Pathophysiology Exam 1 Rasmussen (100% correct)

passive immunity - ANSWER involves the transfer of plasma containing preformed antibodies against a specific antigen from a protected or immunized person to an unprotected or non-immunized person. (ex: mom to baby) Po ...

passive immunity - ANSWER involves the transfer of plasma containing preformed antibodies against a specific antigen from a protected or immunized person to an unprotected or non-immunized person. (ex: mom to baby) Potassium Value - ANSWER 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Sodium value - ANSWER 135-145 mEq/L Calcium value - ANSWER 9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L Phosphate value - ANSWER 2.5-4.5 mg/dL Magnesium value - ANSWER 1.5-2.5 mEq/L Low or high potassium - ANSWER hypokalemia / hyperkalemia low or high sodium - ANSWER hyponatremia / hypernatremia low or high phosphate - ANSWER hypophophatemia low or high chloride - ANSWER hypochloremia low or high magnesium - ANSWER hypomagnesemia low or high calcium - ANSWER hypocalcemia Pathophysiology - ANSWER the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings Pathology - ANSWER the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids Etiology - ANSWER The study of the causes and origins of disease pathogenesis - ANSWER development or evolution of a disease clinical manifestation - ANSWER signs and symptoms or evidence of disease exacerbation - ANSWER a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a disease or any of its signs and symptom remission - ANSWER decline in severity of symptoms sequela - ANSWER a disorder or condition usually resulting from a previous disease or injury acute - ANSWER sudden onset and short duration chronic - ANSWER long term Primary level of prevention - ANSWER -addresses needs of healthy clients, prevents disease ex: immunization programs, health ed in school, car seat education Secondary level of prevention - ANSWER -conduction activities that help prevent a worsening health status -identifying disease, screening ex: early detection & treatment of type 2 diabetes Tertiary level of prevention - ANSWER -supports optimal functioning -prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability ex: preventing pressure ulcer, promoting independence after brain injury 3 stages of adaptation (GAS) - ANSWER alarm, adaptation/resistance, exhaustion adaptation/resistance stage - ANSWER trying to return to homeotasis, once in this state, bringing them back to normal is risky able to function through adaptation alarm stage - ANSWER fight or flight response reduced resistance to stressors all perfusion to major organs digestion stops Suppressed immune response catecholamines (epi and norepi) adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldostrone) exhaustion stage - ANSWER cannot return to homeostasis, energy sources depleted, disease process sets in and permanent symptoms show up. Fluid excretion from? - ANSWER skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling), bowels, urine (largest amount from urine) Causes of fluid deficits - ANSWER Vomiting, diarrhea what is the electrolyte pool? - ANSWER bone marrow (calcium, magnesium, phosphate) causes of edema - ANSWER increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability Hypokalemia S/S - ANSWER Fatigue Muscle weakness Abd distention, bloating, hypoactive bowels sounds, constipation Dysrhythmias, Flat T waves on ECG Hyperkalemia S/S - ANSWER Muscle weakness, Mild cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea Bradycardia, Dysrhythmias, Tall T waves on ECG, Cardiac arrest Hypocalcemia S/S - ANSWER Diarrhea, Numbness, Tingling of extremities and around mouth, Convulsions, Positive Chvostek sign, Positive Trousseau sign, painful cramps ('charlie horses') Brady, brittle bones, Hypercalcemia S/S - ANSWER Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia, N/V, Polyuria, confusion, increased HR and BP, Dysrhythmias, blood clots form easily, risk for DVT Hyponatremia S/S - ANSWER N/V, hyperactive bowel sounds, Weakness, Lethargy, Confusion, Muscle cramps, Twitching, Seizures, Coma, Death Hypernatremia S/S - ANSWER S = Skin flushed A = Agitation L = Low-grade fever T = Thirst eye twitching Hypophosphatemia S/S - ANSWER ↓Cardiac Output and Contractility Slowed Respirations Weakness ↓DTR ↓Bone Density Irritability/Confusion/Seizures ↓Platelet aggregation ↑Bleeding Immunosupression Hyperphosphatemia S/S - ANSWER Causes hypocalcemia: +Trousseau's and Chvosteks Hypomagnesemia S/S - ANSWER Torsades de Pointes (tornado in the heart) Afib, Vfib, Prolonged QT, flattened T wave, N/T, painful muscle contractions, decreased GI, constipations, nausea, paralytic ileus Hypermagnesemia S/S - ANSWER Brady, hypotension, cardiac arrest, lethargy, coma, resp failure, death Hyperkalemia causes and treatment - ANSWER Causes: ACE inhibitors, kidney failure, multiple blood transfusions, excessive or too rapid IV potassium Treatment: Excrete excess potassium (with drugs), force potassium from ECF back into cells Hypokalemia causes and treatment - ANSWER Causes: Diuretic use, N/V, NPO too long, unbalanced diet, corticosteroids, prolonged ng suctioning, water intoxication Treatment: Replace potassium either IV or PO Hypernatremia causes and treatment - ANSWER Causes: Kidney failure, long term corticosteroid use, excessive sodium intake (diet or IV), watery diarrhea, dehydration Treatment: Hemodialysis for kidney failure, fluid replacement for water loss, diuretics to help rid body of excess fluid and sodium Hyponatremia causes and treatment - ANSWER causes: Diuretic use, excessive sweating, NPO for too long, excessive consumption of water/beer/other hypertonic fluids Treatment: if caused by diuretics, doses of those drugs will need to be changes or discontinued Hypercalcemia causes and treatment - ANSWER Causes: hyperparathyroidism, malignant tumors, kidney failure, excessive calcium or vitamin d supplements, prolonged immobility Treatment: Cardiac monitoring, interventions depend on cause but drug therapy can be used to reduce levels. If caused by diuretics, dosage changed/discontinued Hypocalcemia causes and treatment - ANSWER Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption (from Crohn's or Celiac) immobility, diarrhea, inadequate oral calcium intake Treatment: focus on replacing calcium and/or vitamin D, until corrected keep patients on seizure precautions, in a low stimulus environment Hyperphosphatemia causes and treatment - ANSWER Causes: increased phosphate intake, shift from cells to EFC, decreased phosphate excretion Treatment: Hypophosphatemia causes and treatment - ANSWER Causes: decreased phosphate intake, shift from ECF to cells, increased phosphate excretion. Treatment: Hypermagnesemia causes and treatment - ANSWER Causes: Kidney disease, overuse of magnesium-containing antacids or laxatives, excessive mag intake, IV mag replacement therapy Treatment: If caused by excessive intake, decrease it, if due to kidney failure dialysis is used, if no kidney failure, give IV fluids to dilute, or loop diuretics to help excretion. Hypomagnesemia causes and treatment - ANSWER Causes: Diuretic use, inadequate intake, chronic alcoholism, diarrhea, celiac, crohns, chemo, anti-rejection drugs, mass transfusion Treatment: replacement with mag sulfate, monitor closely to prevent hypermag Chloride value - ANSWER 97-107 mEq/L Which hormones move electrolytes from the pool to the ECF? - ANSWER epinephrine Components of the Immune System - ANSWER (1) skin and mucous membranes; (2) the mononuclear phagocyte system; (3) the lymphoid system, including spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes; and (4) bone marrow. AND B cells; T cells 5 cardinal signs of inflammation - ANSWER heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function active immunity - ANSWER confers a protected state attributable to the body's immune response as a result of active infection or immunization. (ex: immunizations, having the chicken pox) Hormones released during GAS - ANSWER catecholamines (epi and norepi) adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldosterone) endorphines and enkephalins (endogenous opiods, increase pain threshold, produce sedation and euphoria) Immune cytokines (enhance immune system, when prolonged they suppress it) Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) Growth hormone Oxytocin (female "tend+befriend" vs fight or flight) passive transport - ANSWER requires no energy, along the gradient from high concentration to low (ex: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion) active transport - ANSWER requires energy, against the gradient from low concentration to high (ex: endocytosis (entering cell), exocytosis(exiting cell), and protein pumps) osmosis - ANSWER passive transport using pressure, moving from high to low Dehydration (etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment) - ANSWER Causes: vomiting, diarrhea, removal of saline from the body causes extracellular volume deficit and removal of extra water from the body causes hypernatremia, the combination is dehydration. S/S: hard stools, sudden weight loss, rapid pulse, oliguria, prolonged capillary refill time, decreased skin turgor, dry mouth, absence of sweat and tears, confusion, lethargy, thirst Treatment: replenish fluids PO or IV Extracellular fluid content (in relation to bicarb) - ANSWER antimicrobial resistance - ANSWER occurs when pathogens undergo changes that allow them to resist antimicrobials (Ex: MRSA) Inflammation Etiology and S/S - ANSWER pg 169 3 purposes - ANSWER Excessive immune response p1046 - ANSWER classification of antibodies and what theyre responsible for - ANSWER mediators of acute inflammation - ANSWER histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes test measures for inflammation - ANSWER Properties of cancer cell - ANSWER effects of cancer on the body - ANSWER pain weakness immune suppression infection Compartment Syndrome Etiology - ANSWER Causes: decreased compartment size, increased compartment content, or externally applied pressure The 5 P's of compartment syndrome are: - ANSWER pain, paralysis, parasthesia, palor, pulselessness Osteoporosis - ANSWER A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. muscular dystrophy - ANSWER group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness Fibromyalgia - ANSWER chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue myasthenia gravis - ANSWER a chronic AUTOIMMUNE disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles Osteoarthritis - ANSWER a degenerative joint disease in which the cartilage covering the surface of bone becomes thinner and rougher (noninflammatory) rheumatoid arthritis - ANSWER a chronic AUTOIMMUNE disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked Psoriatic arthritis - ANSWER An inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis of the skin Herpes - ANSWER A viral infection causing small painful blisters and inflammation, most commonly at the junction of skin and mucous membrane in the mouth or nose or in the genitals (1 above waist, 2 below) Goes dormant and can come back as shingles. Gout - ANSWER hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints atopic dermatitis - ANSWER Excess inflammation; dry skin, redness, and itching from allergies and irritants. (eczema) osteocarcoma - ANSWER a malignant tumor of the bone and is most common in the mandible. Carcinogenesis - ANSWER 1. Initiation (DNA damage/mutation) 2. Promotion (proliferation/growth promoters) 3. Progression (development of cancerous phenotype) 7 warning signs of cancer - ANSWER (CAUTION) Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness