Patho Rasmussen final review 2022 Questions and Answers

There are higher concentrations of ______________ and _______________ in extracellular fluid Chloride Sodium magnesium calcium potassium - ANSWER Sodium and chloride What antibodies are released in response to ...

There are higher concentrations of ______________ and _______________ in extracellular fluid Chloride Sodium magnesium calcium potassium - ANSWER Sodium and chloride What antibodies are released in response to an allergic reaction ( type 1 hypersensitivity reaction ) IGM IGE IGG COMPLEMENTARY ANTIBODIES - ANSWER IGE WHAT IS ONE OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HISTAMINE Vasoconstriction vasodilation capillary refill cyanosis - ANSWER Vasodilation A PATIENT AT YOUR CLINIC DEVELOPS HEART FAILURE AFTER 25 YEARS OF UNTREATED HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEART FAILURE IS REFERRED TO AS: CHRONIC HEART DISEASE COMPLICATED HYPERTENSION SEQUELA MANIFESTATIONS OF UNDERLYING HEART DISEASE - ANSWER Sequela IF A client has a potassium LEVEL of 1.9 mEq/L what assessment would you want to complete immediately? Assess for jaundice Assess for skin turgor Assess the client's ability to walk without a cane Assess the telemetry/EKG for cardiac abnormalities - ANSWER Assess the telemetry/EKG for cardiac abnormalities Which primary stimulus for the sensation of thirst declines with aging ? Altered renal GFR Increased circulating blood volume Altered metabolism Increased serum osmolality - ANSWER Increased serum osmolarity A patient has edema. What could have caused the edema? Increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure Overuse of potassium-wasting diuretic medication Hypernatremia combined with fluid volume deficit Excessive production of A- and B-type natriuretic peptides - ANSWER Increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure Which of the following electrolyte imbalances result in increased neuromuscular activity? Hypernatremia Hypermagnesemia Hypercalcemia Hyperphosphatemia - ANSWER Hyperphosphatemia Which mechanism can cause antimicrobial resistance? Enhancing chemotaxis which moves the drug Producing enzymes that inactivate the drug Enhancing herd immunity which protects against the drug Producing helminthes that actively repel the drug - ANSWER Producing enzymes that inactivate the drug Which term should be used when describing infections caused by fungi? Mycosis Zoonotics Bacteremias Capsids - ANSWER Mycosis Production of which of the following substance is primarily responsible for the pain associated with inflammation? Bradykinin Hageman factor C5b fragment Type 1 interferon - ANSWER Bradykinin Bradykinin is a cell mediator that promotes growth a chemical mediator that occurs with acute inflammation a chemical supporter of mitochondrial function a chemical substance that aid in pinocytosis - ANSWER a chemical mediator that occurs with acute inflammation Catecholamines and cortisol are compounds released by the body during increased physical activity stress metabolism homeostasis - ANSWER Stress Most organ and tissue transplants must be "matched" to the recipient as much as possible. What makes this so difficult? Lack or presence of CD4 or CD8 Genetic polymorphism of MHC genes Proliferation of acute phase proteins Variations in the complement cascade - ANSWER Genetic polymorphism of MCH genes Which statement is correct regarding the immune system? The mononuclear phagocyte system is the first line of defense. T lymphocytes (T cells) develop in the tonsils which are strategically located. The intestinal epithelium produces another form of bactericidal peptide called defensins. Innate defenses require no previous exposure to mount an effective response against an antigen. - ANSWER The mononuclear phagocyte system is the first line of defense Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome facilitates the individual's allostatic restoration of homeostasis? Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Allostatic load - ANSWER Resistance Which of the following is an example of a stressor? Using a cell phone while driving Being exposed to air pollution Running in the dark Having inadequate immunizations - ANSWER Being exposed to air pollution catecholamines during the stress response would be increased gastrointestinal motility. constriction of the pupils. increased glycogenolysis. decreased heart rate. - ANSWER Increased glycogenesis Which characteristic best describes a malignant tumor? Is encapsulated Is localized Has little vascularity Has greater degree of anaplasia - ANSWER Has a greater degree of anaplasia Place the multistep nature of carcinogenesis in order. Tumor suppressor gene, mutation, metastasis Rb and p53 genes, initiation, and progression Initiation, promotion, and progression Proto-oncogene, oncogene, metastasis - ANSWER Initiation, promotion, and progression Which term should be used when describing the process of a tumor forming new blood vessels? Angiogenesis Apoptosis Mitogen Cachexia - ANSWER Angiogenesis Which patient has the greatest risk for infection? A patient who has intact physical barriers A patient taking iron medication A patient taking corticosteroid therapy A patient who is immunized - ANSWER A patient taking corticosteroid therapy Which is an example of primary prevention for measles use of abx use of vaccine antivirals after exposure - ANSWER Use of vaccine A patient has an eruption of vesicles with erythematous bases localized to a dermatomalsegment of skin caused by the same virus as chickenpox. Which disorder will the clinician observe documented on the chart? Varrucae Herpes zoster Lichen planus Scleroderma - ANSWER Herpes zoster DiGeorge syndrome is a deficiency of B cells. T cells. syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles. transient hypogammaglobulinemia. - ANSWER T cells Which of the following disorders displays these characteristics? •Failure to remove antigen-antibody complexes •Is not tissue specific •Includes antibodies •Occurs over several hours or days •Also called immune complex reaction Type I hypersensitivity Type II hypersensitivity Type III hypersensitivity Type IV hypersensitivity - ANSWER Type III hypersensitivity Which genetic aspect is associated with development of autoimmune diseases? Chronic or multiple viral infections Life-threatening anaphylaxis B-cell epitopes MHC genes - ANSWER MHC genes if you were to define pathophysiology which if the following topics would you include in your definition ( include all that apply) pathogenesis etiology homeostatic continuum clinical signs and symptoms public health statistics treaments - ANSWER Pathogenesis, etiology, clinical signs and symptoms, and treatments A patient has a fracture in which one fragment of bone is telescoped into another. Which term should the clinician use to describe this fracture? Comminuted Displaced Greenstick Impacted - ANSWER Impacted Pathophysiology - ANSWER the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings. Homeostasis - ANSWER state of being in which all systems are in balance around a particular ideal "set-point. Epidemology - ANSWER the study of patterns of disease involving aggregates of people Signs - ANSWER objectively observed indicators of a disorder Symptoms - ANSWER Subjective characteristics of disorder felt only by the patient primary disease prevention - ANSWER focus on prevention of the initial occurence of disease or injury. Includes nutrition counseling, family planning, smoking cessation, safety education (seat belt helmet use), prenatal classes , and vaccinations Secondary disease prevention - ANSWER Screening early for disease (I.e., Pap smear) Tertiary disease prevention - ANSWER Treatment to reduce disability from disease (I.e., Physical therapy) Allostasis - ANSWER maintaining the organism's stability by varying or changing. three stages of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER alarm, resistance, exhaustion alarm stage of GAS - ANSWER fight or flight response, body recognizes and begins to act resistance stage of GAS - ANSWER second stage of the stress response; body attempts to return to normal (homeostasis) exhaustion phase of GAS - ANSWER body's resistance collapses sympathetic nervous system - ANSWER the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations, fight or flight parasympathetic nervous system - ANSWER the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy epinephrine and norepinephrine - ANSWER aid body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration function of nucleus - ANSWER Directs all the cells activities; (control center) contains the cells DNA function of mitochondria - ANSWER ATP production/cellular respiration Function of ribosomes - ANSWER protein synthesis (production) function of lysosomes - ANSWER intracellular digestion function of endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER Assembles proteins and lipids function of peroxisomes - ANSWER break down fatty acids function of golgi apparatus - ANSWER Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins intracellular fluid - ANSWER fluid inside cells extracellular fluid - ANSWER fluid outside cells Fluid is transported across the plasma membrane of a cell by - ANSWER diffusion and osmosis Diffusion - ANSWER the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Osmosis - ANSWER Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane fluid intake - ANSWER entry of fluid into the body by any route: drinking/eating, infusion of liquids, cellular metabolism, accidental Dehydration causes - ANSWER diarrhea/ vomiting/ little fluid intake hypotonic hydration causes - ANSWER Excess fluid overload causes of edema - ANSWER increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability fluid output - ANSWER water lost in the body; types: micturition, voiding, sweat, feces, exhaled vapor s/s hypernatremia: FRIED - ANSWER F: fever R: restless I: increased BP E: edema D: decreased urinary output S/S of hyponatremia: SALT LOSS - ANSWER S: stupor/coma A: anorexia, N&V L: lethargy T: tendon reflexes decreased L: limp muscles (weakness) O: orthostatic hypotension S: seizures/headache S: stomach cramping s/s of hyperkalemia: MURDER - ANSWER M: muscle weakness U: urine oliguria or anuria R: respiratory distress D: decreased cardiac contractility E: EKG chagnes (peaked T waves or small P waves) R: reflexes hyper or hypo S&S of hypokalemia - SUCTION - ANSWER S - Skeletal muscle weakness U - wave (electrocardiogram changes) C - constipation T - Toxic effects of digoxin (from hypokalemia) I - irregular, weak pulse O - orthostatic hypotension N - numbness (paresthesia) S/S of Hypercalcemia (rhyme) - ANSWER Groans, Moans, Bones, Stones, and Overtones Groans: constipation Moans: pain - joint aches Bones: loss of calcium from bones, bone metastasis Stones: kidney stones Overtones: psychiatric overtones - depression, confusion S&S hypocalcemia: CATS - ANSWER C - Convulsions A- Arrhythmias T - Tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles) S - Spasms and stridor Hormones that regulate electrolyte levels - ANSWER ADH, Aldosterone, Atrial natriuretic peptide storage/electrolyte balance - ANSWER function of skeletal system: maintain reservoir for calcium and phosphate salts for body fluids-releases them when needed lipids are stored in yellow marrow for energy reserves RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) - ANSWER Renin is released by kidneys in response to decreased blood volume; causes angiotensinogen to split & produce angiotensin I; lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II;