1. What is the role of microbes in maintaining temperature on earth. (Role of microbes in CO2 and CH4 recycling).
2. List the top three cause of death in the US. How has the role of microbes changed over the last 100 ye
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1. What is the role of microbes in maintaining temperature on earth. (Role of microbes in CO2 and CH4 recycling).
2. List the top three cause of death in the US. How has the role of microbes changed over the last 100 years?
3. List the major contributions (people) to the science of microbiology.
4. List and explain the impact of microbes on the environment.
5. Define cell, microbe, and list hallmarks of cell. What is the status of Prions, virions, and viruses?
6. List extreme conditions at which microbes can thrive.
7. Where in human body may bacteria be found?
8. Which kingdoms and domains are prokaryotes and which ones are eukaryotes? Viruses?
9. List membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotes, but not in prokaryotes. Compare the three domains of microorganism based on: presence of and makeup of cell wall, presence of organelles, and chromosome structure and organization.
10. List the six major bioelements. List the ones present in each of the four polymers.
11. List and define major chemical bonds used to connect biological molecules.
12. Explain the role of water in biological activities. Define water activity, osmosis, osmolarity, and osmotolerant. What is the significance of Hydrogen bonds in water activities, in structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids. Define halophiles. What strategy do they use to survive in the presence of high salt concentration?
13. Define endergonic/exergonic, spontaneous/nonspontaneous, hydrolysis/dehydration, hydrolyticand condensation reactions.
14. What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions.
15. List the four major polymers, their building blocks, and their functions. Where they are found in the cell, and the type of bonds hold their monomers together.
16. Define folding and denaturation of protein molecules. List different levelsof protein folding process and list the chemical bonds involved in each level.
17. Define an amphipathic molecule. Give an example.
18. Define magnification, refractive index, resolution, and the reason for use of oil immersion.
19. Define smear preparation (role of heat fixation).
20. Describe the different forms of stains: acidic, basic, negative, positive. Describe the different kinds of staining procedures: simple, differential, and structural staining procedures. List three medically important structures present in bacteria.
21. Define and describe the importance of wet mount.
22. Explain the steps involved in Gram staining procedure.
23. What is the significance of acid-fast staining procedure.
24. Which microscope uses the differences in refractive index and cell density to visualize live cells?
25. Give examples of different Gram reactions, morphology, and arrangements found in bacteria (as explained in lecture).
26. List and describe the importance of various prokaryotic cell structures.
27. List and compare the components of Gram negative and Gram-positive cell envelopes.
28. What is the significance of periplasmic space?
29. List and describe the importance of the components of bacterial cell membrane.
30. Define the importance of the interaction between ligand and receptor molecules.
31. What are steroids? Give examples. What is their role in function of cell membrane? What are hopanoids?
32. Explain/define/describe; simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and group translocation, which ones use energy? Where the energy comes from? Define uniport, symport, and antiport
33. List the components of bacterial cell wall and describe how these molecules are put together. How cell wall is affected by penicillin and lysozyme?
34. Define the role of the following structures in bacteria
35. Define the primary producers and give examples. What are the Carbon, Energy and Electron sources for photolithoautotrophs and chemolithoautotrophs. Give examples.
36. Define colony, pure culture, streak, spread, and pour plate techniques.
37. Draw, label, define, and explain the events occur during bacteria growth (curve). Define generation time. Which stage of growth curve is used to measure generation time?
38. Define turbidity, absorption, and optical density. Define binary fission.
39. List and describe the influence of environmental factors on microbial growth.
40. List and describe oxygen requirements for bacterial growth listed in Figure 7.15and explain why some use oxygen and the others are killed by it. Explain why strict anaerobes cannot grow in the presence of oxygen?
41. Describe the function of structures in Table 3.1
42. What is meant by fluid-mosaic model, semi-permeable? Which structure this model refers to?
43. Compare and contrast and give examples of selective and differential media, Table 7.7.
44. Describe the effect of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, solutes and water activity on bacterial growth.
45. List optimum temperatures of growth. Which group is readily isolated from arctic and Antarctic?
46. What was the differences between spontaneous generation and germ theory of disease?
47. List three medically important structures viewed by structural staining processes. What are the advantages of having the following structures for an organism: plasmid, endospore, flagella, pili, or capsule.
48. List the important features of endospores. Define sporulation, germination, vegetative life; examples of bacteria possession endospores and examples of significant diseases caused by these bacteria.
49. Define Oligotrophic Environments. How microbes respond to them?
50. Define these terms:
51. What is the significance of peptidoglycan cross-links in bacteria cell wall?
52. Compare features of bacteria and archaea with regards to their cell wall structure and pathogenicity.
53. What is the difference between pili and cilia?
54. Which structure in a cell determines its morphology?
55. Define and describe the significance of quorum sensing. List specific examples for the role of AHL in cell to cell communications.
56. Define biofilm. How microbes in biofilm interact with each other? What type of surface is more appropriate for biofilm formation? Explain how biofilm formation may interfere with antibiotic treatment.
57. Explain how chemostats works. What are the benefits of growing culture in a chemostat?
58. Extremophiles such as microbes found in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park are most likely members of ___________ domain.
59. Why Gram staining procedure is not appropriate for staining mycobacteria? What staining procedure is used to stain these organisms? What is the significance of mycobacteria?
60. List different microscopes used to view microbes. Compare light and electron microscopy, and briefly describe their significance/importance in viewing objects. What are the important features of confocal scanning laser microscopy and fluorescence microscopy? What is the significance of fluorescent microscopy? What is its source of illumination?
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