Pharmacology Proctored ATI Study Guide
Chapter 1: Pharmacokinetics and Routes of Administration
• Absorption
Route of admin affects the rate and amount of absorption
o Oral:
GI pH and emptying time
...
Pharmacology Proctored ATI Study Guide
Chapter 1: Pharmacokinetics and Routes of Administration
• Absorption
Route of admin affects the rate and amount of absorption
o Oral:
GI pH and emptying time
Presence of food in the stomach or intestines
Form of meds (liquid/XR)
o Sublingual/buccal
Quick absorption systemically through highly vascular mucous
membranes
o Inhalation via mouth/nose
Rapid absorption through alveolar capillary networks
o Intradermal, topical
Slow, gradual absorption
o SQ/IM
Highly soluble meds have rapid absorption (10-30min), poorly soluble
have slower absorption
Blood perfusion at site of injection affect absorption
o IV
Immediate and complete
• Distribution
o Transportation of meds to sites of action by body fluids
o Plasma binding protein: meds compete for protein binding sites within
bloodstream, primarily albumin. The ability of med to bind to protein can affect
how much med will leave and travel to target tissues.
• Metabolism
o Primarily occurs in the liver but can take place in the kidney
o Factors that influence metabolism:
Age (infants/older adults require smaller doses)
First pass effect: liver inactivates some meds on first pass through and
thus require sublingual or IV route (may need higher dose)
• Excretion:
o Eliminated through the kidneys.
o Kidney dysfunction can result in elevated levels of medications.
• Med Response
o Maintain plasma levels between minimum effective concentration and the toxic
concentration:
• Therapeutic index (TI)
o High TI has a wide safety margin.
o Low TI requires monitoring of serum levels.
o Tough levels: obtain immediately before next dose.
• Half-life:
o Time it takes a medication level to drop in the body by 50%.
o Short vs long half-life: long half-life has greater risk for med accumulation in
body.
• Agonist: enhance
• Antagonist: blocks
• Routes of admin:
o Oral/Enteral:
90 degrees upright
do not mix with large amounts of food
lean chin in to help facilitate swallowing
o Sublingual/buccal
Keep med in place until completely dissolved
o Transdermal
Wash skin with soap and water then dry it thoroughly before placing
patch. Place patch on hairless area and rotate sites to prevent irritation.
o Drops:
Place drop in center of sac.
Avoid placing directly on cornea.
If blink repeat process.
Apply gentle pressure with finger and a clean facial tissue on the
nasolacrimal duct for 30-60 seconds to prevent systemic absorption.
o Ears:
Have client lay on unaffected side.
Up and out for adults
Down and back for children
o Inhalation:
MDI
• Shake vigorously 5-6 times
• Take a deep breath and then exhale
• Slow deep breath for 3-5 seconds from MDI
• Hold breath for 10 seconds after
DPI
• DO NOT SHAKE DEVICE
• Place mouthpiece between lips and take a deep breath
• Hold breath for 5-10 seconds
o NG/Gastrostomy tubes
To prevent clogging flush tube before and after each med with 15-30ml
of warm sterile water.
o Suppositories:
Left lateral sims position.
Insert beyond internal sphincter
Remain flat or left lateral for 5 min after insertion.