Exam Final Pathophysiology Rasmussen 2022 (solved)

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Physiological response to fight or flight, assessment findings? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Increased blood pressure, heart rate and dilated pupils. What is homeostasis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS A tende ... ncy to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any body chemistry. Function of ribosomes? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Site of protein synthesis What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Sign- objective Symptom- subjective What electrolytes are found more in intracellular space, and extracellular space? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Potassium, Magnesium and Phosphorous are in the intracellular. Sodium, bicarb and chloride is in the extracellular. Possible lethal effect of HYPOnatremia - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Cerebral Edema. More water than sodium in the body so the brain cells swell. What is an electrolyte pool? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS For the bones it serves as a reservoir of calcium, magnesium, phosphate ions. Cause of edema- regarding protein? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure, loss of plasma proteins. What is anaphylaxis? S/S? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Excessive immune response. Narrows the bronchial, Increased capillary permeability, increased vasodilation, blood vessel cells shrink) S/S- feeling lightheadedness or faint, difficulty breathing, wheezing, fast heartbeat. What is passive immunity? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Immunity that you get from mother to baby through breastmilk or blood in the placenta. What are the characteristics of metastatic cells? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body. They also invade their neighbor cells and take over them. What is sepsis? Goal of treatment. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Fungal, bacterial, viral in the bloodsteam that causes a severe inflammatory response. Treat the cause is the goal of treatment Best way to prevent spread of diseases? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Hand-washing Complication of compartment syndrome? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Tissue damage and pain. Cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Excessive autoimmune response by attack your joints and organs. Cause of contact dermatitis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Contact with irritants (chemicals or substances) Identify Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS (hunchback upper curvature), (inward lower curvature), and (s-shaped curvature) What is osteoporosis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Body's bones become weak and break easily. Imbalance between osteoclasts (break down bone) and osteoblasts (build up bone). What is intussusception? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS When the bowel collapse into one another. Causes a mechanical bowel obstruction. H. Pylori- What is it and what does it cause. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS You get it from Fecal-oral route. This causes peptic ulcer disease. Signs/Symptoms of appendicitis - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS RLQ abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, rebound tenderness. Inflammation of the peritoneum. (rebound tenderness) S/S of Liver Disease - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Jaundice in eyes and skin, distented abdomen, confusion from ammonia buildup. Cause of hepatic encephalopathy - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS too much ammonia buildup in the blood due to liver disease. What causes esophageal varices? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS dilated blood vessels within esophagus due to liver failure and portal hypertension, cirrhosis of the liver, liver dysfunction. What causes jaundice? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Buildup of bilirubin when you have liver disease. HPV puts the patient at risk for what? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS cervical cancer What puts patients at risk for esophageal cancer? What are the S/S - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS GERD. S/S-difficulty swallowing, cough, weight loss, chest pain and blood in the emesis. What hormone do the kidney secrete that influence blood production? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS erythropoietin What is cystitis? Which bacteria cause most cases of cystitis? What is pyelonephritis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS inflammation of the bladder (UTI) E.Coli infected and inflamed kidney, usually caused by e.coli from the lower urinary tract that ascends to the kidney. What is oliguria? Polyuria? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Decreased urine output pee a lot What does CVA tenderness indicate? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Kidney stones, infection or disease. What causes stress incontinence? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS increased intraabdominal pressure by coughing, laughing. What is the purpose of dialysis for a patient with kidney disease? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS To remove excess fluid and wastes out of the bloodstream Cause of prerenal kidney injury? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Disruption/diminishing to renal perfusion (something is affecting the flow of blood to the kidney) Ex. Blood clot, heart failure, hypotension, shock and severe sepsis. RAAS System - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS When your BP drops, your kidneys spit out renin via the JGA. Angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction. It also causes your adrenal glands to put out aldosterone. Holds in water and sodium. Helps to raise BP What does the endocrine system produce? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS hormones What is a complication in type 1 diabetic patients where fats are being broken down for energy? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS DKA What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Type 1- Diagnosed in young children/adolescents, Autoimmune disorder- beta cells in pancreas destroyed, Unable to produce insulin. Type 2- Cells become resistant to insulin, decrease insulin receptors on target cells (unable to bind to target cells.) What does the hormone insulin do? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Allows glucose to enter your body to produce energy. What does the hormone glucagon do? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Counteracts with the insulin by stimulating hepatic glucose production. What is SIADH? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, High ADH, retain water and sodium decreases (hyponatremia) What electrolyte disorder is associated with SIADH? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS hyponatremia (can lead to cerebral edema) What is DI? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS diabetes insipidus- Low ADH, pees a lot and sodium increases (hypernatremia) Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Insomnia, restlessness, tremor, palpitations, heat intolerance, diaphoresis, diarrhea, and amenorrhea (scant menses), heart rate increases. Clinical Manifestations of HYPO thyroid - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS SLOWS DOWN fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain Abnormal functioning of the parathyroid glands can lead to which electrolyte imbalance? Which hormone decreases this electrolyte? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Hypercalcemia Calcitonin Cause of Cushing's Disease - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Too much cortisol and increased glucocorticoids. Cause of gout - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Disorder in which disturbance of uric acid metabolism leads to deposition of uric acid crystals in joints - risk increases with age. What condition is the result of excess growth hormone in childhood? Adulthood? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Gigantism Acromegaly What is multiple sclerosis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Myelin sheath destruction. disruptions in nerve impulse conduction What happens in Myasthenia Gravis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Immune system produces antibodies that block or destroy many of your muscle receptors, not enough acetylcoline. Glasgow Coma Scale - what does this scale measure. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Measures your level of consciousness and see if you respond to voices and if you are in coma or unresponsive. Cause of brain damage in cerebral palsy? When does it happen? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Paralysis caused by damage to the area of the brain responsible for movement. Interruption of oxygen supply to the fetus and brain asphyxia were classically considered to be the main causal factors explaining later CP. But clinically defined birth injury or birth asphyxia account for a minority of cases of CP. Most sensitive indication of altered brain function? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Changes in LOC. Characteristics of Parkinson's Disease - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Tremor, Bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability and decreased dopamine. What are encephalitis and meningitis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain itself. How to you prevent further damage in spinal cord injury? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Immobilizing spine, neck collar, carrying board Mechanism of injury in spinal cord injury - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS hyper-flexion (m'mt forward), hyperextension (m'mt backward), compression What are the physiological causes of increased intracranial pressure? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Compression, decreased tissue oxygenation, decreased perfusion and inflammation Types of CVA Gold Standard for Diagnosis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke Gold standard is a CT scan What is a TIA? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Transient Ischemic Attack, mini stroke. What kind of seizure is a result of abnormal neuronal firing on both sides of the brain? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Generalized seizure. (Grand-Mal Seizure) What is the process of moving air into the lungs called? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Ventilation Clinical Manifestations of a pt with acute respiratory failure or ARDS? What would we expect the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to be? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Dyspnea and tachycardia, crackles and sputum is frothy. Oxygen decreased and CO2 increased What is a tension pneumothorax? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS a life-threatening condition that is an accumulation of air in the pleural space, lung collapses (VERY IMPORTANT) and ribcage springs out. Findings in hypoventilation? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Increased CO2 and decreased O2 leading to hypoxemia Who is at risk for pneumonia? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Asthma, COPD, heart disease and smoking pts Know the normal ABGs and what they indicated. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS pH-7.35-7.45, PaCO2-(Alkalosis)35-45(acidosis) HCO3-22-26 Cause of barrel chest? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Patients with COPD experience air trapped in the alveoli. S/S of asthma and exercise-induced asthma - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS EIA- airway narrowing as a result of increased physical activity. S/S- wheezing, dyspnea, and coughing. How is TB transmitted? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Airborne by droplets S/S of Cystic Fibrosis - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS persistent cough, wheezing, pneumonia, barrel chest, clubbing, GI problems, pancreatic involvement. Virchow's triad for risk for pulmonary emboli? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS blood stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulation that leads to DVT and then leads to PE. S/S of COPD? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Exertional dyspnea, Thin- due to increased respiratory effect, pursed-lip breathing, clubbing, barrel chest-air trapping in alveoli and respiratory acidosis. What is a PE? What is the primary cause? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS PE is a blood clot in the lung. Primary cause is a DVT. Complication of anemia - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS tachycardia, dyspnea, cold intolerance, fatigue. Goal of anemia treatment - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Pain management and to get blood cell and hemoglobin levels back up. Increase tissue perfusion. Cause, characteristic, and treatment of DIC - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues. Blood transfusion reaction, cancer, inflammation of the pancreas, infection in the blood S/S leukemia? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS fatigue, weight loss, frequent infections, and easy bleeding or bruising. What is leukopenia? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Decrease in WBC What is polycythemia vera? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Bone marrow cancer that causes exceptionally high RBC count Treatment for hemophilia A - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS clotting factor transfusions, recombinant clotting factors, desmopressin (DDAVP), and bleed precautions, replacement IV clotting factor VIII. Defining characteristic of Hodgkin Lymphoma - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Enlarged lymph nodes, Fatigue, weight loss What is hemostasis and what are the 3 main parts of hemostasis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding, 3 parts- Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation. What is Sickle Cell Disease? What are the S/S? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape, Symptoms are Shortness of breath and pain. Risk factors for HTN, modifiable and non-modifiable - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Age, race, family history, being overweight, not physically active, smoking. Which two organs are most affected by HTN? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Brain (stroke) and kidneys (kidney failure) Backward effect of right sided heart failure - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS leads to an excess accumulation of fluid in the body and edema (anasarca) Effects of all forms of heart failure. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Decreased cardiac output. Fluid buildup on the ankles and feet. S/S of left sided heart failure - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS SOB, Chronic coughing or wheezing, fatigue, lack of appetite and nausea, pink frothy sputum. What is the difference between stable angina? Unstable angina? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Most Common (Predictable), In response to physical activity or emotional response (stress & anxiety), Relived by rest and nitroglycerine (vasodilator) Unpredictable (occlusion severe enough that causes ischemia), Pain increases with occurrence and severity overtime, Unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerine Characteristic of CAD? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Narrowing of small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart by plaque. Causes of atherosclerotic plaques/CAD? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS High cholesterol, which is caused by endothetial injury. S/S of MI. How is it diagnosed? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Chest pain in left arm to neck, SOB, sweating, nausea, vomiting. Blood draws troponin, and ECG. What is sepsis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Severe inflammatory response which comes from a UTI, pneumonia, Menigitits. What is septic shock? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS When blood pressure drops to a dangerously low level after an infection and spreads to other organs. Not enough oxygen getting to the organs S/S of hypovolemic shock? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Weak and thready pulse, cold and clammy skin and tachycardia and decreased urine output. Cause of cardiogenic shock? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS MI [Show More]

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