hyperplasia - ANSWER -An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
metaplasia - ANSWER -Process by which one adult cell is replaced by another cell
dysplasia - ANSWER -Cell adaptation in which cells mut
...
hyperplasia - ANSWER -An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
metaplasia - ANSWER -Process by which one adult cell is replaced by another cell
dysplasia - ANSWER -Cell adaptation in which cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance
reasons for cell injury - ANSWER 1) phsical agents
2) chemical injury
3) radiation
4) biological agents
5) nutritional imbalances
ischemia - ANSWER -Decreased blood flow to a tissue or organ
apoptosis - ANSWER -Programmed cell death
-Cells condense or shrink
necrosis - ANSWER -Cell death following injury
-Cells swell and burst
liquefaction necrosis - ANSWER -Caustic enzymes dissolve and liquefy necrotic cells
-Most common in the brain
-Walled-Off
-Liquid goo
caseous necrosis - ANSWER -Necrosis in which the cellular debris remain in the area for months or years
-Pulmonary tuberculosis
-'Cased'-Off
-Cheese globules
fat necrosis - ANSWER -Occurs when lipase enzymes break down intracellular triglycerides into free fatty acids
-Forms soaps
-Opaque, chalky appearance
coagulative necrosis - ANSWER -Necrosis resulting from interruption in blood flow
-pH drops, acidosis
-Kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands
-Firm and opaque
gangrene - ANSWER -Form of coagulative necrosis
-Combination of impaired blood flow and bacterial invasion
-Dry, wet, and gas forms
dry gangrene - ANSWER -Gangrene with minimal bacterial presence
-Skin is dry, dark brown, or black
-Coagulative
wet gangrene - ANSWER -Gangrene that occurs with liquefaction necrosis
-Liquid wound
-Extensive damage from bacteria and white blood cells
-Extremities and internal organs
gas gangrene - ANSWER -Gangrene that devlops because of Clostridium bacteria
-Bacterium releases toxins that destroy surrounding cells
-Highest potential for fatality
-Releases gas into tissue
neoplasia - ANSWER -"New growth"
-Lacks normal controls and regulation
-Can originate in one organ
-Can spread
carcinogenesis - ANSWER -Cancer development
initiation - ANSWER -Exposure of a cell to a substance or event
-First stage of carcinogenesis
promotion - ANSWER -Exposure of mutated cells to factors that promote growth
-Second stage of carcinogenesis
progression - ANSWER -Tumor invades, metastasizes, and becomes drug resistant
-Final phase of carcinogenesis
benign cancer - ANSWER -Slow
-Progressive
-Localized
-Resembles host (more differentiated
-Grow by expansion
-Usually not life-threatening
malignant cancer - ANSWER -Grows rapidly
-Spreads quickly (metastasis)
-Fatal
-Highly undifferentiated
C.A.U.T.I.O.N. - ANSWER -Change in bowel or bladder habits
-A sore that doesn't heal
-Unusual bleeding or discharge
-Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
-Obvious change in a wart or mole
-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Complications of Cancer - ANSWER -Anemia
-Cachexia
-Fatigue
-Infection
-Leukopenia
-Thrombocytopenia
-Pain
Diagnosis of Cancer - ANSWER -Biopsy
-Tumor Markers
-Miscellaneous procedures (xrays, CT, MRI, PET, endoscopies, ultrasound)
TNM Staging - ANSWER -Classification of cancer based on the spread of the disease
-Scale of 0 to 4
grading - ANSWER -Scale of 1 to 4
-Classification of cancer based on the histology/differentiation
Treatment of Cancer - ANSWER -Curative, palliative, or prophylactic
-Surgery
-Radiation
-Chemotherapy
-Hormone/antihormone therapy
-Biotherapy
Marfan syndrome - ANSWER -Connective tissue disorder
-Mutation on chromosome 15
-Causes elastin and collagen defects
-Affects the eyes, skeleton, and cardiovascular system
Marfan syndrome (CM) - ANSWER -Increased height
-Long extremities
-Arachondactyly
-Sternum defects
-Chest asymmetry
-Spine deformities
-Flat feet
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