Maryville pathophysiology test 1 Questions with Answers

lysosome leakage - ANSWER contents leak out and digest cellular organelles, nucleus & nucleolus ANP - ANSWER produced by myocardial atria. It's function is to decrease b/p and increase sodium and water excretion. F ...

lysosome leakage - ANSWER contents leak out and digest cellular organelles, nucleus & nucleolus ANP - ANSWER produced by myocardial atria. It's function is to decrease b/p and increase sodium and water excretion. Free radical - ANSWER an electrically uncharged atom having an unpaired electron. the process by which it gains or gives up an electronic from another can damage cell membranes. ADH - ANSWER is made in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland due to the increase in plasma osmolality to increase water retention. Also known as vasopressin. Aneuploid cell - ANSWER calls that don't have a multiple of 23 chromosomes. error in cell division that results in daughter cells having wrong number of chromosomes. Trisomy - ANSWER aneuploid cell that has 3 copies of 1 chromosome Penetrance - ANSWER the percentage of people with a specific genotype that express the phenotype Incomplete penetrance - ANSWER a person may carry the disease causing allele but may not exhibit the disease phenotype Expressivity - ANSWER the extent of variation in phenotype associated with a specific genotype Down syndrome - ANSWER autosomal abnormalities causing trisomy of the 21st chromosome. Characteristic of low IQ, low nasal bridge, low ears, protruding tongue. Variable expressivity - ANSWER the percentage of people with a specific genotype that exhibit the phenotype. expressivity may vary in severity. an example is Von Recklinhausen disease. Huntington disease - ANSWER an autosomal dominant disorder that causes death of brain cells. Symptoms often begin after 40 years of age with progressive dementia, uncontrollable limb movements. Cystic fibrosis - ANSWER autosomal recessive disorder most frequently seen in white children. A person must inherit 2 copies (homozygous)of the recessive allele to express the disease. BNP - ANSWER secreted by the myocardial ventricles in response to increases fluid volume to help decrease b/p and increase sodium and water excretion. Chromosomes involved with autosomal dominant breast cancer - ANSWER chromosome 17 (BRCA1) chromosome 13 (BRCA2) Incident rate of disease - ANSWER number of new people with a specific disease over a certain time period divided by the number of people in the population Relative risk of disease - ANSWER the ratio of people who acquire a disease after being exposed to a risk factor divided by the number of people who also have the disease but not exposed to the same risk factors Type 1 diabetes - ANSWER an autoimmune disease that involves T- cell infiltration of the pancreas and destruction of insulin producing beta cells. Auto antibodies are formed against pancreas cells. Metastasis - ANSWER involves hypermethylation of miRNA that bind to ends of mRNA and degrade them thereby preventing translation and mRNA targets are over expressed. Necrosis - ANSWER rapid loss of plasma membrane, swelling of organelles, mitochondria dysfunction usually caused by hypoxia. Myocardial stem cells - ANSWER exist in the heart and can differentiate into various cardiac cells Apoptosis - ANSWER programmed cell death Atrophy - ANSWER a decrease in cell size. can be pathological due to disease or lack of use. can be physiological as in normal decrease of the thymus gland. Hypertrophy - ANSWER an increase in cell size due to pathological disorders such as HTN or as a physiological response such as increase in myocardial cell size during endurance training. Hyperplasia - ANSWER an increase in the number of cells. can be physiological like during liver regeneration after partial resection or pathological as in an abnormal growth in number of endometrial cells. Metaplasia - ANSWER replacement of normal cells by a different type of cells. such as when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells are replaced by stratified squamous cells in the bronchial lining. ATP - ANSWER main source of cellular energy and depends on oxygen for proper function. Anaerobic metabolism - ANSWER occurs when there is a lack of oxygen and the cells must then rely of glycolysis to make energy How is insulin used for hyperkalemia - ANSWER Poinsulin helps transport potassium into cells along with glucose by stimulating the sodium-potassium-ATPase pump What part of cell is damaged by radiation - ANSWER DNA How do ROS cause cardiovascular disease - ANSWER they cause alterations in cell membranes, create inflammation and endothelial dysfunction leading to vasoconstriction, vascular smooth muscle proliferation, hypercoagulability, thrombosis. How does aging affect cells/tissues - ANSWER causes tissue stiffness and rigidity, muscle atrophy (sarcopenia), ⬆peripheral vascular resistance, ⬇immune response, ⬇cellular mass which increases extracellular compartment. ⬆ Sodium/potassium ratio. RAAS - ANSWER the system activated by ⬇in blood volume, ⬇in b/p, ⬇in tissue perfusion. It causes renin to be secreted by kidneys. Renin stimulates release of angiotensin I which is then converted to Angiotensin 2 by ACE from the lungs. Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor. Aldosterone is secreted by adrenals to further increases sodium and water retention. What does ischemia do to ATP - ANSWER lack of oxygen ⬇ATP. The plasma sodium potassium pump fails. Sodium and calcium exchange fails. There is an ⬆in sodium and calcium in the cell and potassium diffuses out. Sodium and water enter cell freely which causes cellular swelling. How does ETOH cause liver injury - ANSWER liver enzymes turn Ethanol into acetyldehyde and creates hepatic dysfunction. Further damages peroxisomes can't detoxify ethanol so it builds up in the liver and turns into fat. dehydration - ANSWER caused by water deficit. symptoms include headache, thirst, dry skin, ⬆temp, hypovolemia. How is perception of thirst stimulated? - ANSWER osmoreceptors in brain are stimulated due to ⬆plasma osmolality, ⬆osmotic pressure of plasma What populations are at risk for fluid volume deficit? - ANSWER Infants (TBW 70 -80%) Obese (fat repells water) Older. (thirst ⬇) Oncotic pressure - ANSWER influenced by proteins Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER force at the end of arterial capillaries that helps fluid move from the intravascular space to the interstitial space