Bio 100 final exam 20,22,23 with Complete Solution

List two ways that scientific names are different from common names for organisms. - ANSWER Scientific names offer a specific name for an organism that is recognized regardless of language barriers. Unless you speak Lati ...

List two ways that scientific names are different from common names for organisms. - ANSWER Scientific names offer a specific name for an organism that is recognized regardless of language barriers. Unless you speak Latin , the scientific names for organisms are in Latin unlike other native languages such as English, Spanish, French, or Mandarin. There is also a method to which the organism is made and is made up of several categories. Lastly, the scientific name for an organism can be changed where as a common word for a pet or well known animal will rarely if ever change. Who designed the present-day system of classification? How does this system differ from the previous system? - ANSWER Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish doctor of the 1700s, began the usage of binomial system of nomenclature to classify different species. This system is the use of two Latin names, genus and the specific epithet, to refer to the species; this system was much more specific and concise compared to the previously used polynomial Latin system of classification which used several words to identify the species. What are the goals of taxonomy and phylogeny? - ANSWER Taxonomy is the science of naming organisms and grouping them into logical categories. Phylogeny shows the evolutionary relationship between one or more organisms and influences how different species are grouped in taxonomy. Phylogeny and Taxonomy work together to provide a compatible and logical note of differing organisms. Name the different categories of the classification system. - ANSWER Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Describe 4 kinds of evidence used by scientists to place organisms into a logical phylogeny - ANSWER The location and dating of fossils, the comparison of anatomy between living and dead organisms, the comparison of life cycles and biochemical and molecular studies. List two ways that Bacteria and Archaea differ. - ANSWER Unlike bacteria, Archaea do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. In addition to this the DNA of Archaea has a large proportion of genes that are different from those included in Eukaryotes and Bacteria Describe two distinctly different ways that Bacteria obtain energy. - ANSWER The oxidation of organic compounds and photosynthesis Describe two distinctly different ways that Archaea obtain energy. - ANSWER By breaking down molecules in their environment and for some photosynthesis List the 4 kingdoms of the domain Eukarya and give two distinguishing characteristics for each. - ANSWER Animals: All animals are capable of sexual reproduction and some of the less complex animals produce asexually. In addition to this, all animals are heterotrophic and multicellular. Plants: nonmotile, and obtain energy via chlorophyll in the process photosynthesis Fungi: a thin yet rigid cell wall containing chitin, and non-photosynthetic ( most are saprophytes) Protista: All species can undergo mitosis; some are parasitic, commensalistic, or mutualistic; Many live in aquatic environments with some living on terrestrial environments. Which of the following groups of organisms contain members that are autotrophic: Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia? - ANSWER Plantae, bacteria, archaea, and Protista Why do viruses invade only specific types of cells? - ANSWER Viruses typically want to bond with a cell that will 1 accept it, and 2 provide it with the necessary tools to reproduce/survive. One thing that allows the virus to interact with the cell is the viral receptor. Describe how viruses reproduce. - ANSWER The virus attaches to and enters the cell. The virus then releases its genetic material into the cell. The cell's enzymes copy the viral DNA and transcribe it into RNA. Ribosomes translate the RNA into viral proteins and recombine to form new viral particles. The new viruses escape from the cell to infect other cells. Describe how viruses and viroids differ in structure. - ANSWER A virus is an acellular infectious particle consisting of nucleic acid and a protein coat. Where as, a viroid is an infectious particle composed solely of a small RNA strand in the form of a loop. What is the chemical structure of a prion - ANSWER A prion is an infected protein and has the structure of a protein. How does a prion cause disease? - ANSWER A prion protein can cause the host to suffer in different ways. For example, the protein could infect a previously stable protein causing it to pass on further and further. Eventually they can link up and suffocate different cells. However they cannot infect every protein, and the type of prion looks for a specific protein sequence which you may or may not have. How many species are estimated to be living on earth? - ANSWER 1.5 million species have been named but 10-50 billion is the estimated ammount What is the estimated age of the Earth? - ANSWER 4.5 billion years Type of symbiotic relationship wherein the actions of one individual harms another? - ANSWER Parasitism List three characteristics shared by all plants. - ANSWER Multi-cellulair, eukaryote , cell wall made of cellulose Which generation in the plant life cycle is haploid and which is diploid? - ANSWER Gametophyte: haploid , Sporophyte: diploid What reproductive cells do sporophytes produce? Are these structures haploid or diploid? - ANSWER Sporophyte: haploid spores What reproductive cells do gametophytes produce? Are these structures haploid or diploid? - ANSWER Gametophyte: sperm and egg cells (haploids) Why are green algae considered to be the ancestors of plants? - ANSWER Because life began in aquatic terrain and green algae contains the same two chlorophylls and the same chloroplasts as plants. This belief is also supported by DNA evidence How does the significance of the sporophyte generation change with the evolution of advanced plants? - ANSWER Many advanced plants are equipped with vascular systems which allow them to carry water and nutrients from one area to another. This allows them to live in a different environment outside an aquatic terrain. Advanced plants typically have the sporophyte generation (diploid) in dominance whereas the less advanced typically have a more dominant gametophyte generation. What sex cells are associated with antheridia? Archegonia? - ANSWER • Antheridium: sac like structure that develops sperm • Archegonium: flask shaped structure that produces an egg List three characteristics shared by nonvascular plants. - ANSWER Non- vascular plants, or byrophytes, do not have roots or leaves, have a dominant gametophyte generation, and lack vascular tissue What are the three major kinds of nonvascular plants? - ANSWER Moss, liverwort, and hornwort What are the two kinds of vascular tissue, and what do they do? - ANSWER Xylem- involved in the transport of water and minerals. Phloem carries the organic molecules (primarily sugars and amino acids) produced in the leaves to other parts of the plant where growth or storage takes place. Describe two ways the structure of each of the following is related to its function. Roots - ANSWER Roots : system used to retrieve water from the ground, to store food, and to anchor plants By growing from the root tip, the roots are able to grow in relation to the size of the plant allowing for a stronger anchor and more area to retrieve water.