AP European History Exam Review Questions and Answers with Complete Solutions

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AP European History Exam Review Questions and Answers with Complete Solutions Benvenuto Cellini ✔✔Goldsmith & sculptor who wrote an autobiography, famous for its arrogance and immodest self-pr... aise. Condottiere ✔✔Mercenary soldier of a political ruler. Humanism ✔✔Recovery and study of classical authors & writings. Individualism ✔✔Emphasis on the unique & creative personally (personality?). New Monarchs ✔✔Term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means. Rationalism ✔✔Application and use of reason in understanding and explaining events. Renaissance ✔✔The period from 1400 to 1600 that witnessed a transformation of cultural and intellectual values from primarily Christian to classical or secular ones. Secularism ✔✔Emphasis on the here and now rather than on the spiritual and otherworldly. Lorenzo Valla ✔✔(1407-1457) Humanist who used historical criticism to discredit an eighthcentury document giving the papacy jurisdiction over Western lands. Virtu ✔✔Striving for personal excellence. Baroque ✔✔The sensuous and dynamic style of art of the Counter Reformation. Brethren of the Common Life ✔✔Pious laypeople in sixteenth-century Holland who initiated a religious revival in their model of Christian living. John Calvin ✔✔(1509-1564) French theologian who established a theocracy in Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination. Charles V ✔✔(1519-1556) Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands. Council of Trent ✔✔The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants. Index ✔✔A list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read. Indulgence ✔✔Papal pardon for remission of sins. Inquisition ✔✔Religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution. Jesuits ✔✔(Society of Jesus) Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. John Knox ✔✔(1505-1572) Calvinist leader in sixteenth-century Scotland. Martin Luther ✔✔(1483-1546) German theologian who challenged the church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the Roman Catholic world. Sir Thomas More ✔✔(1478-1535) Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England. Executed by Henry VIII for his unwillingness to publicly recognize his king as Supreme Head of the church and clergy of England. Nepotism ✔✔Practice of rewarding relatives with church positions. Peace of Augsburg ✔✔(1555) Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects. Pluralism ✔✔The holding of several benefices (church offices). Simony ✔✔Selling of church offices Theocracy ✔✔A community, such as Calvin's Geneva, in which the state is subordinate to the church. Usury ✔✔Practice of lending money for interest. Gustavus Adolphus ✔✔(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles. Duke of Alva ✔✔(1508-1582) Military leader sent by Phillip to pacify the Low Countries. Armada ✔✔(1588) Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England. Vasco de Balboa ✔✔First European to reach the Pacific Ocean (1513). Catherine de Medici ✔✔(1547-1589) The wife of Henry II (1547-1559) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons. Christopher Columbus ✔✔First European to sail to the West Indies (1492). Concordat of Bologna ✔✔(1516) Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots. Fernando Cortez ✔✔Conqueror of the Aztecs (1519-1521). Defenestration of Prague ✔✔The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War. Bartholomew Diaz ✔✔First European to reach the southern tip of Africa (1487-1488). Dutch East India Company ✔✔Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. Edict of Nantes ✔✔(1598) The edict of Henry IV that granted Huguenots the rights of public worship and religious toleration in France. Elizabeth I ✔✔(1558-1603) Protestant ruler of England who helped stabilize religious tensions by subordinating theological issues to political considerations. Prince Henry the Navigator ✔✔Sponser of voyages along West African coasts (1418). Henry IV ✔✔(1589-1610) Formerly Henry of Navarre. Ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Surrived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying, "Paris is worth a mass." [Show More]

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