What is gastritis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Ingestion of irritating substa
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What is gastritis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
What is GERD? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic stomach acid that comes up.
What are the causes of GERD? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Any condition or agent that alters closure of the lower esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
What are complications of GERD? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS clostridium difficile, exposure to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if severe
How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS wearing appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and water only
What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection
How do we assess for appendicitis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS previous surgery of the intestines with adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
What is a functional bowel obstruction? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS a problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the SNS stimulation.
What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception
What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
Explain what jaundice is? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
Where can you find jaundice on assessment? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS eyes, skin, and mouth
Explain what ascites is? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and psychotic symptoms common along with jerking
What is another name for end stage liver disease? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS cirrhosis
What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS sudden pain in the RUQ/ center of the abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and vomiting.
Why do gallstones occur? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS due to often a blockage of a duct from a cholesterol filled stone
What are the three stages of gallstone formation? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility
Explain supersaturation phase - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing precipitation of cholesterol
Explain nucleation phase - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS the bile crystals begin to stick together and become larger stones
Explain hypo motility phase - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow more
What are some of the risk factors for gallstones? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen, obesity
What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS steady and dull pain in the center or LUQ of abdomen, severe tenderness on palpation that radiates to the back, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distention with hypoactive bowel sounds, low grade fevers
What are the causes of pancreatitis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS alcoholism is most causes, biliary tract disease where the enzymes attack the pancreas, hypertriglyceridemia
What are the three function of the kidneys - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS excretion, elimination, regulation
Explain what excretion is? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS removal of organic waste products from body fluids
Explain what elimination is? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS discharge of the waste products from the body
Explain what regulation is? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS regulating blood volume, ion concentration, blood pH and nutrients
What are signs and symptoms indicating one may have a renal disorder? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS pain in the back flank area that is felt at the CVA angle on percussion, tenderness, abnormal urinalysis findings
What types of things are abnormal regarding urinalysis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS dark, strong smelling urine, bacteria in the urine, cloudy urine, ketones or glucose or proteins in the urine, blood in the urine (except during menses)
What is polycystic kidney disease? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS an inherited condition of the kidney resulting in one having fluid filled cysts on one or both kidneys. if left untreated renal failure with need for dialysis or kidney transplant occurring
What causes polycystic kidney disease? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS it is inherited genetically
What are the types of polycystic kidney disease? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS autosomal recessive and dominant
What is a nephron(s)? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS they are in the kidney and helps to filter blood and remove waste products
How many nephrons do the kidneys have? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS 1-2 million
What is hematuria? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS blood found in the urine not due to menstruation
What is proteinuria? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS protein found in the urine
What does it mean when one has ketones in their urine? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS they have type 1 diabetes
What is nephrolithiasis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS kidney stones that obstruct the ureters and kidneys that cause lots of pained urinary stasis
What is another term for kidney stones? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS renal calculi
What are kidney stones made up of? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS calcium deposits and uric acid
What is pyelonephritis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS infected and inflamed kidneys
What causes pyelonephritis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS e.coli from the lower urinary tract that ascends
What are the signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS CVA
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