Ch. 21: Principles of Cancer Development
Benign vs. Malignant cells
o Benign tumor cells grow due to hyperplasia
Seven warning signs of cancer
o CAUTION
Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore throat that does
...
Ch. 21: Principles of Cancer Development
Benign vs. Malignant cells
o Benign tumor cells grow due to hyperplasia
Seven warning signs of cancer
o CAUTION
Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore throat that does not
heal, Unusual bleeding/discharge, Thickening or lump in breast
or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious
change in wart/mole, Nagging cough/hoarseness.
Cancer development stages of malignancy
o Initiation:
Change in gene expression leading to loss of cellular regulation.
Excessive cell division
o Promotion
Enhanced growth of an initiated cell by substances known as
promoters
Promoters can be hormones, proteins (insulin and
estrogen)
o Progression
Continued change of a cancer making it more malignant over
time
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MDC-2 EXAM -1 STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION GRADEDA+
o Metastasis
Cancer cells move from the primary location and establish
remote colonies.
Cancer classification
o Cancers are classified by type of tissue from which the arise
Solid tumors: associated with the organ where they develop
Hematological cancers: Originate from blood cell-forming tissues
such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myelomas
Cancer prevention (primary vs. secondary)
o Primary Prevention
Avoidance of known/potential carcinogens
Ex: Teach adults to use skin protection during sun
exposure
Ex: Eliminate
Modifying associated factors
Modifying behavior to reduce the associated factor can
decrease the risk of CA development.
Ex increased incidence of CA among adults who consume
alcohol
Diets high in fat and low in fibers
Removal of “at-risk” tissues
Ex: Chemoprevention
Vaccination
o Ex: HPV vaccine
o Secondary Prevention
Regular screening for cancer does not reduce cancer incidence
but can greatly reduce some types of CA deaths
Teach all adults to participate in routine screenings
Annual mammography (45-54 years of age), Biennial
(55+)
Annual breast exams, colonoscopy at 50, annual FOBT,
Prostate screening for men 50+
Testing for gene mutations
o Ex: BRCA genes
Types of cancers (carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia,
blastoma)
Ch. 22: Care of Patients with Cancer
Diagnostic tests
Risk factors
Types of therapy (i.e. surgery, radiation, chemotherapy)
o Surgery
Can be used prophylactically or as curative Tx
Used for diagnostics
Ex: biopsies
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