NR-503 Epidemiology Final Exam Answered 100% Correct

Cultural Awareness - ANSWER :Self-examination of one's own prejudices and biases toward other cultures. An in-depth exploration of one's own cultural/ethnic background. Cultural competence in nursing consists of four ...

Cultural Awareness - ANSWER :Self-examination of one's own prejudices and biases toward other cultures. An in-depth exploration of one's own cultural/ethnic background. Cultural competence in nursing consists of four principles. - ANSWER Care is designed for the specific client. Care is based on the uniqueness of the person's culture and includes cultural norms and values. Care includes self-employment strategies to facilitate client decision making to improve health behaviors. Care is provided with sensitivity and is based on the cultural uniqueness of clients. The APN may also use the Kleinman Explanatory Model of Illness (1978). Below are the questions that can be utilized. - ANSWER What do you call your problem? What do you think caused your problem? Why do you think it started when it did? What does your sickness do to you? What do you fear most about your sickness? What are the chief problems your sickness has caused you? What kind of treatment do you think you should receive? What is the most important result you hope to receive from the treatment? According to Giger and Davidhizer (2000), although cultures differ, they all have the same basic organizing factors that must be assessed in order to provide care for culturally diverse patients. These factors include - ANSWER communication (verbal and nonverbal); personal space; social organization; time perception; environmental control; and biological variations. The NCCC uses four major approaches to fulfill its mission, including - ANSWER Web-based technical assistance, (2) knowledge development and dissemination, (3) supporting a community of learners, and (4) collaboration and partnerships with diverse groups. Epidemiological Triad: - ANSWER host, agent, environment Genetics - ANSWER The study of individual genes and their impact on relatively rare single gene disorders Absolute risk - ANSWER is the probability of an event, such as illness, injury, or death. Gives no indication of how its magnitude compares with others The odds ratio - ANSWER closely approximates the relative risk if the disease is rare. Odds ratio and the relative risk are used - ANSWER to assess the strength of association between risk factor and outcome. How is Attributible risk used - ANSWER is used to make risk-based decisions for individuals. Population-attributable risk measures - ANSWER are used to form public health decisions EGAPP: - ANSWER Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention GAPPNet - ANSWER Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Network (established in 2009) is a collaborative initiative involving partners from across the public health sector working together to realize the promise of genomics in health care and disease prevention. GEDDI - ANSWER Genetics Early Disease Detection Intervention project (GEDDI) (established in 2009) developed a model strategy for using clinical, genetic, and family history information to reduce the risk of disease, death, and disability in affected individuals, family members, and populations. HuGENet - ANSWER Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) (established in 1998) helps translate genetic research findings into opportunities for preventive medicines and public health by advancing the synthesis, interpretation, and dissemination of population-based data on human genetic variation in health and disease. HuGENet reviews are systematic, peer-reviewed synopses of the epidemiologic aspects of human genes, including prevalence of allelic variants in different populations, population-based information on disease risk, evidence for gene-environment interaction and quantitative data on genetic tests and services carried out according to specific guidelines. NHANES III - ANSWER DC's Office of Public Health Genomics (established in 2002) formed a multidisciplinary working group with members from across CDC. It developed a proposal to measure the prevalence of selected genetic variants of public health significance in a representative sample of the U.S. population and to examine the association between the selected genetic variants and disease outcomes available in NHANES III data. The World Health Organization defines a pandemic - ANSWER as a global epidemic that spreads to more than one continent (WHO, 2009). One of the more recent pandemics that you might be familiar with is the H1N1 influenza outbreak of 2009. Outbreak - ANSWER the occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would normally be expected in a clearly defined community, location, or time of year. An outbreak may only last for a matter of days or weeks, but may last for years Quarantine - ANSWER the separation and restriction of the movement of people who were or are exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether they become ill Antigenic drift - ANSWER is a term describing the changes that occur within virus's ribonucleic acid that changes the virus. Typically, these changes create seasonal changes or new strains of a virus WHO Pandemic Phases - ANSWER Phase 1—None of the current viruses circulating in animals have been reported to cause infection in humans. Phase 2—An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans and is considered a potential pandemic threat. Phase 3—An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of cases in people, but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant enough to cause community-level outbreaks. Phase 4—Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is causing community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk and any country with such an outbreak should consult with WHO. Phase 5—There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two countries. This phase means that pandemic is imminent and that community action and implementation of planned mitigation procedures is needed. Phase 6—This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than one WHO defined region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009) Phase 1 - ANSWER None of the current viruses circulating in animals have been reported to cause infection in humans. Phase 2 - ANSWER An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans and is considered a potential pandemic threat. Phase 3 - ANSWER An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of cases in people, but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant enough to cause community-level outbreaks. Phase 4 - ANSWER Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is causing community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk and any country with such an outbreak should consult with WHO. Phase 5 - ANSWER There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two countries. This phase means that pandemic is imminent and that community action and implementation of planned mitigation procedures is needed. Phase 6 - ANSWER This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than one WHO defined region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009). Pandemic Severity Index - ANSWER Category 1—case fatality ratio of less than 0.1% and fewer than 90,000 U.S. deaths Category 2—0.1%-0.5% case fatality ratio and 90,000-450,000 U.S. deaths Category 3- 0.5%—1% case fatality ratio and 450,000-900,000 U.S. deaths Category 4—1-2% case fatality ratio and 900,000-1.8 million U.S. deaths Category 5—greater than 2% case fatality ratio and more than 1.8 million U.S. deaths (CDC, 2014). SDG's - ANSWER - No poverty - Zero hunger - Good health and wellbeing - Quality education - Gender equality - Clean water and sanitation - Decent work and economic growth - Peace, justice and strong institutions The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. History of WHO - ANSWER 1945: charter of the United Nations; article calling for establishment of health agency with wide powers 1946: UN representatives created and ratified the constitution of WHO 1948: constitution went into force and WHO began work\ The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. Its current priorities include communicable diseases, in particular HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis; as well as the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases such as sexual and reproductive health, development, and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse; and driving the development of reporting, publications, and networking. Call to action - ANSWER It falls to nurses and midwives, the most numerous and arguably most patient-centered component of the health workforce, to assume a leadership role in addressing planetary health. Leadership begins with educating ourselves, students, staff, patients, and communities. Engagement in political and policy processes are needed-and can take many forms. Even small measures may have impact. Local level sustainability and readiness is meaningful at one's university, hospital, and or health system levels. Learn Communicate Find common ground Health Outcomes - ANSWER defined as an end result that follows some kind of healthcare provision, treatment, or intervention and may describe a patient's condition or health status outcomes may be classified into categories by describing - ANSWER who is measured, such as individuals, aggregates, communities, populations, or organizations; by identifying the "what" or the type of outcome, such as care, patient, or performance-related outcomes determining the "when" or the time it takes to achieve an outcome, such as short-term, intermediate, or long-term outcomes Domain 1 - ANSWER DOMAIN 1: Capacity Strengthening Capacity strengthening is the broad sharing of knowledge, skills, and resources for enhancement of global public health programs, infrastructure, and workforce to address current and future global public health needs. 1.1Design sustainable workforce development strategies for resource-limited settings. 1.2Identify methods for assuring health program sustainability. 1.3Assist host entity in assessing existing capacity. 1.4Develop strategies that strengthen community capabilities for overcoming barriers to health and well-being. Domain 2 - ANSWER DOMAIN 2: Collaborating and Partnering Collaborating and partnering is the ability to select, recruit, and work with a diverse range of global health stakeholders to advance research, policy, and practice goals, and to foster open dialogue and effective communication. 2.1Develop procedures for managing health partnerships. 2.2Promote inclusion of representatives of diverse constituencies in partnerships. 2.3Value commitment to building trust in partnerships. 2.4Use diplomacy and conflict-resolution strategies with partners. 2.5Communicate lessons learned to community partners and global constituencies. 2.6Exhibit interpersonal communication skills that demonstrate respect for other perspectives and cultures.