Anatomy and Physiology Questions and Answer Chapter 11 Latest Updated Graded A+

The control and communication system of the body. Consists of the brain and spinal cord (nerves) - ANSWER The Nervous System Another major control of the body that works by sending messages via hormones is called the ...

The control and communication system of the body. Consists of the brain and spinal cord (nerves) - ANSWER The Nervous System Another major control of the body that works by sending messages via hormones is called the _______ _____. - ANSWER The Endocrine System The master gland of the Endocrine System is the _______ gland. - ANSWER Pituitary The Pituitary gland is controlled by the _______ that is a neural structure that is located within the brain. - ANSWER Hypothalamus Nervous System Functions - ANSWER Sensory Input, Integration, Motor Output The Nervous System functions to monitor changes occuring both inside and outside of the body. This describes the _____ _____ function. - ANSWER Sensory input The Nervous System function that interprets sensory input and decides what should be done describes the _____ function of the Nervous System. - ANSWER Integration The Nervous System function that responds by activating effector organs- muscles and glands (to contract or secrete) is the _____ _____ function of the Nervous System. - ANSWER Motor Output - consists of brain and spinal cord which extends from the brain at the foramen magnum through the vertebral canal to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebrae - ANSWER The CNS or Central Nervous System The CNS is divided into 2 organizations. Name them. - ANSWER White matter Gray matter The deeper regions of the CNS with dense collections of myelinated fibers is the _____ _____. - ANSWER White matter This is the part of the CNS that is mostly in the cortex and mostly made up of nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers is the ____ _____. - ANSWER Gray matter Formed by nerves that connect the CNS (brain and spinal cord) with the peripheral structures (sensory and motor nerves) located outside the CNS - ANSWER The PNS or the Peripheral Nervous System ______ nerves carry messages to and from the brain and are located in the PNS. - ANSWER Cranial _____ nerves are located in the PNS and carry messages to and from the spinal cord. - ANSWER Spinal There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves - ANSWER 12 (afferent nerves) carry messages from sensory organs to the brain, where sensations are experienced (touch, smell, sight, etc) - ANSWER Sensory nerves Efferent Nerves..Carry messages away from the CNS( brain and spinal cord) to muscles and organs so that they may respond and take appropriate action. - ANSWER Motor nerves Muscles and glands respond to nerves stimulation in 2 ways only. They are by _______ and ______. - ANSWER contraction secretion - Innervates skeletal muscle and is mostly under voluntary control - ANSWER The Somatic Nervous System. A part of the PNS, it regulates the body's internal functions such as glands organs and some muscles. These movements can be done consciously or unconsciously (autonomous). - ANSWER The Autonomic Nervous System The Autonomic Nervous System is further divided into 2 parts. What are they called? - ANSWER The Sympathetic The Parasympathetic Is often referred to as the "fight of flight system". When the body perceives it is in danger or under stress, it prepares to run away or stand and fight. - ANSWER The Sympathetic Nervous System it produces opposite effects of the sympathetic nervous system. It conserves energy and calms you by decreasing your heartbeat, lowering your blood sugar and so forth. Inhibits effectors and so slows down any activity " rest and digest" - ANSWER The Parasympathetic Nervous System Sensory receptors, located in the muscles and joints, that constantly provide information about body position and movement. - ANSWER Proprioceptor Proprioception happens in the _____ or _____division of the PNS - ANSWER Sensory Efferent A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. - ANSWER Neurons nerve glue"; many types of cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons. - ANSWER Neuroglia How many types of Glial cells are in the CNS? - ANSWER 4 How many types of Glial cells are in the PNS? - ANSWER 2 Glial cells are more _____ in number than neurons and make up approx. 85% of the Nervous system structures. - ANSWER abundant Name the 4 types of Neuroglia or Glial cells of the CNS - ANSWER Astrocytes Microglial Epenymal Oligodedrocytes Glia (support cells): Provide support by creating a matrix that holds neurons in place. The MOST abundant cell in the human brain, provides nourishment to cells from the blood capillaries. Forms the Blood/Brain barrier. Mop up leaked Potassium and neurotransmitters - ANSWER Astrocytes Scattered throughout the central nervous system, they support neurons and phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris. - ANSWER Microglial Lines internal cavities of the CNS, secretes and circulates Cerebrospinal Fluid - ANSWER Ependymal These glial cells are instrumental in the formation of myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS. - ANSWER Oligodendrocytes Name the 2 divisions of Neuroglia or Glial cells of the PNS. - ANSWER Schwann Satellite Glial cells found in the PNS that make up the myelin sheath of axons (each cell insulates one axon) and contribute to neuronal regeneration of the PNS. Increases the speed of an impulse - ANSWER Schwann Cells glial cells of the PNS that surround *CELL BODY* to prevent information "crossover impulses" where many cell bodies are crowded together. It also provides nutrients to the neuron. - ANSWER Satellite cells A layer of fatty (lipid material) substance surrounding the axon of a neuron that acts as an insulator and allows faster transmission of the electrical signal. - ANSWER Myelin Sheath what are the 3 components of the neuron. - ANSWER Body Axon Dendrites The neuron needs an abundant supply of ______ and _____ to survive. - ANSWER oxygen glucose Neurons are designed to live __ _____ if supplied with the exponents that are required to survive. - ANSWER a lifetime Sensory or _____ neurons transmit impulses toward the CNS. - ANSWER Afferent ______ or motor neurons carry impulses away from the CNS. - ANSWER Efferent neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. Conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons. Shuttles signals through CNS pathways..ex: sacral plexus..makes a basic decision to intervene when you step on a tack... - ANSWER interneurons contains the nucleus and many of the other organelles of the cell. Aka Soma - ANSWER Nerve cell body Groups of cell bodies within the CNS are _______. - ANSWER nuclei Groups of cell bodies outside of the CNS or a group of nerve cells forming a nerve center, especially one located outside the brain or spinal cord are called the ______. - ANSWER ganglia The 2 different arm like extensions from the Soma are the ______ and the ______. - ANSWER Axon Dendrite A long projection off the cell body of a neruon down which an action potential can be propagated. - ANSWER Axon Branching neuron process that serves as a receptive, or input, region; transmits an electrical signal toward the cell body. Convey electrical impulses for short distances. - ANSWER Dendrite Bundles of axons within the CNS having the same origin, termination, and function as one another. - ANSWER tracts The bundles of axons within the PNS having the same orgin, termination, and function as the others are not called tracts in the PNS, they are called _______. - ANSWER Nerves The cone shaped area from which axons arise. - ANSWER Axon hillock Long axons are called ____ _____. - ANSWER nerve fibers Branched ends of an axon in which 10,000 or more terminal branches may be present on a single axon. - ANSWER Axonal terminal A ______ impulse travels forward along the axon because the previous segment is still in its refractory period. - ANSWER nerve