Test 1 Mastering Questions and Answers 2022

Test 1 Mastering Questions and Answers 2022 Which level of structural organization is considered to be the highest (most complex) level? - Answer- organismal Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains _ ...

Test 1 Mastering Questions and Answers 2022 Which level of structural organization is considered to be the highest (most complex) level? - Answer- organismal Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains _______. - Answer- a relatively stable internal environment, within limits Which of the following represents the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system? - Answer- the receptor, the control center, and the effector Generally, what is the result of the negative feedback process? - Answer- to maintain homeostasis Which of the following best defines anatomy? - Answer- It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another. With regards to a variation of a physiological value from its set point or normal limit, negative feedback always __________ the value back to the set point or normal limit. - Answer- returns T/F Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age. - Answer- False Which subdivision of anatomy would include the study of individual cells? - Answermicroscopic anatomy (cytology) Some of the nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to changes in temperature. They are part of a negative feedback mechanism regulating body temperature. These nerve endings represent a(n) ________ in the negative feedback mechanism. - Answer- receptor Which life process, which relies heavily on nutrient inputs from the respiratory and digestive systems, sustains all other life processes? - Answer- metabolism A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________. - Answer- organ Anabolic reactions are chemical reactions of the body that build things, make them bigger or more complex. Catabolic reactions break things down making them smaller or less complex. If the rate of anabolic reaction in the body is much faster than the rate of catabolic reactions which of the following necessary life function will be accomplished? - Answer- growth T/F Digestion includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP. - Answer- False One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________. - Answer- sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them Which of the following are survival needs of the body? - Answer- nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen T/F A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function. - Answer- True Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is NOT correctly matched. Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region. Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye. - Answer- Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region. A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________. - Answerenhancement of labor contractions Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because ________. - Answerpositive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or "ideal" level T/F It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it. - AnswerTrue Which organ systems function as control systems, communicating with other cells and organs to regulate their activities? - Answer- nervous and endocrine systems In a homeostatic control mechanism, which component monitors the environment? - Answer- receptor Expiration (breathing out) is how the body removes excessive carbon dioxide from the blood. This is an example of ________. - Answer- excretion of metabolic waste The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy. - Answer- gross T/F Lungs carry out an excretory function. - Answer- True Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? - Answer- It is considered the cause of most diseases. T/F: Cells within the body work independently of one another and rarely have direct effects on other cells. - Answer- False When a baby suckles at its mother's breast the stimulus at the breast is sent to the mother's brain (a region called the hypothalamus). The brain responds by releasing hormones to stimulate the production and the ejection of milk from the breast. This helps the newborn to receive nourishment and encourages more suckling. This example is best described as a ________. - Answer- positive feedback Why is the figure considered to be an example of a negative feedback system, as opposed to a positive feedback system? - Answer- The figure illustrates the correction of an imbalance back to a baseline. Which of the following is not a fundamental subatomic particle that forms elements? neutrons electrons protons nucleus - Answer- nucleus T/F The atomic number of any atom is equal to the number of electrons in its nucleus and is written as a subscript to the left of its atomic symbol. - Answer- False 1. _____________ energy: Legs moving the pedals of a bicycle. 2. ____________ energy: When the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released to do cellular work. 3. ____________ energy: Energy that travels in waves. Part of the electromagnetic spectrum. 4. ____________ energy: Represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor, or the flow of ions across a membrane. - Answer- Mechanical Chemical Radiant Electrical What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? - Answer- Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions? exchange decomposition hyperbolic synthesis - Answer- hyperbolic An atom with 3 electrons in its outermost (valence) shell may have a total of ________ electrons altogether. - Answer- 13 What holds the sodium and chloride ions together in a chemical bond? - Answer- an electrical attraction between opposite charges Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction? MgSO4 + 2NaCl → MgCl2 + Na2SO4H2 + O2 → H2O 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl MgO2 → Mg + O2 - Answer- MgO2 → Mg + O2 Which of the following statements regarding matter is FALSE? With some exceptions, matter can be seen, smelled, and felt. Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states. The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located. The mass of matter remains constant wherever it is located. - Answer- The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located. Which of the following is not considered a form of matter? X rays oxygen gas blood bone - Answer- X rays If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following? 37 electrons 37 protons and 37 electrons 37 protons and 37 neutrons 74 protons - Answer- 74 protons A chemical reaction in which bonds are created is usually associated with ________. forming a smaller molecule degradation the release of energy the consumption of energy - Answer- the consumption of energy Except for elements with atomic number 1 and 2, all other elements are stable with how many electrons in their outermost (valence) energy level? - Answer- 8 How many valence shell electrons does the element carbon have? - Answer- 4 ATP → ADP + Pi is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. - Answer- decomposition What is the most significant factor in the formation of a covalent bond? - Answer- the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms After the transfer of the electron, sodium will form an ion with __________. an atomic number of 10 an atomic number of 18 a charge of −1 a charge of +1 - Answer- a charge of +1 An atom with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 24 would have ________. - Answer- 14 neutrons What do these four elements have in common? Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Sodium They are all generally unreactive elements. They would all be likely to form positive ions. They all have an incomplete valence electron shell. They all have the same number of protons in their nuclei. - Answer- They all have an incomplete valence electron shell. Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell (outermost energy level)? - Answer- 7 Which of the following is NOT a compound? oxygen gas carbon dioxide methane (natural gas) water - Answer- oxygen gas Based on the information in this figure, what is the atomic number of chlorine? - Answer- 17 (number of electrons) What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule? - Answer- hydrogen bond The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom? 2, 8, 1 2, 8 2 2, 8, 8 - Answer- 2, 8, 1 The three atoms below represent three unique __________. Hydrogen Helium Lithium - Answer- elements What explains the negative charge on the oxygen atom within the water molecule? - Answer- Oxygen atoms have a stronger pull on the electrons shared within a covalent bond formed between oxygen and hydrogen. Which of the following statements regarding energy is FALSE? Energy is defined as the capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion The products of exergonic reactions contain more potential energy than the reactants that form them Exchange reactions allow chemical energy from one molecule to be transferred to another Increasing the temperature of atoms and molecules increases their kinetic energy - Answer- The products of exergonic reactions contain more potential energy than the reactants that form them What does this figure depict? (the transfer of an electron from Na to Cl) - Answerionization, followed by formation of an ionic bond Bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms (as depicted on the right side of the figure) are generally __________. - Answer- single covalent bonds T/F: Nonpolar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing. - AnswerFalse When DNA is replicated, it is necessary for the two strands to "unzip" temporarily. Which bonding type is most appropriate for holding the strands together in this way. - Answer- hydrogen bonding Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest. I. Ionic II. Covalent III. Hydrogen - Answer- III < I < II What is a cation? - Answer- an atom that loses one or more electrons and acquires a net positive charge How many hydrogen atoms will a single carbon atom bond with to form a stable molecule? - Answer- four Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight? - Answercarbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Which of the following best describes an isotope? an atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of electrons a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of protons - Answer- a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons Which of the following is a neutralization reaction? HCl → H+ + ClNaOH → Na+ + OHHCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O NH3 + H+ → NH4+2 - Answer- HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O Which of the following is a general function for a fibrous protein? - Answer- structural framework phospholipid structure - Answer- phosphate group, glycerol molecule, two fatty acids T/F: Omega-3 fatty acids appear to decrease the risk of heart disease. - AnswerTrue What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides (neutral fats)? - Answer- 3:1 Which of the following is incorrectly matched? amino acid; protein nucleotide; nucleic acid monosaccharide; carbohydrate eicosanoid; triglyceride - Answer- eicosanoid; triglyceride In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils at room temperature have ________. - Answer- unsaturated fatty acids Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ________. - Answer- glycogen A patient voices concern that her normal cholesterol level is dangerous. "I eat no cholesterol at all. That stuff is toxic!" she declares. What is your best response? - Answer- "A normal cholesterol level is a good thing. Your cells depend on cholesterol to stay healthy, and you can't make vital hormones without it." What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3? - Answer- alkaline solution T/F: A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis. - Answer- false (hydration breaks apart, dehydration brings together) The single most abundant protein in the body is ________. - Answer- collagen T/F: The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration. - Answer- true With a family history of cardiovascular disease, which toast spread would be considered the most "heart healthy"? olive oil margarine containing trans fats lard (pig fat) butter containing butterfat - Answer- olive oil What additional molecule is produced when fatty acids are bonded to glycerol to make a triglyceride? - Answer- water (hydration) Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________. - Answer- removal of a water molecule between each two units Starch is a ________. - Answer- polysaccharide T/F: Triglycerides are a poor source of stored energy. - Answer- False T/F: About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds. - Answer- False What structural level is represented by the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain? - Answer- primary structure Phospholipids make up most of the lipid part of the cell membrane. Since water exists on both the outside and inside of a cell, which of the following phospholipid arrangements makes the most sense? - Answer- two back-to-back phospholipid layers with the polar heads facing out on both sides Which of the following statements is true regarding the reaction without an enzyme compared to the one with an enzyme? - Answer- Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme. Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body? - Answerproteins What is a chain of more than 50 amino acids called? - Answer- protein what bonds amino acids together? - Answer- peptide bonds How many phosphates would ADP have attached to it? - Answer- two Which of the following is true about lipids? Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water. Lipids used as energy reserves in the body are stored as molecules of phospholipids. Lipids found in the cell membrane are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains and are called phospholipids. Lipids that serve as hormones are derived from glycolipids. - Answer- Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water. The pH scale is based on _______ - Answer- the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution T/F: The major function of DNA is to provide the genetic instructions for protein synthesis. - Answer- True Which of the following does NOT characterize proteins? They have both functional and structural roles in the body. Their function depends on their three-dimensional shape. They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity. They appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information. - AnswerThey appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information. T/F: The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis. - Answer- True What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells? - Answer- ATP Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat? - Answer- high heat of vaporization T/F: Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide. - Answer- True What is an exergonic reaction? - Answer- Where the product has less energy than the reactants and therefore releases energy T/F: A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte. - Answer- True Which of the following is NOT one of the concepts collectively known as the cell theory?...