ENS 304 Exercise Physiology Exam (actual Exam) Graded A+

Bioenergentics - ANSWER study of energy transfer in living organisms what are the three forms of physical energy? - ANSWER Carbs, Proteins, and Fats Chemical energy forms....? - ANSWER ATP myosin ATPase - ANSWER ...

Bioenergentics - ANSWER study of energy transfer in living organisms what are the three forms of physical energy? - ANSWER Carbs, Proteins, and Fats Chemical energy forms....? - ANSWER ATP myosin ATPase - ANSWER splitting of ATP to form ADP and Phosphate, and Hydrogen (exothermic reaction) Left to right( ATP>ADP +P+H) is...? - ANSWER exercise or work Right to left is? - ANSWER recovery calorie - ANSWER the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 Kg of water by 1 degree celcius from 14.5 to 15.5 degrees farinheit carbohydrate caloric yield - ANSWER 4 kcal/g Fats caloric yield - ANSWER 9 kcal/g Protiens caloric yield - ANSWER 4 kcal for humans energy expenditure at rest =? - ANSWER 1.0kcal/min energy expenditure during maximal exercise? - ANSWER 20-40kcal/g direct calorimetry - ANSWER heat production while exercising or combusting in a closed chamber Indirect calorimety - ANSWER Measure of amount of o2 consumed during a reaction utilized to measure energy valueof foods- traditionaly used to quantify energy during activity carbohydrates can be converted to..? - ANSWER Fats ATP - ANSWER Adenine(Protein) +Ribose(Sugar)= Adenosine + 3 phosphate molecules 2nd law of thermodynamics - ANSWER Directionality of reactions- energy transfer proceeds in the direction of release of "free energy" moving towards equilibrium macronutirents - ANSWER carbohydrates, lipids, proteins usable carbs - ANSWER monosaccharides(glucose almost exclusively polysaccharides(Glycogen) usable fats - ANSWER Free faty acids( specific length fatty acid- palmitic 16c glycerol( 3c stucture feeds into glycolysis) usable proteins - ANSWER glugogenic amino acid(used to make glucose) ketogenic amino acids( used to make energy) Blood delivers food to organs for direct use as energy or food storage... 3 ways - ANSWER Monosaccharides- stored as glycogen in liver and muscles Fatty acids+Glycerol stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue and muscle Amino acids stored in amino acid pools in blood muscle cellsor stored as living tissue muscle Monosaccharides absorbed into the blood are transported to exercising muscles or liver in 5 different ways - ANSWER 1. Cellular uptake for immediate use for energy- glycolosis 2. cellular uptake for conversion to glycogen for storage-glycogenesis 3. cellular uptake in liver for conversion to glucose 4. cellular uptake in liver/cells for conversion to fats- excess carbohydrates 99% of all carbs in storage and circulation is..? - ANSWER glucose what is our limitless energy reserve - ANSWER fats glycogen - ANSWER 100-300 glucose molecules Glycogenesis - ANSWER glycogen formation under the action of glycogen synthase typical carbohydrate storage - ANSWER blood glucose- 5-10/15g or 20-60kcal liver- 90-110 or 360-400 kcal muscle tissue- 250-600g or 1,000-2,400kcal total storage of carbohydrates in the body - ANSWER aprox. 2000kcal, 3000 in trained athletes muscle and liver levels can temporarily increase(1-2x) with..? - ANSWER carb loading reginmens why blood glucose? - ANSWER we need to keep glucose in circulation because we need to distribute it to the whole body, especially the brain. what part of your body utilizes 25% of blood glucose? - ANSWER CNS red blood cells and brain keytones - ANSWER incompletely metabolized fats why do carbs get trapped in muscle tissue? - ANSWER if they are not used immediately as fuels they are stored as glycogen which when broken down from muscle tissue it does not break down to glucose it breaks down to glucose 6 phosphate which can not escape the muscle. why is the liver so vital to the circulation of blood glucose? - ANSWER the liver is the only organ that can release glucose into circulation if blood sugar is to high what hormone is released? - ANSWER isulin becasue to much blood sugar thickens up blood which elevates blood pressure and put stress on the heart if blood sugar are to low we release what hormone? - ANSWER glucogon will tirgger the release of more glucose into circulation why is fasted cardio in the moring bad? - ANSWER dinner -muscle and liver glycogen full -evening activities -overnight fast- bodily functions livers role is to maintain blood glcose and fueling the body during your sleep wake up -liver take empty results in increased cortisol cortisol - ANSWER aids in preserving blood sugar lipolysis-fat breakdown inhibits glycolysis carb breakdown inorder to metabloize fat completely you must have what type of fuel? - ANSWER carbs cortisol inhibits glycolysis so where do you get the carbohydrate to break down the fats? - ANSWER gluconeogenesis- breakdown of certain proteins such as amino acid for your carbs lucine - ANSWER keeps you in + positive nitrogen balance and most glugogenic amino acid which means a stimulation in the attack of protein ketones - ANSWER dangerous to the body= sweet smell why is breakfast so important? - ANSWER becasue you need to refuel your body so that your liver canhave the necessary amount of stored glycogen and so that it can replenish your blood sugar levels back to normal after sleeping triglyceride - ANSWER most abundant form of simple fats, primary storage and transportable fat in body fats are stored in? - ANSWER adipose, muscle cells, and blood stream how much enegry is stored in fat in your body and how many marathons could you run with it? - ANSWER 7,500-12,000g(100,000kcal and 25 marathons Proteins contributes how much percent of our bodies total energy needs? - ANSWER 1-5% where does exogenous protein come from? - ANSWER food and drink 99% of your usable protein reserves come from? - ANSWER muscle tissue glucogenic - ANSWER have ability to be converted to glucose ketogenic - ANSWER can only be converted to intermediate products that feed into metabolic pathways to make energy or fats Aerobic pathway(oxidative) - ANSWER large energy source produces energy slowly uses all 3 macronutrients anaerobic pathway - ANSWER limited energy source produces energy rapidly uses carbs only phosphogen system and fast glycolytic syste phosphogen phase - ANSWER extremely high intensity 0-6 seconds phosphogen and fast glycolytic - ANSWER very high intensity 6-30 seconds Fast glycolytic - ANSWER high intensity