in life may not show their effects for many years. Proximal Causal Factors - ANSWER Other causal factors operate shortly before the occurrence of the symptoms of a disorder. Reinforcing Contributory Cause - ANSWER A condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior that is already occurring. Biological Causal Factors - ANSWER Neurotransmitter and hormonal abnormalities, genetic vulnerabilities, temperament, and brain dysfunction and neural plasticity. Neural Plasticity - ANSWER Flexibility in the brain in making changes in organization and function in response to pre- and postnatal experiences, stress, diet, disease, drugs, maturation, and so forth (ability to compensate using unused neurons). Mediate - ANSWER A mediator (or mediating variables) lies between two other variables and helps explain the relationship between them. You can think of it as being an intermediate variable, hence the name. Psychosocial Perspectives - ANSWER Attempts to understand humans not just as biological organisms but also as people with motives, desires, and perceptions. What are the three major psychosocial perspectives on human nature and behavior? - ANSWER The three major psychosocial perspectives on human nature and behavior are: 1. Psychodynamic 2. Behavioral 3. Cognitive-Behavioral What other two perspectives are also included in psychosocial perspectives? - ANSWER Also includes two other perspectives: 1. The Humanistic Perspective 2. The Existential Perspective Anxiety - ANSWER Generalized feelings of fear and apprehension. Oral Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - ANSWER During the first 2 years of life, the mouth is the principal erogenous zone: An infant's greatest source of gratification is sucking, a process that is necessary for feeding. Anal Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - ANSWER From ages 2 to 3, the anus provides the major source of pleasurable stimulation during the time when toilet training is often going on and there are urges both for retention and for elimination. Phallic Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - ANSWER From ages 3 to 5 or 6, self-manipulation of the genitals provides the major source of pleasurable sensation. Latency Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - ANSWER From ages 6 to 12, sexual motivations recede in importance as a child becomes preoccupied with developing skills and other activities. Genital Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - ANSWER After puberty, the deepest feelings of pleasure come from sexual relations. Displacement (Ego-Defense Mechanisms) - ANSWER Discharging pent-up feelings, often of hostility, on objects less dangerous than those arousing the feelings. Fixation (Ego-Defense Mechanisms) - ANSWER Attaching oneself in an unreasonable or exaggerated way to some person, or arresting emotional development on a childhood or adolescent level. Projection (Ego-Defense Mechanisms) - ANSWER Attributing one's unacceptable motives or characteristics to others. Rationalization (Ego-Defense Mechanisms) - ANSWER Using contrived explanations to conceal or disguise unworthy motives for one's behavior. Reaction Formation (Ego-Defense Mechanisms) - ANSWER Preventing the awareness or expression of unacceptable desires by an exaggerated adoption of seemingly opposite behavior. Regression (Ego-Defense Mechanisms) - ANSWER Retreating to an earlier developmental level involving less mature behavior and responsibility. Repression (Ego-Defense Mechanisms) - ANSWER Preventing painful or dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness. Sublimation (Ego-Defense Mechanisms) - ANSWER Channeling frustrated sexual energy into substitutive activities. Fixated - ANSWER Freud believed that appropriate gratification during each stage is important if a person is to avoid being stuck at that level. Humanistic Perspective - ANSWER Views humans nature as basically "good." Existential Perspective - ANSWER Resembles the humanistic views in its emphasis on the uniqueness of each individual, the quest for values and meaning, and the existence of freedom for self-direction. However, it takes a less optimistic view of human beings and places more emphasis on their irrational tendencies and the difficulties inherent in self-fulfillment--particularly in a modern, bureaucratic, and dehumanizing mass society. Assimilation - ANSWER Tendency to work new experiences into our existing cognitive frameworks, even if the new information has to be reinterpreted or distorted to make it fit. Accomodation - ANSWER Changing our existing frameworks to make it possible to incorporate new information that doesn't fit. Psychological Causal Factors - ANSWER 1. Early deprivation or trauma 2. Inadequate parenting styles