APHG: AP Exam Review, All Units

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Globalization - ANSWER The spreading and strengthening of connections between different areas, through which money, information, ideas, and people travel / diffuse International Trading Blocs - ANS ... WER Trade agreements between different states that encourage the flow of capital by lowering tariff and redistributing jobs (labor intensive in peripheral, R&D in core) EU - ANSWER European Union, a trade agreement kept between most countries of Europe NAFTA - ANSWER North American Free Trade Agreement, a trade agreement kept between Mexico, Canada, and USA Free Trade: Main Advantages - ANSWER - Competition: competition keeps prices low, quality of products high, and creates pressure for new ideas - Interdependence: because countries are interacting with each other, dependency is created, which in turn causes profits for both and lower risk of conflicts resulting in war - Economic Growth: easy flow of capital around world develops peripheral countries by sparking industrialization (breaking poverty cycle) - Introduction of Technology: free trade allows diffusing of different innovations, which in turn increase productivity thus increasing GNP Free Trade: Main Disadvantages - ANSWER - Dependency on Few Products: if the few products produced by countries are produced better somewhere else or fall in demand, then that country's economy will be hurt. Additionally, if a disaster happened (trade being cut off), then those few products will be the ones available to that country - Environment: more industrial activity, from necessity to keep up with global market, could risk a clean environment - Cultural Imperialism: traditional cultures could be changed from the flow of information with increased activity (French try to protect their culture) Import Substitution - ANSWER Producing products at the local level, rather than importing them Neocolonialism - ANSWER A form of colonialism utilizing money to gain control or have influence over countries, rather than military or firepower Basic Industry - ANSWER An industry that sells to foreigners (non-local customers) Non-Basic Industry - ANSWER An industry that sells to locals, usually tertiary Multiplier Effect - ANSWER For every basic job created in a country, 2-3 non-basic jobs appear Outsourcing's Effect: Economic Restructuring - ANSWER Because many actions are done outside a country by a third party company (outsourcing) in core countries, the types of jobs change International Distribution of Labor - ANSWER Core countries do most of the research and development, which peripheral countries do the most labor intensive jobs. Semi-periphery do a mix of both Maquiladoras - ANSWER Factories in Mexico owned by foreign companies, such as US, where labor intensive actions are done for wages, creating more job opportunities Special Economic Zones - ANSWER Areas of a country with specific economic regulations, such as lower taxes, in order to attract businesses, promote economic activity, and appeal to outsourcing companies Export Processing Zones - ANSWER Areas, usually of the periphery, where tariffs are very reduced or not in place at all, encouraging more trade Free Trade Zones - ANSWER Areas of a country (usually near waterways) in which trading is free and intervention is gone Circular Cumulative Causation - ANSWER The idea that a single significant economic event can have multiple effects, which can effect different areas of the world positively and others negatively. These effects can play huge roles in how developed countries or regions of the world are in the future (such as how Africa was exploited by Europe during Industrial Revolution, causing a bad quality of life and lots of primary jobs in most of Africa, which still continues today) Complementary and Comparative Advantage - ANSWER A theory (David Ricardo) stating that it is beneficial for countries to specialize in select goods, so they can produce them more efficiently and at a lower price, so the global market will favor their product. The main product(s) a country should produce is usually based off of their access to the certain materials required and the certain kind of work force needed First Mover Advantage - ANSWER The advantage given to one who first creates a product, starts something first, has a certain idea first, etc. An example of this is how England first started industrializing and had a huge advantage over those who hadn't Secondary Hearths - ANSWER Places of the world where a product, revolution, idea, etc. didn't originate but where contribution to or manifestation of that product / revolution / idea is very significant. With industrialization, England is a primary hearth, but east US is ________ (due to their contribution to industry and high industrial activity) Primary Industrial Regions - ANSWER Places of the world where industry is the most prominent, usually located near raw materials, such as west Europe, East USA, Ukraine, and Japan Secondary Industrial Regions - ANSWER Places of the world where industry first started to come about later or after the Industrial Revolution, mostly during the mid-late 20th century, such as India, Brazil, Mexico, and Australia Four Tigers - ANSWER Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea. These four countries developed a lot during 1960-1970 and are popular places to outsource / offshore to because of cheaper labor Hinterland - ANSWER 1. (general) A functional economic area with 3 significant attributes: the ability to produce a product, transport it to a port / waterway, and ship it from that waterway elsewhere 2. (of urban geography) The full economic reach of a settlement (town, city, village, etc.) Global Financial Crisis - ANSWER Huge negative effects on the global economy, typically incited or catalyzed by a crisis in a core country, such as the Great Depression Imbalances in Production Patterns - ANSWER Core consumes a lot more energy and leaves a lot more waste than periphery and semi-periphery countries Fordist Production - ANSWER A method of mass producing a product in which many people do a small task on an assembly line to create the product Post-Fordist Production - ANSWER A newer method of mass producing a product (replacing fordist production) in which a smaller set of more skilled workers work to complete a smaller set of a more specialized product Post-Industrial Economy - ANSWER The similar economic employment very developed countries have, where the tertiary sector dominates the economic activity in a country Disaggregation of Labor - ANSWER The acquiring of parts for a product from separate sources, rather than the older practice of acquiring parts all from the same or similar place Comparative Advantage - ANSWER Areas tend to specialize, or aim to specialize, in producing a certain good most effectively and efficiently, thus to earn the favor of the global market Multinational / Transnational Corporations - ANSWER Corporations selling their product and operating in 2 or more national economies, such as McDonalds (some in US, some in China, some in UK, etc.) World Cities - ANSWER Major cities that connect, strongly influence, and prominently interact with the global economy, such as New York or Beijing Time-Space Convergence / Compression - ANSWER The seeming decrease of the world's size (although not physically) due to technological innovations in transportation, communication, etc., making actions that might have taken decades a time ago take seconds today International Division of Labor - ANSWER The world's core countries do most of the research and development, while the semi-periphery does a lot of manufacturing. The periphery does lots of the labor-intensive work and primary activities Global Supply Chain - ANSWER The continuous economic activity on a global scale, including buying goods, selling goods, trade, etc. Commodity Chain - ANSWER All the steps taken to produce a given product, from the extraction of its basic materials to the delivering of that particular product to be sold at stores to the market Spatial Fix - ANSWER The movement of the location at which a product is produced, typically due to advantages in producing the product such as cost Node - ANSWER Any connection point in the global economy, into / out of which goods, ideas, and labor flow Intermodal Connections - ANSWER Places at which different modes of transportation (e.g. truck and ship) meet, creating a smooth transition between the transportation types of a good, thus insuring it (the product) arrives at its destination safely and in a timely manner Economies of Scale - ANSWER A conditional economic trend, stating that as the supply of a product increases the cost decreases Spillover Effect - ANSWER The positive or negative effect that comes from a change in a developed industry / region / country yielding a similar change to any entity connected to it. For example, if a busy port in the US closes, any other ports connected to it wouldn't receive or be able to send their regular amount of products to / from US Vertical Integration - ANSWER The controlling / owning of certain industries or businesses part of a commodity chain by a corporation Just-In-Time Production - ANSWER The shipping of parts to an assembly line from other places just as they are needed, so to conserve space in a production facility, thus creating more output. Deindustrialization of the Core - ANSWER Industrialization is becoming less prominent in the core because of outsourcing and offshoring Rise in Manufacturing in NIC's - ANSWER Because of outsourcing and offshoring, NIC's have lots of manufacturing Structural Change - ANSWER The change in the sectoral activity and employment in a countries economy Cyclical Change - ANSWER The economic cycle countries go through, full of positive and negative fluctuations, such as inflation or depression, currency value gain or loss, etc. Foreign Direct Investment - ANSWER Activities by transnational corporations (i.e. those which operate in different national economies) that include producing a factory in another country, buying a business in another country to assist with the production of a product, and many other multinational interactions Growth Pole - ANSWER A very significant location that has clearly benefitted or benefits from the many positives agglomeration and the spillover effect, capable of or growing rapidly, such as Silicon Valley Sun Belt - ANSWER The southern part of the US, growing rapidly for economic reasons such as lower number of unions Rust Belt - ANSWER The (mainly) northeastern part of US that once had lots of industry, now "rusting" because of deindustrialization Local Initiatives for Economic Development - ANSWER Economic development at this level is concentrated at improving a specific production / activity, for example Austin is very concentrated towards entertainment Regional Initiatives for Economic Development - ANSWER Economic development at this level is concentrated on improving general development through lower taxes, lowering cost of starting business, etc. National Initiatives for Economic Development - ANSWER Some countries may want to preserve their local products by initiatives such as lowering tariffs, while other countries welcome economic development and globalization by initiatives such as lowering tariffs International Initiatives for Economic Development - ANSWER Multinational alliances and trade agreements are initiatives that improve economic development among member countries Sustainable Development - ANSWER The act of taking the most from resources to meet economic needs without depleting the resources from future generations Industrial Revolution - ANSWER A period of rapid industrialization, more new technology, and expansion of economy starting in the 18th century in Britain, diffusing from there to east Europe mostly along natural resources Industrialization: New Technologies - ANSWER Different inventions such as railroads, mechanized textile process, and the steam engine Industrialization: Coal - ANSWER People clustered around this, because lots of new technology needed it to function Industrialization: Water - ANSWER Powered water pumps and wheels, so industries using that particular technology needed to be concentrated around this Diffusion of Industrialization - ANSWER Britain---> East Europe (around coal) Diffusion of Industrialization: Populations - ANSWER People started to move to industrialized cities for jobs, causing rapid urbanization and population growth Diffusion of Industrialization: Black Country - ANSWER Hearths of industrial revolution appeared around coal Diffusion of Industrialization: Increased Food Supplies - ANSWER Lots more food can be made from tech of the 2nd agricultural revolution, so workers can come out of agriculture and into factory work Effects of Increased Industrialization - ANSWER Higher demand for materials (fuel, iron to smelt, etc.), looking for other markets (from surplus product created, to earn money), and colonialism/imperialism (exploiting for resources) Primary Sector of Economic Activity - ANSWER Extracting of resources from natural environment, need to be near resources (mostly in LCDs) Secondary Sector of Economic Activity - ANSWER Adding of value to yields from primary economic activity, such as smelting raw ore, needs access to primary extractors Tertiary Sector of Economic Activity - ANSWER Services such as teaching, more present in developed countries, need to be near a suitable market (teachers: students) Quaternary Sector of Economic Activity - ANSWER Action involved with research, analyzing, information, etc. "white collar" jobs, need access to good work force and communication and infrastructure Quinary (sub)Sector of Economic Activity - ANSWER Subcategory of quaternary economic activity, research, high level decision making, need access to people of similar skills Alfred Weber's Model of Industrial Location - ANSWER A model explaining the locations of secondary economic activities, showing that they are situated based on (mainly) transportation and labor costs, and agglomeration (makes an area more attractive to other businesses from similar workforces). This model, quite exclusively at its time, takes into account not only the regular factors of location (energy, transport, labor) but the weight of products Friction of Distance - ANSWER Products require more money, labor, etc. to be transported as the distance increases Substitution Principle - ANSWER Different costs for producing products can be swapped if one factor is low enough (while other(s) rise) to allow zero net change in cost or net decrease in cost. For example, a business could be located very close to the market so transportation costs are low, but in that area labor is costly. If that business is relocated further away to where labor is much cheaper but transportation costs more, then the cost of producing could be unaffected or even lowered Most Significant Criticisms to Alfred Weber's Theory - ANSWER - Transportation costs are becoming a lesser determinant of location (new technology) - Labor may require a degree of skill, therefor not ubiquitous - Perfect competition isn't common, government intervenes with business - Uneven land Factors of Industrial Location: Resources - ANSWER Certain industries have to have access to their resources, especially if they're heavy Factors of Industrial Location: Bulk Reducing Industries - ANSWER These must be near primary industries, as product weight is high before processing Factors of Industrial Location: Power - ANSWER Industries will gather where this is cheaper (20% of the cost of producing aluminum is based on this!) Factors of Industrial Location: Labor - ANSWER A skilled but cheap work force attracts businesses Factors of Industrial Location: Market Oriented Industries - ANSWER If products are perishable, heavy, (usually) services then they must be near the market Factors of Industrial Location: Bulk Gaining Industries - ANSWER Because weight is added, transportation cost increases after processing, so these must be near the market (ex: soda bottling factories are near the market because weight is added) Factors of Industrial Location: Transportation: Break-of-Bulk Points - ANSWER Places where the mode of transportation is changed and from which goods are distributed into many different locations, such as a port where trucks drop off goods (those goods are put onto ships and brought to different places). Industries like to be near these so transportation costs less Transportation: Ship - ANSWER The least costly transportation option over large distances (sea), but slow Transportation: Rail - ANSWER The least costly transportation over medium distances (land) Transportation: Truck - ANSWER The least costly transportation over short distances (land) Transportation: Airplane - ANSWER The mostly costly transportation over long distances, but very fast (for light, high-value goods) Factors of Industrial Location: Containerized Shipping - ANSWER This has decreased transportation overseas by 90%, most industries use this to move goods, so industries that typically ship overseas are located near these Factors of Industrial Location: Infrastructure - ANSWER Places with good infrastructure already in place are very attractive for businesses Factors of Industrial Location: Agglomeration - ANSWER Similar businesses cluster together because of similar workforce, similar calculations on the best place to locate their business, or because they know another business has done calculations on an optimal location Factors of Industrial Location: Environment - ANSWER Different businesses require certain environments, one wouldn't locate a water park on top of Mt. Everest. Some locations attract more customers because they're in an area with a nicer climate Footloose Industries - ANSWER Industries, usually based on technology, that don't require an optimal location. Ex: over-the-phone customer service doesn't need to be near a market, as phone signals can be transmitted over long distances easily (as long as there is good digital infrastructure) Amenity Sites - ANSWER Sites which have attractive characteristics, attracting more workers/ customers, not completely essential to industrial location Outsourcing - ANSWER The obtaining of different items through a third party company, can be out of country or inside country Offshoring - ANSWER The strategic locating of different aspects of a business outside of a country for cheaper labor, access to resources, etc. Hotelling Model - ANSWER A model describing the phenomenon of similar businesses being clustered together. This is commonly used in describing how 2 ice-cream vendors would end up right next to each other on a beach (start far apart, but in time relocate to right next to each other because that is the most favorable site, attracting the most customers) Cottage Industry - ANSWER A business running within one's home or village Social Indicators of Development - ANSWER Indicators of development including healthcare accessibility, education, infant mortality rate, etc. Economic Indicators of Development - ANSWER Indicators of development including GNP, GDP, income distribution, etc. GNI (Gross National Income) - ANSWER The total money produced by every resident of a given country, both foreign and not foreign GNP (Gross National Product) - ANSWER The total value of products created by a given country, within or outside GDP (Gross Domestic Product) - ANSWER The total money created within a given country, not outside (things like offshoring don't count towards this) GNI per Capita - ANSWER The average amount of money earned per residents of a country, both foreign and not foreign GDP per Capita - ANSWER The average amount of money earned per residents of a country (residents must only be in the country, not foreign residents earning money from offshoring or other factors) Sectoral Structures of an Economy - ANSWER The employment rates/ percentages of a given country's population in the different sectors of economy (higher primary in developing, quickly rising secondary in industrializing, and higher tertiary in postindustrial) Income Distribution - ANSWER A indicator of development, typically measured by the GINI Index, that measures the gap of income between the rich and the poor. Larger gap --> larger number on GINI Index; no gap --> 0 on GINI Index ("rich" and "poor" at 0 will be making the exact same amount of money) Fertility Rate - ANSWER The rate of birth, higher *per person* in less developed countries and lower *per person* in more developed countries Infant Mortality Rates - ANSWER The rate of infant death, usually higher chance/ rate per child in less developed countries and a lower chance/ rate per child in more developed countries, due mainly to access of healthcare Healthcare (Access) - ANSWER More developed countries have a higher access to this, while less developed countries have a lower one, causing high infant mortality rate, and lower average life expectancy Literacy Rates - ANSWER The ratio of total people in a country to the number of literate people in a country, higher with more developed countries Gender Equality Index - ANSWER Women tend to have more rights in more developed countries Measures of Gender Inequality: Reproductive Health - ANSWER Women in more developed countries have better reproductive health Measures of Gender Inequality: Indices of Empowerment - ANSWER Women tend to have more power in decision making in more developed countries Measures of Gender Inequality: Labor-Market Participation - ANSWER Women tend to have more jobs and opportunities in more developed countries Human Development Index (HDI) - ANSWER An index measuring development life based on a given country's GNP, life expectancy, mean years of schooling, and expected years of schooling Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) - ANSWER An index measuring the quality of life in a country based on a given country's infant mortality rate, life expectancy, and (basic) literacy rate Cycle of Poverty - ANSWER A cycle describing how less developed countries say less developed: 1. Undeveloped countries have little money (little savings and investment) 2. Because they have no money, they can't buy necessary capital resources (limited capital resources) 3. The products produced are low in quantity and/ or low in quality (low productivity) 4. Little money is made from low quantity/ low quality of products (low per capita GNP) (Back to step 1) LCD - ANSWER Less developed country NIC - ANSWER Newly industrialized country MDC - ANSWER More developed country North/ South Split - ANSWER More developed countries are typically in the north while less developed countries are typically in the south Fast World - ANSWER Regions of the world, typically the most developed, that are very connected to the rest of the world because of their technological and transportation advantages Slow World - ANSWER Regions of the world, typically the less developed parts, that don't have proper technology or digital infrastructure to transport/ communicate information like the fast world does First World - ANSWER The regions of the world, such as US or Japan, that have an advanced postindustrial society with lots of tertiary economic activity Second World - ANSWER Communist countries where economy is planned Third World - ANSWER The regions of the world, such as Uganda, that are developing or undeveloped with a very low quality of life Fourth World - ANSWER Third world countries, such as Haiti, that have experienced a terrible disaster Transition Economy - ANSWER An economy moving from a communist (planned) economy to capitalist (free market) economy Formal Economy - ANSWER Trade/ buying/ selling recorded by the government or taxed Informal Economy - ANSWER Trading, random (untaxed) services (carrying luggage), and other economic interaction not recorded or taxed by the government, more prominent in less developed countries UN Millennium Development Goals - ANSWER 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education 3. Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women 4. Reduce Child Mortality 5. Improve Maternal Health 6. Combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Global Partnership for Development Microcredit - ANSWER A lend of a small loan to help start a business Rowstow's Stages of Economic Growth: Traditional Society (1) - ANSWER A very simple, undeveloped state of economic growth in which most of the employment is in agriculture. Agriculture produces low yield, usually only enough to feed the producers Rowstow's Stages of Economic Growth: Transitional Stage/ Preconditions to Takeoff (2) - ANSWER Jobs start to differ from solely agriculture, infrastructure starts to improve and trading to other countries starts with mainly primary goods Rowstow's Stages of Economic Growth: Takeoff (3) - ANSWER Industrialization starts and secondary economic activity raises significantly. More money in cycle starts to create more opportunities to invest into better capital Rowstow's Stages of Economic Growth: Drive to Maturity (4) - ANSWER Increased diversification and technological innovation creates a country producing many products, lowering need for imports Rowstow's Stages of Economic Growth: Mass Consumption (5) - ANSWER Postindustrial, a country's economy leans toward selling to consumers as tertiary sector activity rises Liberal Models of Development Similarities - ANSWER Most liberal models assume that countries will develop in the same way and that economic disasters are short-term/ temporary and are fixed overtime Liberal Models of Development: Modernization Theory - ANSWER A liberal model describing that developing countries will grow along a specific path if they are allowed to interact with developed countries, as wealth from developed countries will trickle down Structural Models of Development: Dependency Theory - ANSWER A structuralist model describing that MDCs will develop more as dependent citizens of periphery countries move to them. Because the more skilled workers of periphery countries is moving from the periphery countries, the periphery countries become more poor as the richer countries benefit more Structural Models of Development: Dependency Theory: Backwash - ANSWER The negative effect (negative to the periphery) of the moving working class from periphery to the more developed countries, as described by the dependency theory Structural Models of Development: Dependency Theory: Spread Effect - ANSWER The positive effect (positive to core) of the moving working class from the periphery to the more developed countries, as described by the dependency theory, and partially the spread of wealth back to the periphery from the core Neoliberal Counterrevolution - ANSWER A revolution in which people argued that value to the economy comes from business and not the government (a trust in the market, not the government) Sustainable Development - ANSWER The act of taking the most from resources to meet economic needs without depleting the resources from future generations Wallerstien's World System Theory: Core-Periphery Model - ANSWER An aspect of Wallerstien's Theory describing the interaction of the world's core regions, semi-periphery regions, and periphery regions, describing how the core and periphery can be dependent on each other in different ways Core - ANSWER The most developed regions of the world with advanced technology, educated population, usually a postindustrial economy, advanced infrastructure, etc. Semi-Periphery - ANSWER The newly industrializing regions of the world with OK technology, a somewhat literate population, moderate infrastructure, etc. Periphery - ANSWER The developing regions of the world with little to no technology, lower work force skill and literacy, and a dependence on core countries Technology and Economics of Scale in Agriculture - ANSWER The more of a unit is produced, the lower price the market has to pay for that unit Mechanization of Agriculture - ANSWER Making agriculture very efficient, high investment cost but very high yield. One farmer can harvest tons of land that would usually take multiple farmers Agricultural Industrialization: Feedlots - ANSWER Big intensive lots where animals are raised for profit before being sold Luxury Crops - ANSWER High value crops, not part of regular diet (such as coffee) Cattle Ranching/ Livestock Ranching - ANSWER Extensive method in areas usually too intense for crop agriculture Mediterranean Cropping/ Agriculture - ANSWER Highly specialized crops can be produced in favorable Mediterranean climate, such as olives Market Gardening - ANSWER Small intensive farms selling items locally Truck Farms - ANSWER Usually sell fruit, commercial, and transport crops long distances in trucks that are often refrigerated Horticulture - ANSWER Producing specialty crops, such as medicinal herbs, nuts, on a professional level, intensive, commercial Aquaculture - ANSWER Fish farming Commercial Agriculture - ANSWER Large scale farming, usually intensive, to create lots of yield to be sold almost entirely for profit Commercial Agriculture's Effect on Small Family Farms - ANSWER Since commercial agriculture produces a lot of a unit of crop, family farms that produce that same crop in smaller quantities don't have enough money to support themselves (high availability of that crop lowers its value) Commercial Agriculture's Effect on Cultivation Regions - ANSWER Causing a shift towards multi-cropping, versus monoculture (previously) for higher yield of crops, lower variation of different crops from producing lots of the staple crops, soil is poisoned from overuse of herbicides and fertilizers Commodity Chains - ANSWER A network of all the steps needed to sell a crop to a consumer, starting with acquiring the resource, and ending with selling it at a shop Vertical Organization - ANSWER Organizing of agriculture so it involves all 4 sectors of economic activity, agribusiness is a big cause of this Global Supply Chain - ANSWER The network of constant buying and selling of agricultural yields Political System's Effect on Global Supply Chain - ANSWER Nobody wants to trade with a mean country (aggressive, at war already) Infrastructure's Effect on Global Supply Chain - ANSWER More infrastructure---> better transportation---> more activity in global supply chain 3rd Agricultural Revolution - ANSWER 3 phases: mechanization (using advanced tractors and mechanical harvesters, e.g.), chemical farming (special fertilizers, herbicides), widespread manufacturing (commercial manufacturing everywhere) Green Revolution - ANSWER Occurred in late 1960s, a big change in normal agriculture from the creation of high yield seeds, mostly wheat High Yield Seeds (HYV's) - ANSWER Special seeds used for very intensive and commercial agricultural practices, caused reduced variety of plants in the market, people are differing to all commercial agriculture and using those seeds Hybrid Seeds - ANSWER Mixing different seeds to make crops which have characteristic of both of the derivative seeds. Since the second generation can't mate because they aren't of the same species (BIO), farmers rely on producers for seeds Increased Chemical and Mechanized Farming is from... - ANSWER ...diffusion Positives of Green Revolution - ANSWER Lots more food for growing population, reduction of world hunger Negatives of Green Revolution - ANSWER Damage to environment, cost of infrastructure, lowering variation of crops Humid Equatorial - ANSWER Practices mainly shifting cultivation and some nomadic herding and subsitance farming. Typically the main producer of sugar, coffee, and beans because of the warm temperature and high precipitation Dry - ANSWER Practices little farming (if anything, commercial grain farming), lots of nomadic herding and livestock ranching. The commercial grain produced is typically wheat Humid Temperate - ANSWER Practices mixed livestock/crop farming, commercial grain, dairy, and subsistence farming. Main crops produced are corn/maize and rice in theses warm medium-high precipitation areas Mediterranean - ANSWER Around the Mediterranean area and California, producing citrus, grapes, and olives in these moderately warm precipitation areas Humid/Cold Middle Latitude - ANSWER Places have lots of dairy with some commercial grain farming, very cold areas Cold Polar Climate - ANSWER Very cold areas with hardly anything but nomadic herding Highland Climate - ANSWER Cooler high elevation areas with little cultivation, but with livestock ranching and nomadic herding Primary Category of Economic Activity - ANSWER Extracting of resources from natural environment, need to be near resources Secondary Category of Economic Activity - ANSWER Adding of value to yields from primary economic activity, such as smelting raw ore, needs access to primary resources Tertiary Category of Economic Activity - ANSWER Services such as teaching, more present in developed countries, need to be near a suitable market (teachers: students) Quaternary Category of Economic Activity - ANSWER Action involved with research, analyzing, information, etc. "white collar" jobs, need access to good work force and communication and infrastructure Quinary Category of Economic Activity - ANSWER Subcategory of quaternary economic activity, research, high level decision making, need access to people of similar skills Agriculture - ANSWER Direct modification of land for food (can also mean harvesting of animals for wool or meat) Agrarian - ANSWER Describing dependence on agriculture for a sustainable way of life First Agricultural Revolution - ANSWER The creation of agriculture/ the first cultivation of land for crops, started in the Fertile Crescent 12,000 years ago Root Crops - ANSWER First started 14,000 years ago in southeast Asia, using of roots or parts of plants to create more plants Seed Crops - ANSWER First started 12,000 years ago in southwest Asia, using seeds from plants to create more plants Hunting and Gathering - ANSWER An old practice where women collect nuts, berries, etc. and men hunt. It is thought that agriculture started when hunters or gatherers dropped food and that food grew into more food Hearth of Rice - ANSWER East Asia Hearth of Sorghum - ANSWER Central Africa Hearth of Beans - ANSWER Mexico Hearth of Cotten - ANSWER Mexico Hearth of Potatoes - ANSWER Peru Hearth of Domesticated Goats - ANSWER Fertile Crescent Hearth of Domesticated Sheep - ANSWER Anatolia (Turkey) Hearth of Domesticated Pigs - ANSWER Anatolia (Turkey) Hearth of Domesticated Chickens - ANSWER East Asia Major Plant Domestication Hearths - ANSWER SE Asia, SW Asia, Central America, Meso-America, West Africa Diffusion of Plants and Animals: Columbian Exchange - ANSWER The transferring of horses, different cash crops, and diseases Intensive Agriculture - ANSWER Agriculture using high labor and capital with lots of yield per unit of land Intensive Agriculture: Market Gardening - ANSWER Compact intensive farms near urban areas which typically supply food to markets Intensive Agriculture: Plantation Agriculture - ANSWER Big, compact, often commercial fields used to raise crops Intensive Agriculture: Mixed Crop/ Livestock Systems - ANSWER Multiple crops per unit of farming or multiple kinds of livestock per unit of area Extensive Agriculture: Shifting Cultivation - ANSWER Cutting/burning/clearing of land to make room for a farmer to grow crops. Because of soil ridded from nutrients of previously thriving wildlife crop yield is limited and field cannot be used many times (creating a need to shift field to field) Extensive Agriculture: Nomadic Herding - ANSWER Moving of livestock over very large space (most extensive of extensive agriculture) to find grazing land Extensive Agriculture: Ranching - ANSWER Some animals in lots of land Commercial Agriculture - ANSWER Lots of yield, used almost entirely if not entirely for monetary gain from selling, usually intensive Subsistance Agriculture: Slash and Burn Agriculture/ Shifting Agriculture/ Swidden/ Milpa/ Patch Agriculture - ANSWER A type of extensive agriculture applied in the same way as shifting agriculture but to yield enough to supply one and their family (if any) Subsistance Agriculture: Pastoral Nomadism - ANSWER Nomadic herding (nomadic herding of extensive farming, where livestock is moved around to find grazing land in a random manner) Subsistance Agriculture: Transhumance - ANSWER Regulated nomadic herding, usually to the mountains during the summer and to the lowlands during the winter Second Agricultural Revolution - ANSWER The agricultural revolution needed for the industrial revolution to occur, technology in agriculture improved allowing surplus for people working in factories (began late middle ages) Second Agricultural Revolution: Crop Rotation - ANSWER Moving crops from field to field, allowing steady and reliable production of crops while other fields cooled down Second Agricultural Revolution: Horse Collar - ANSWER Ability for horses to plow, rather than oxen (horses are better) Second Agricultural Revolution: Enclosure System/ Act - ANSWER Increased the individual farmers, allowing more surplus and high rate of industrialization (surplus feeding people in factories) Effects of Industrial Revolution - ANSWER Allowed for sustaining of trends which started the second agricultural revolution, inventing of farming machines like tractors, even more commercial farming Climate's Influence on Agricultural Regions - ANSWER Regions with certain climates (e.g. no dry season) are better for certain crops Soil's Influence on Agricultural Regions - ANSWER Better, more fertile soils are better for growing things Landforms' Influence on Agricultural Regions - ANSWER Mountains/highlands don't have as good of a potential for growing crops Alteration of Landscape: Environmental Modification - ANSWER The environment usually needs to be modified to raise food Alteration of Landscape: Terraces - ANSWER Flat layers used for planting crops, usually in hilly areas Alteration of Landscape: Irrigation - ANSWER Bringing water to where it is unattainable naturally Alteration of Landscape: Deforestation - ANSWER Clearing of forests Alteration of Landscape: Draining Wetlands - ANSWER Draining of lakes and other bodies of water to clear for farming land Alteration of Landscape: Double Cropping - ANSWER Planting 2 of the same crops per field to harvest Alteration of Landscape: Intertillage - ANSWER A form of double cropping in which a different crop is planted between the rows of another Debt for Nature Swap - ANSWER If a country is in debt, debt could be reduced by the country it owes money to if the country in debt preserves natural area Sustainable Yield - ANSWER Taking a certain amount from nature so that the ecosystem can grow back Alteration of Landscape: Monoculture - ANSWER Planting of one crop, usually intensive for commercial use, typically evident in undeveloped countries/periphery Alteration of Landscape: Desertification - ANSWER Making a landscape seem more like a desert from overgrazing, overplanting, etc. Building Materials - ANSWER Housing is made from what is available [Show More]

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