AP Exam Review - 2020

Francis Bacon one of the founders of modern science; promoted use of scientific method & wrote about problems with (what was later known as) confirmation bias John Locke British political philosopher & author of " ...

Francis Bacon one of the founders of modern science; promoted use of scientific method & wrote about problems with (what was later known as) confirmation bias John Locke British political philosopher & author of "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding"; coined the phrase "blank slate" to describe the state of human knowledge at birth empiricism the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment. Wilhelm Wundt German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 E.B. Titchener Psychologist who developed structuralism and introspection; student of Wilhelm Wundt. structuralism an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind William James founder of functionalism; studied how humans use their abilities to function in their environments; known for being an early teacher of psychology Mary Whiton Calkins first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her) Margaret Floy Washburn First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921) functionalism William James's school of thought that stressed the adaptive and survival value of behaviors G. Stanley Hall Founded the American Psychological Association (now largest organization of psychologists in the USA) and became first president American Psychological Association (APA) World's largest association of psychologists with around 152,000 members including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants and students psychology the scientific study of behavior and mental processes cognitive neuroscience the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) nature-nurture issue the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors biological perspective the approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, genetics, and other biological functions evolutionary perspective the application of principles of evolution, including natural selection, to explain psychological processes and phenomena. psychodynamic perspective A branch of psychology that studies how internal conflicts and unconscious drives influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders. (Influenced by Sigmund Freud's model of psychoanalysis) behavioral perspective perspective of psychology that sees psychology as an objective science without reference to mental states; sees behavior as the result of conditioning & reinforcement; dominant perspective from 1920s-1960s (a.k.a. the "learning" perspective) cognitive perspective A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior humanistic perspective The approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior; influenced heavily by ideas of Rogers and Maslow social-cultural perspective approach that emphasizes how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures basic research pure research that aims to confirm an existing theory or to learn more about a concept or phenomenon applied research scientific study that aims to solve practical problems psychiatrist a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders; can prescribe medication clinical psychologist holds an advanced degree in psychology but is not a medical doctor; specializes in identifying and treating persons with mental illness, but does not prescribe medication John Watson American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes Charles Darwin Wrote "The Origin of Species" proposed idea of natural selection as primary means of species diversity. His influence appears in psychology's evolutionary perspective. experimental psychology the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method