Ethics Exam1-Answered 2022/2023 with Complete Solution

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Ethical dilemma - ANSWER dilemmas involve moral struggles and reflection in an effort to do the right thing. They engage the conscience, which must frequently respond to two or more competing and mora ... lly defensible courses of action. Ethics - ANSWER character; apply principles when two moral obligations collide; deals with moral component of human life Moral - ANSWER way of life, conduct Three branches of ethics - ANSWER metaethics, normative ethics, applied ethics Metaethics - ANSWER study of characteristics, or nature, of ethics. It examines the meaning of such abstract terms as good, right, justice, fairness and attempts to identify those values that are the best moral values. There is a difference between ethical values and matters of taste or attitude. It should provide a precision of meaning so that all members of society can start with a level playing field in reaching moral judgments. Normative ethics - ANSWER develops general theories, rules and principles of moral conduct (such as the demise of traditional values in society). Theoretical rules and principles are ethical markers of civil society that should be a foundation for ethical decision making (prohibitions against lying, cheating, stealing are from normative ethics). Applied ethics - ANSWER the problem-solving branch of moral philosophy. Insights from metaethics and rules of normative ethics are used to address ethical issues. It is the vital link between theory and practice. Moral agents - ANSWER ones who make ethical judgments, regardless of whether they're acting on their own volition or as institutional representatives. (Stakeholders are individual conscience, objects of moral judgments, financial supporters, the institution, professional colleagues, society) Credibility - ANSWER to be believable and worthy of trust. Without it, other virtues have no meaning. Integrity - ANSWER willingness to take responsibility for the consequences of one's actions Civility - ANSWER an attitude of self-sacrifice and respect for others Heintz dilemma - ANSWER man's wife has cancer and he can't afford the drug to cure her. should he steal it? Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANSWER physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization Requirement of a system of ethics - ANSWER Shared values - agreement on standards of moral conduct; Wisdom - ethical standards based on reason and experience; Justice - notion of fairness (all individuals are treated alike); Freedom - free do make judgments without coercion; Accountability - responsible for our own moral deeds Libertarian view - ANSWER self-reliance and individual autonomy, free from governmental or societal restraints. Characterized by the notion of freedom without enforced responsibility (press in 19th century matured with this view) Social responsibility - ANSWER Emphasizes freedom but holds that responsibility goes along with freedom. Affirmative action is an example. Ombudsman - ANSWER investigates questionable journalistic conduct and recommends action. They can funnel reader complaints, reduce the likelihood of libel complaints, help cement a paper's relationship with readers, serve as liaison with the public, and elevate the ethical awareness of the staff. Most important element of journalism - ANSWER responsibility Moral reasoning - ANSWER a systematic approach to making ethical decisions. Takes the form of a logical argument and persuasion. Decisions must be made with care and must be defensible through a reasoned analysis. Moral Duty - ANSWER Absolutist perspective. Individuals have a responsibility to live up to moral principles (Kant). We should respect others' autonomy. Accept the duty to act and perform the act. Should do the duty thing unless there's a definite reason not to. Utilitarianism - ANSWER do what's best for the most people. The consequences are the important thing (not the act). 18th century, Mill. Egoism - ANSWER self-interest should be the primary determinant in choosing actions but don't think they should ignore others. Rise of relativism - ANSWER What is right or good for one is not necessarily right or good for another, even under similar circumstances. Moral agents determine what is right and wrong from their own point of view but will not judge the adequacy of others' ethical judgments. Russel and Dewey. Three Theories - ANSWER Deontological, Teleological, Golden Mean Deontological - ANSWER ethical theory based on duty and obligation; act on principle without regard to consequences. Kant supported universally applied rules that respected the dignity of people. Absolutist—the ends do NOT justify the means. There are concrete rules for moral agents to act on and they don't have to predict consequences. More likely to be considered truthful. Have problems with Heintz dilemmas. Telling the truth produces good consequences for society. Teleological - ANSWER ethical theory concerned with outcomes and whatever produces the best consequences. The ends justify the means. Egosim and utilitarianism are in this category. Minimizing harm is important, because moral choices sometimes injure people. Options are weighed based on harmful outcomes. However, sometimes decisions have unpredictable outcomes and the minority may be slighted. Golden Mean - ANSWER Character building and good traits are more important than behavior. A moderate solution can be found between identifiable extremes, neither of which will produce satisfactory results. SAD formula - ANSWER Situation definition, Analysis of situation, Decision rendered Situation Definition - ANSWER Describe facts, identify principles and values, state ethical issue in question Analysis of the Situation - ANSWER Weigh competing principles and values, consider external factors, examine duties to various parties, discuss applicable ethical theories Decision rendered - ANSWER Render moral agent's decision, defend decision based on moral theory [Show More]

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