PYC2603 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 2021

PYC2603 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 2021 PYC2602/201 ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE ASSIGNMENT 01 QUESTION ANSWER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 3 2 4 1 1 2 ...

PYC2603 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 2021 PYC2602/201 ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE ASSIGNMENT 01 QUESTION ANSWER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 3 2 4 1 1 2 2 2 1 4 2 3 4 4 2 2 1 2 2 3 Question 01 Which of the following principles reflect the assumption of the life-span developmental perspective? (a) Development is a life-long process and a combination of gains and losses. (b) Development is unidimensional and unidirectional. (c) Development is embedded in history and context. (d) Development shows plasticity and is multidisciplinary. Question 02 Developmental influences resulting from biological, psychological and socio-cultural forces and which are usually associated with chronological age, are referred to as …; developmental influences resulting from events most people in a specific culture experiences at the same time, are referred to as …; and developmental influences resulting from random or rare events that may influence a specific individual, but are not experienced by most people, are referred to as … . (1) life-cycle forces; psychological forces; socio-cultural forces (2) normative age-graded influences; normative history-graded influences; non-normative influences (3) normative history-graded influences; non-normative influences; normative age-graded influences (4) non-normative influences; normative age-graded influences; normative history-graded influences Question 03 The viewpoint that the individual’s behavior is determined by the complex interactions between the person’s genetics and his/her context, is referred to as the … ; the viewpoint that people develop to internally generated patterns of development, is referred to as the … ; the viewpoint that development results from biological or environmental forces upon which the individual passively reacts, is referred to as the … . (1) contextual perspective; mechanistic perspective; organismic perspective (2) organismic perspective; interactionist perspective; contextual perspective (3) universal perspective; psychological perspective; interactionist perspective (4) interactionist perspective ; organismic perspective ; mechanistic perspective PYC2602/201 Question 04 The … and … research designs are particularly well-suited to determine the factors that influence adult development; … , … and … research designs are better suited to study age- related developmental changes in adulthood. (1) experimental; correlational; longitudinal; cross-sectional; sequential (2) longitudinal; cross-sectional; experimental; correlational; case study (3) case study; sequential; cross-cultural; retrospective; structured (4) qualitative; structured; quantitative; cohort; hypothetical Question 05 The programmed ageing theories propose the following viewpoints regarding the ageing process: (a) The length of life is genetically determined. (b) Ageing is programmed to start after the reproductive ability ends. (c) Molecular changes cause cells to age and lose their ability to divide and reproduce. (d) The loss of neurons in the brain causes ageing. Question 06 According to the cross-linking theory of ageing, certain … interact and produce … in such a way that they make the body … . (1) molecules; proteins; flexible (2) proteins; molecules; stiffer (3) molecules; nutrients; flexible (4) radicals; molecules; less functional Question 07 The transitional period during which a woman’s reproductive capacity ends and ovulation stops, is referred to as the … which is also known as the … . (1) midlife-crisis; menopause (2) climacteric; perimenopause (3) menopause; andropause (4) hormonale cycle; estropause Question 08 In order to process information, the human cognitive system proceeds through the following series of stages: the information is … into the brain through the various sensory routes. It is then … and … . The brain then uses the information immediately or stores it in … . (1) stored; processed; entered; encodes; the frontal lobe (2) entered; encoded; analysed; memory (3) stored; coded; interpreted; the parietal lobes (4) encoded; interpreted; entered; the occipital lobes PYC2602/201 Question 09 Primary memory refers to … and working memory refers … . (1) the passive retention of information; the active processing and manipulation of information (2) the active processing of information; a person’s knowledge about how the memory system works (3) the strategies a person develop in order to remember; a person’s ability to recognise and recall information (4) one’s memory about childhood experiences; one’s memory about recent events Question 10 Which of the following statements regarding age changes on implicit-explicit memory are true? (a) Research on implicit memory indicates no to only a slight age-related decline and findings on explicit memory show significant age related decline. (b) A reason for the difference in age-related decline in these two systems may be that they are located in different regions in the brain that are differently affected by ageing. (c) Another reason for the difference may be that different processes are involved: implicit memory tasks rely on automatic processes while explicit memory tasks require more demanding and effortful processing. (d) Specific skills that are complex and require rapid response show some age-related decline. Question 11 According to Paul Baltes (cited in Louw & Louw, 2009) the mechanics of intelligence … while the pragmatics of intelligence … . (a) are similar to fluid intelligence; include culturally based factual and procedural knowledge (b) include basic operations such as perceptual processing of sensory input; include skills such as reading and writing, and comprehension of language (c) refer to the knowledge a person accumulated over his/her lifetime; refer to the ability to solve problems for which there are no solutions derivable from formal education (d) could be equated to the hardware of the mind; could be equated to the software of the mind Question 12 Research on expertise … (a) suggests that younger adults outperform older adults on many information processing tasks and therefore gain more expertise than older adults. (b) indicates that expert performance tends to be maintained as people age, with only slight declines in the older age groups. (c) suggests that expertise is strongly associated with crystallised abilities. (d) identified a process called encapsulation to explain why adults attain increasing expertise despite the decline in fluid abilities. Question 13 Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget’s formal operational stage of cognitive development? (a) It is characterised by abstract and scientific deductive reasoning. (b) It is a way of generating abstract concepts and thinking about them in a very systematic, step-by-step way. (c) Formal operational thought is governed by a logical structure that provides solutions to problems that people have never seen and may never encounter. (d) Formal operational thought is aimed at resolving ambiguity: one and only one answer is the goal. Question 14 Which of the following statements regarding postformal thought is/are true? (a) Postformal thought proposes that emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking. (b) It proposes that ambiguity and contradiction are the rule rather than the exception. (c) It is characterised by abstract, concrete and relativistic thinking. (d) It is characterised by a recognition that the truth varies from situation to situation and that solutions must be realistic to be reasonable. Question 15 Which of the following statements are assumptions of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of personality development? (a) The earlier stages of personality development provide the foundation for the later stages of development. (b) Each stage is characterised by a crisis during which the individual must attain certain tasks or adjustments. (c) Each task has two opposing poles (positive versus negative) and the solution of each crisis lies in choosing the positive pole. (d) The development from one stage to another requires a complex interaction of biological, psychological and social forces. Question 16 According to Robert Peck (cited in Louw & Louw, 2009), Erikson’s theory did not adequately address the physical, psychosocial and social changes during adulthood. He proposed the following psychosocial crisis characteristics of late adulthood: (a) Ego differentiation versus work role preoccupation (b) Body transcendence versus body preoccupation (c) Wisdom versus physical power (d) Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation Question 17 Findings from several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggested interindividual personality changes, such as … (a) extraversion declines after age 30. (b) conscientiousness and openness to experiences increase in young adulthood but decline in later adulthood. (c) neuroticism increases with age. (d) cross-cultural differences were noted in the patterns of change. Question 18 The … approaches to personality development in adulthood emphasise the perception or interpretation of people’s experience. These approaches include models of … and … . (1) stage; crises; transitions (2) cognitive; the self-concept; identity (3) identity; cognition; the self-concept (4) trait; stability; change Question 19 Declines in self-esteem in old age may be related to ... . (a) deep rooted feelings of low self-worth (b) a decline in cognitive functioning (c) the number of changes that the elderly have to deal with (d) an acceptance of their faults and limitations which contributes to a more humble and balanced view of the self Question 20 When people accept the fact that they are ageing but do not become fatalistic or preoccupied with any conditions or limitations they have already developed, but at the same time do not live under the illusion that they will be young forever, they exhibit … (1) identity accommodation. (2) identity assimilation. (3) identity balance. (4) an identity threshold experience.